Craniotomy

• Emergency Craniotomy Simulator.

Gynecological Models

• 3D Printed Uterus Simulator.
• Cervix and Vaginal Canal Simulator.

Bone Models

• 3D Printed Humeral Bone Model — related simulators: Humeral Fracture Fixation Simulator and Long Bone Drilling Simulator.
• 3D Printed Tibial Bone Model — related simulators: Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator and Pediatric Forearm Fracture Simulator.

Cricothyrotomy

Emergency surgical airway — "can't intubate, can't oxygenate" (CICO) scenario.

• Aho (2015) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Aho). Toilet paper roll, Styrofoam, fabric skin. <$0.10 per unit. USA.
• Calvo (2021) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Calvo). 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, artificial blood. Spain.
• D'Auria (2014) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (D'Auria). 3D-printed cartilages, conductive foil sensors, automatic evaluation. Italy.
• Gauger (2018) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyroidotomy Simulator (Gauger). 3D-printed silicone laryngotracheal model, mannequin integration. Ethiopia/USA.
• Kei (2019) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Kei). 3D-printed trachea, pork belly, bleeding via dyed saline. USA/Canada.
• Muller (2020) — TissueDB/Simulators/Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Muller). Manikin, porcine skin overlay, scalpel-finger-Bougie technique. USA.

Chest Tube / Thoracostomy

Closed chest drainage and tube thoracostomy insertion.

• Bettega (2019) — TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Bettega). 3D-printed ribs from CT, synthetic thoracic cavity. ~$133. Brazil.
• Brannan (2021) — TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Brannan). 3D-printed multifunctional thorax, TPE/silicone skin layers. ~$180 CAD for printing. Canada.
• Carter (2010) — TissueDB/Simulators/Multipurpose Thoracic Simulator (Carter). Porcine rib rack, IV fluid bag, headliner foam. USA.
• Nasri (2023) — TissueDB/Simulators/Chest Tube Insertion Simulator (Man-O-War). This is the "Man-O-War simulator" of Nasri et al. 2023 (funnel bucket, plaster ribs, foam parietal wall, cement base; $15; Tunisia).

Anastomosis

Vascular and bowel anastomosis training.

• Alkis Akdag (2024) — TissueDB/Simulators/Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass Trainer ("STA-MCA Bypass Trainer (Akdag)"). Chicken and turkey arteries, 3D-printed cranial mould + silicone brain, FSR pressure sensors, aquarium-pump loop. ~$705 for the materials listed in the study. Turkey. Distinct from the Cikla grapefruit ACA model (different target vessel, tissue simulants, apparatus and cost).
• Cubas (2022) — TissueDB/Simulators/Vascular Anastomosis Simulator (Cubas). Plastic container, crocodile hooks, galvanized wire. $9.75. Peru.
• Habti (2023) — TissueDB/Simulators/Bowel Anastomosis Simulator (Habti). 3D-printed mould, silicone bowel segments. ~$35 CAD. Canada.

Pediatric Airway

Pediatric front-of-neck access and airway management.

• Carter (2020) — TissueDB/Simulators/Paediatric Airway Management Trainer (Carter). Polyjet 3D-printed infant trachea from CT. New Zealand.
• Kovatch (2020) — TissueDB/Simulators/Pediatric Front-of-Neck Access Simulator (Kovatch). 3D-printed silicone pediatric airway model in mannequin. USA.

Other Procedures

Individual simulator designs.

• Qaim Ali (2020) — neonatal endotracheal tube placement trainer (beef gelatin, POCUS). Pakistan.
• Amiel (2020) — knot-tying / vessel-ligation force-feedback trainer (Knoti). Israel.
• Cikla (2020) — Grapefruit distal ACA bypass simulator. ~$12 for reusable circuit components. USA. (Separate from the Akdag STA-MCA model above.)
• Cohen (2020) — pomelo-fruit skin-graft harvesting trainer (Humby's knife). Israel.
• Almeida (2023) — silicone suturing model (acetic silicone + maize starch). Brazil.
• Ewald (2019) — TissueDB/Simulators/Percutaneous Renal Access Simulator (Ewald). Ballistic-gelatin percutaneous renal access trainer. USA.
• Fernandes (2023) — intra-abdominal bleeding control simulator (latex tubes, silicone rubber). Brazil.
• Kattan (2019) — bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy trainer. Chile.
• Hu (2015) — VesselBox vessel-ligation trainer. USA.
• Keller (2016) — REBOA Simulator (Keller). Pulsatile perfusion model. USA.
• Lee (2021) — 3D-printed laryngeal model for injection laryngoplasty. USA.
• Leiton-Espinoza (2025) — auditory-feedback CPR trainer ("Salvando a Rosita"). Peru.
• Kumaresan (2014) — layered suturing model (foam, putty, elastomeric material). Malaysia.
• Medeiros (2023) — congenital abdominal wall defect trainer (gastroschisis + omphalocele). Brazil.
• Micallef (2021) — TissueDB/Simulators/Infant Intraosseous Infusion Simulator (Micallef). 3D-printed infant tibial intraosseous infusion. Canada.
• New (2024) — massive hemoptysis simulator (3D-printed airway tree, artificial blood). USA.
• Bakhshi (2022) — Cranial Burr Hole and Craniotomy Simulator (Bakhshi) + Lumbar Laminectomy and Dural Closure Simulator (Bakhshi). Two complementary models from the neurosurgery-bootcamp suite (a 7-station, 12-skill bootcamp): a 3D-printed ABS skull ($57) for burr-holes/craniotomy and an in-house spine-surgery simulator ($60: foam+rexine book-fold block, saw-bone L1–S1 spine, latex-glove dura). The other five stations use commercial kit, animal tissue or hardware rather than an in-house build. Pakistan.
• Haynes (2021) — TissueDB/Simulators/Neonatal Ventilation Simulator (Haynes). A buy-not-make reference for the commercial NeoNatalie Live™ neonatal positive-pressure-ventilation manikin (Laerdal Medical) — a purchased device, not a DIY build. Norway.