TissueDB/Simulators

71 built canonical TissueDB simulators as of 4 July 2026 (auto-indexed below; the alphabetical re-pass is complete at 71/71), plus the new Bakhshi neurosurgery-bootcamp two-page family (below) and a buy-not-make reference entry for the commercial NeoNatalie Live neonatal-ventilation manikin (see Neonatal Ventilation Simulator (Haynes), below). Of the remaining RCSI candidates, two were found to be already built (Nasri, Akdag) and the last (Bakhshi) has now been built as a two-page family.

These are legacy Appropedia source-documentation pages (each is now a redirect to a non-TissueDB source page); they were never migrated into the TissueDB Simulator template structure. They are listed here for migration tracking, not as built simulators.

• Emergency Craniotomy Simulator — legacy source-doc page (redirect); migration status to be decided.
• 3D Printed Uterus Simulator — legacy source-doc page (redirect); migration status to be decided.
• Cervix and Vaginal Canal Simulator — legacy source-doc page (redirect); migration status to be decided.
• 3D Printed Humeral Bone Model — legacy bone-model page; effectively superseded by the built procedure-first simulators Humeral Fracture Fixation Simulator and Long Bone Drilling Simulator.
• 3D Printed Tibial Bone Model — legacy bone-model page; effectively superseded by the built Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator and Pediatric Forearm Fracture Simulator.

Candidates identified from the RCSI scoping review of simulators for procedural skills (Peric & O'Flynn, 2026). Each candidate enters TissueDB with source-paper attribution. Status as of 4 July 2026: of the 34 candidates, all have now been built; each row below is marked Built (with a link to the page).

Emergency surgical airway — "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" (CICO) scenario.

• Aho (2015) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Aho). Toilet paper roll, Styrofoam, fabric skin. <$0.10 per unit. USA.
• Calvo (2021) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Calvo). 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, artificial blood. Spain.
• D'Auria (2014) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (D'Auria). 3D-printed cartilages, conductive foil sensors, automatic evaluation. Italy.
• Gauger (2018) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyroidotomy Simulator (Gauger). 3D-printed silicone laryngotracheal model, mannequin integration. Ethiopia/USA.
• Kei (2019) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Kei). 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, bleeding via dyed saline. USA/Canada.
• Muller (2020) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Muller). Manikin, porcine skin overlay, scalpel-finger-Bougie technique. USA.

Closed chest drainage and tube thoracostomy insertion.

• Bettega (2019) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Bettega). 3D-printed ribs from CT, synthetic thoracic cavity. ~$133. Brazil.
• Brannan (2021) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Brannan). 3D-printed multifunctional thorax, TPE/silicone skin layers. ~$180 CAD. Canada.
• Carter (2010) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Multipurpose Thoracic Simulator (Carter). Porcine rib rack, IV fluid bag, headliner foam. USA.
• Nasri (2023) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Man-O-War). This is the "Man-O-War simulator" of Nasri et al. 2023 (funnel bucket, plaster ribs, foam parietal wall, cement base; $15; Tunisia).

Microsurgical vessel anastomosis training.

• Alkis Akdag (2024) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass Trainer ("STA-MCA Bypass Trainer (Akdag)"). Chicken/turkey brachial arteries, 3D-printed cranial mould + silicone brain, FSR pressure sensors, aquarium-pump loop. ~$705. Turkey. Distinct from the Cikla grapefruit ACA model (different target vessel, tissue simulants, apparatus and cost).
• Cubas (2022) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Vascular Anastomosis Simulator (Cubas). Plastic container, crocodile hooks, galvanized wire. $9.75. Peru.
• Habti (2023) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Bowel Anastomosis Simulator (Habti). 3D-printed mould, silicone bowel segments. ~$35 CAD. Canada.

Pediatric front-of-neck access and airway management.

• Carter (2020) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Paediatric Airway Management Trainer (Carter). Polyjet 3D-printed infant trachea from CT. New Zealand.
• Kovatch (2020) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Pediatric Front-of-Neck Access Simulator (Kovatch). 3D-printed silicone pediatric airway model in mannequin. USA.

Individual simulator designs.

• Qaim Ali (2020) — Built → neonatal endotracheal tube placement trainer (beef gelatin, POCUS). Pakistan.
• Amiel (2020) — Built → knot-tying / vessel-ligation force-feedback trainer (Knoti). Israel.
• Cikla (2020) — Built → Grapefruit distal ACA bypass simulator. ~$12 reusable. USA. (Separate from the Akdag STA-MCA model above.)
• Cohen (2020) — Built → pomelo-fruit skin-graft harvesting trainer (Humby's knife). Israel.
• Almeida (2023) — Built → silicone suturing model (acetic silicone + maize starch). Brazil.
• Ewald (2019) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Percutaneous Renal Access Simulator (Ewald). Ballistic-gelatin percutaneous renal access trainer. USA.
• Fernandes (2023) — Built → intra-abdominal bleeding control simulator (latex tubes, silicone rubber). Brazil.
• Kattan (2019) — Built → bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy trainer. Chile.
• Hu (2015) — Built → VesselBox vessel-ligation trainer. USA.
• Keller (2016) — Built → REBOA Simulator (Keller). Pulsatile perfusion model. USA.
• Lee (2021) — Built → 3D-printed laryngeal model for injection laryngoplasty. USA.
• Leiton-Espinoza (2025) — Built → auditory-feedback CPR trainer ("Salvando a Rosita"). Peru.
• Kumaresan (2014) — Built → layered suturing model (foam, putty, elastomeric material). Malaysia.
• Medeiros (2023) — Built → congenital abdominal wall defect trainer (gastroschisis + omphalocele). Brazil.
• Micallef (2021) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Infant Intraosseous Infusion Simulator (Micallef). 3D-printed infant tibial intraosseous infusion. Canada.
• New (2024) — Built → massive hemoptysis simulator (3D-printed airway tree, artificial blood). USA.
• Bakhshi (2022) — Built → Cranial Burr Hole and Craniotomy Simulator (Bakhshi) + Lumbar Laminectomy and Dural Closure Simulator (Bakhshi). Built as a two-page family from the neurosurgery-bootcamp suite (a 7-station, 12-skill bootcamp): a 3D-printed ABS skull ($57) for burr-holes/craniotomy and an in-house spine-surgery simulator ($60: foam+rexine book-fold block, saw-bone L1–S1 spine, latex-glove dura). The other stations are commercial kit / animal tissue / hardware, not buildable recipes. Pakistan. ⚑ Owner ratification pending (6 Jul).
• Haynes (2021) — Built → TissueDB/Simulators/Neonatal Ventilation Simulator (Haynes). A buy-not-make reference for the commercial NeoNatalie Live™ neonatal positive-pressure-ventilation manikin (Laerdal Medical) — a purchased device, not a DIY build. Norway.