Greenhouse applications of solar photovoltaic driven heat pumps in northern environments

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Greenhouses play a crucial role in food production and economic growth in northern regions but contribute significantly to energy consumption and carbon emissions. To address this challenge and enhance food production sustainably, there is a growing need for efficient and renewable energy solutions. Low-carbon heating in greenhouses will be achievable by using heat pumps powered by cost-effective renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems. This study introduces an open-source quasi-steady-state thermal model for greenhouses, non-ideal air-source heat pumps (ASHPs), and ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) with both vertical (V) and horizontal (H) ground heat exchangers. Additionally, a ventilation sub-model is provided to manage cooling loads for residential, semi-commercial, and commercial greenhouses. Furthermore, an open-source SAM-Python-based photovoltaic system model is developed to size photovoltaic arrays for powering the heat pumps. The study reveals a nonlinear relationship between greenhouse size and annual thermal loads. It also demonstrates that ASHPs exhibit the lowest efficiency (COPh = 2.52, EERc = 9.00), followed by VGSHPs (COPh = 3.68, EERc = 19.88), with HGSHPs being the most efficient (COPh = 3.79, EERc = 19.48) for the Canadian case study. The required on-grid photovoltaic ratings to power HGSHPs, VGSHPs, and ASHPs respectively are 2.16, 2.17, and 2.64 kW for residential, 103, 104, and 128 kW for semi-commercial, and 827, 831, and 1,028 kW for commercial greenhouses. Self-consumption of designed photovoltaic systems ranges from 23.5 % to 25.1 %, with self-sufficiency varying between 23.7 % and 26.0 %. The size of the photovoltaic system is competitive with similar scenarios; however, future studies are needed to conduct an economic analysis while simulating the dynamic loads of greenhouses.

▼Pearce publications

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Agrivoltaics · Energy Conservation · Energy Policy · Floatovoltaivs · Industrial Symbiosis · Life Cycle Analysis · Materials Science · Medical · Open Source · Photovoltaic Systems · Resilient Food · Solar Cells · Sustainable Development · Sustainability Education · Water

• Heat pumps (HPs) promising solution to provide low-carbon efficient heating in greenhouses (GHs).
• Open-source quasi-steady-state greenhouse thermal model and ventilation sub-model for cooling.
• Air-source heat pump (ASHP), ground-source heat pump (GSHP).
• GSHP with both vertical (V) or horizontal (H) ground heat exchangers.
• Case study is provided for Canada to power the HGSHP, the required on-grid PV ratings for 3 sizes of GHs.

The Western Innovation for Renewable Energy (WIRED) system is currently under construction to test out new open source methods to reduce PV systems costs and enable novel forms of agrivoltaics including the world's first agrivoltaic agrotunnel.

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  The Agrivoltaic Potential of Canada
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  Social acceptance of agrivoltaics in Canada: Insights on public perceptions across technologies and provinces from a nationwide survey
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  Net Zero Agrivoltaic Arrays for Agrotunnel Vertical Growing Systems: Energy Analysis and System Sizing
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  Regenerative Agrivoltaics: Integrating Photovoltaics and Regenerative Agriculture for Sustainable Food and Energy Systems
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  Agrivoltaics as a systems innovation: multi-dimensional benefits from global studies across climate, agriculture, energy, and ecosystems
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  Creating just agrivoltaic transitions for large-scale solar: a comparative multi criteria analysis
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  The potential of agrivoltaic systems to meet energy demand of data centers in the United States
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  Some like it hot, some like it partially shaded: The effect of semi-transparent solar photovoltaic modules on the growth metrics of greenhouse cultivated spicy peppers
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  Integration of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules and heat pumps into agrivoltaic tomato greenhouses: Energy, economic, and environmental savings
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  Strawberry agrivoltaics in Canada: Comparing uniform thin film and non-uniform crystalline silicon semi-transparent solar photovoltaic modules in controlled environment agriculture
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  Climate-Resilient Crop Production Under Agrivoltaics: Experimental Evaluation of Amaranth Production With Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Modules in Canada Under Changing Climates
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  Is Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment of Commodity Lettuce Seeds Worth It? Economic Impacts and Yield of Lettuce in Indoor Vertical Farming Testing Dry Air, Wet Air, N2 and O2 Plasmas
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  Lighting Energy and Revenue Analysis in an Agrivoltaic Agrotunnel for Lettuce and Swiss Chard Production
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  Full Heads or Cut and Come Again? Economic Analysis of Leafy Green Cultivation in Solar-Powered Indoor Vertical Farms
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  Heat Stress Tolerance in Organic Romaine Lettuce Using Crystalline Silicon and Red, Blue & Green-Colored Thin Film Agrivoltaic Systems
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  Agrivoltaic Lettuce Production Under Future Climates: A Sustainable Strategy for Optimizing Food and Energy Yields
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  Effects of Thin-Film and Wafer-Based Photovoltaic Module Transparency and Spectral Properties on Microclimate and Turnip Yield in Agrivoltaic Systems
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  Photosynthetically active radiation complexities in agrivoltaic policy mandates: Insights from controlled environment yields under semitransparent photovoltaics
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  Should Agrivoltaics Ever Be Decommissioned? How Agrivoltaics Bolster Farm Climate Adaptation Even When Unpowered
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  Transparency effects in agrivoltaics lettuce cultivation using uniform/non-uniform semitransparent photovoltaic modules in controlled environments
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  Impacts of Type of Partial Transparency on Strawberry Agrivoltaics: Uniform Illumination Thin Film Cadmium-Telluride and Non-uniform Crystalline Silicon Solar Photovoltaic Modules
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  Additional value of non-electricity generating services (co-benefits) provided by non-conventional dual use solar photovoltaic systems: A PRISMA review
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  An open-source spectral measurement platform for plant reflectance and material identification
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  Open-Source Photosynthetically Active Radiation Sensor for Enhanced Agricultural and Agrivoltaics Monitoring
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  Effects of Spectral Ranges on Growth and Yield in Vertical Hydroponic–Aeroponic Hybrid Grow Systems for Radishes and Turnips
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  Financial Analysis of Agrivoltaic Sheep: Breeding and Auction Lamb Business Models
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  Experimental impacts of transparency on strawberry agrivoltaics using thin film photovoltaic modules under low light conditions
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  Open-Source Indoor Horizontal Grow Structure Designs
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  Greenhouse applications of solar photovoltaic driven heat pumps in northern environments
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  Solar Energy Modelling and Proposed Crops for Different Types of Agrivoltaics Systems
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  Maximizing Biomass with Agrivoltaics: Potential and Policy in Saskatchewan Canada
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  Energy Policy for Agrivoltaics in Alberta Canada
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  Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy
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  Energy Modeling and Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of Greenhouses for Tomato Cultivation Utilizing the Waste Heat of Cryptocurrency Miners
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  Advancing Agrivoltaics within the U.S. Legal Framework: A Multidimensional Assessment of Barriers & Opportunities
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  Low cost climate station for smart agriculture applications with photovoltaic energy and wireless communication
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  Design and Implementation of 3-D Printed Radiation Shields for Environmental Sensors
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  Design of a low-cost mobile multispectral albedometer with geopositioning and absolute orientation
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  Parametric Open Source Cold-Frame Agrivoltaic Systems
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  Impacts of Location on Designs and Economics of DIY Low-Cost Fixed-Tilt Open Source Wood Solar Photovoltaic Racking
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  Open-Source Design and Economics of Manual Variable-Tilt Angle DIY Wood-Based Solar Photovoltaic Racking System
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  Solar photovoltaic wood racking mechanical design for trellis-based agrivoltaics
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  Open-Source Vertical Swinging Wood-Based Solar Photovoltaic Racking Systems
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  Vertical Free-Swinging Photovoltaic Racking Energy Modelling: A Novel Approach to Agrivoltaics
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  Optimal inverter and wire selection for solar photovoltaic fencing applications
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  The potential for fencing to be used as low-cost solar photovoltaic racking
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  Do agrivoltaics improve public support for solar? A survey on perceptions, preferences, and priorities
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  Greener Sheep: Life Cycle Analysis of Integrated Sheep Agrivoltatic Systems
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  Life cycle assessment of pasture-based agrivoltaic systems: Emissions and energy use of integrated rabbit production
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  Conceptual Design and Rationale for a New Agrivoltaics Concept: Pastured-Raised Rabbits and Solar Farming
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  Integrating solar energy with agriculture: Industry perspectives on the market, community, and socio-political dimensions of agrivoltaics
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  A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics
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  Open-Source Script for Design and 3D Printing of Porous Structures for Soil Science
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  Agrivoltaic potential on grape farms in India
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  Aquavoltaics: Synergies for dual use of water area for solar photovoltaic electricity generation and aquaculture
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  The potential of agrivoltaic systems
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  Solar Photovoltaic Powered On-Site Ammonia Production for Nitrogen Fertilization
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  Open-Source Photometric System for Enzymatic Nitrate Quantification
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  Open-source manufacturing of polypropylene replacements for peat cups in vertical farming: improvements in life cycle embodied energy, greenhouse gas emissions, labor and operational costs
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  Agrivoltaics Canada

• Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration is not as Land Use Efficient as Solar Photovoltaic Technology for Climate Neutral Electricity Production
• Dual use of land for PV farms and agriculture literature review
• sheep
• Israeli white plastic reflectors

• A Farmer's Guide to Going Solar (NREL)
• German guidelines: https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/content/dam/ise/en/documents/publications/studies/APV-Guideline.pdf
• 2021 review
• Miskin, C.K., Li, Y., Perna, A., Ellis, R.G., Grubbs, E.K., Bermel, P. and Agrawal, R., 2019. Sustainable co-production of food and solar power to relax land-use constraints. Nature Sustainability, 2(10), pp.972-980.
• Retrofitting solar parks for agrivoltaics
• Shading PV
• Alexis' talk at American Solar Grazing Association2021

1. Solar Sheep, Alberta (https://www.solarsheep.ca/)
2. Sun Cycle Farms, Alberta (https://suncyclefarms.com/)
3. Golden Leaf Agrivoltaics, Ontario (https://goldenleafagrivoltaics.ca/)
4. The Lara Cost Farm, Ontario (https://thelaracosta.com/)
5. Arnprior Solar, Ontario (https://www.edf-re.com/project/arnprior-solar/)
6. Lewis Land & Stock, Ontario (https://solargrazing.org/asga-call-29-don-lewis-from-lewis-land-stock-of-ontario-canada/)
7. Nanticoke Solar, Ontario (https://www.opg.com/stories/hundreds-of-grazing-sheep-helping-to-keep-opgs-nanticoke-solar-facility-in-trim-shape/)
8. Western University’s Western Innovation for Renewable Energy Deployment (WIRED) (https://www.appropedia.org/Western_Innovation_for_Renewable_Energy_Deployment_(WIRED))
9. Orchard, Middlesex, Ontario
10. Solar Grazing Map https://solargrazing.org/map/

• Agrivoltaics Canada