TissueDB/Simulators

These simulators have source documentation on Appropedia but have not yet been migrated into the TissueDB template structure.

• Emergency Craniotomy Simulator
• 3D Printed Humeral Bone Model
• 3D Printed Tibial Bone Model
• 3D Printed Uterus Simulator
• Cervix and Vaginal Canal Simulator

Candidates identified from the RCSI scoping review of simulators for procedural skills (Peric & O'Flynn, 2026). These 34 paper-backed simulator designs are organized by procedure cluster, following the family grouping pattern established by the CrashSavers simulators. Each candidate enters TissueDB via Pathway B (External Curated) with source paper attribution.

Emergency surgical airway — "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" (CICO) scenario. No existing TissueDB cricothyrotomy simulator.

• Aho (2015) — Toilet paper roll, Styrofoam, fabric skin. <$0.10 per unit. Validated. USA.
• Calvo (2021) — 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, artificial blood. €220. Validated. Spain.
• D'Auria (2014) — 3D-printed cartilages, conductive foil sensors, automatic evaluation. <$50. Validated. Italy.
• Gauger (2018) — 3D-printed silicone laryngotracheal model, mannequin integration. Low-cost. First pass engineering. Ethiopia/USA.
• Kei (2019) — 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, bleeding simulation via dyed saline. $50–70. First pass engineering. USA/Canada.
• Muller (2020) — Strategic Operations manikin, porcine skin overlay, scalpel-finger-Bougie technique. $35/session. Validated. USA.

Closed chest drainage and tube thoracostomy insertion. High-Acuity Low-Occurrence (HALO) procedure. No existing TissueDB chest tube simulator.

• Bettega (2019) — 3D-printed ribs from CT scan, synthetic thoracic cavity. ~$133. Validated. Brazil.
• Brannan (2021) — 3D-printed multifunctional thorax, TPE/silicone skin layers. ~$180 CAD. First pass engineering. Canada.
• Carter (2010) — Porcine rib rack, IV fluid bag, headliner foam. Low-cost. Validated. USA.
• Nasri (2023) — Plaster ribs, foam parietal wall, plastic bucket base. $15. First pass engineering. Tunisia.

Microsurgical vessel anastomosis training (end-to-side, side-to-side, end-to-end). No existing TissueDB vascular anastomosis simulator.

• Alkis Akdag (2024) — Chicken/turkey arteries, 3D-printed cranial model, pressure sensors, aquarium pump. ~$705. Validated. Turkey.
• Cubas (2022) — Plastic container, crocodile hooks, galvanized wire. $9.75. First pass clinical. Peru.
• Habti (2023) — 3D-printed mold, silicone bowel segments for hand-sewn anastomosis. ~$35 CAD. Validated. Canada.

Pediatric front-of-neck access and airway management for neonates, infants, and small children.

• Carter (2020) — Polyjet 3D-printed infant trachea from CT imaging data. First pass engineering. New Zealand.
• Kovatch (2020) — 3D-printed silicone pediatric airway model in mannequin. Validated. USA.

Individual simulator designs for procedures not currently covered in TissueDB.

• Qaim Ali (2020) — Neonatal endotracheal tube placement trainer (beef gelatin, POCUS). Validated. Pakistan.
• Amiel (2020) — Knot tying / vessel ligation force-feedback trainer (Knoti simulator). First pass clinical. Israel.
• Bakhshi (2022) — Neurosurgical bootcamp simulators (3D-printed skulls, spine models). First pass engineering. Pakistan.
• Cikla (2020) — Grapefruit-based distal anterior cerebral artery bypass trainer. ~$12 reusable. Validated. USA.
• Cohen (2020) — Pomelo fruit skin graft harvesting trainer (Humby's knife). First pass clinical. Israel.
• Almeida (2023) — Silicone suturing model (acetic silicone + maize starch). <R$1.53 per unit. Validated. Brazil.
• Ewald (2019) — Ballistic gelatin percutaneous renal access trainer (fluoroscopic). $60/model. Validated. USA.
• Fernandes (2023) — Intra-abdominal bleeding control simulator (latex tubes, silicone rubber). $71 initial + $4.80/session. Validated. Brazil.
• Kattan (2019) — Bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy trainer. $30 fixed + $5 consumable. First pass engineering. Chile.
• Hu (2015) — VesselBox vessel ligation trainer (latex gloves as surrogate vessels). First pass clinical. USA.
• Keller (2016) — REBOA pulsatile perfusion model (latex/PVC vascular circuit). <$11,000. First pass engineering. USA.
• Lee (2021) — 3D-printed laryngeal model for injection laryngoplasty. ~$4.39/unit. First pass engineering. USA.
• Leiton-Espinoza (2025) — Auditory feedback CPR trainer ("Salvando a Rosita"). Low-cost. Validated. Peru.
• Kumaresan (2014) — Layered suturing model (foam, putty, elastomeric material). Low-cost. First pass engineering. Malaysia.
• Haynes (2021) — Neonatal positive pressure ventilation trainer (NeoNatalie Live). First pass clinical. Norway.
• Medeiros (2023) — Congenital abdominal wall defect trainer (gastroschisis + omphalocele). $42. Validated. Brazil.
• Micallef (2021) — 3D-printed infant tibial intraosseous infusion simulator. ~$38 CAD. First pass engineering. Canada.
• New (2024) — Massive hemoptysis simulator (3D-printed airway tree, artificial blood). ~$600. First pass clinical. USA.