本文介绍了实用且可以DIY的常见雨水收集器类型。[1]此外，它还提供了一些有关如何在实践中构建收割机的基本操作方法内容。雨水收集器是用于收集、积累和储存雨水的装置。[2]
Contents
优点
- 相当便宜
- 易于重新配置、扩展或重新定位
- 可以在“按需付费”的基础上安装或扩展
- 可靠的
- 水化学易于管理
- 可根据当前需要调整尺寸，并轻松集成到新建筑中
- 非常好的备份系统
- 可轻松连接至井水系统
- 可以放在谷仓、大型车库或地下室内
- 即使没有电源，水仍然可用
- 泵可以使用太阳能或 12 伏系统运行
- 由于储罐的热质量，除非在持续极冷的情况下，否则储罐很少结冰
- 易于连接到太阳能供水系统
- 系统的大部分都是可访问的，因此维修很容易
- 很少有昂贵的组件
缺点
- 审美干扰 - 你必须用大坦克做点什么
- 可能不符合当地建筑规范对新建建筑主要水源的要求
- 储罐和泵送系统需要比井更多的地面空间
- 需要一个大小合适的屋顶
- 屋顶材料和空气污染物会污染雨水
- 排水沟需要不断维护和清洁[3]
原则
Brad Lancaster 提出的雨水收集系统设计原则概述：[4]
- 从长期而深思熟虑的观察开始
- 从分水岭的顶部（最高点）开始，然后一路向下
- 从小而简单的开始
- 缓慢、扩散、渗透水流
- 始终规划溢出路线，并将溢出作为资源进行管理
- 最大化生物和有机地被植物
- 通过“堆叠功能”最大化有益关系和效率
- 不断重新评估您的系统：“反馈循环”
系统
有多种类型的雨水收集系统。值得注意的系统是径流雨水系统（例如山坡径流）和屋顶雨水收集系统。使用的类型很大程度上取决于目的（家庭或工业用途），并且在某种程度上还取决于经济以及物理和人类考虑。一般来说，屋顶雨水系统使用最多，因为它们最经济（如果年降水量超过254毫米）。[5]要确定您所在地区的降水量，请参阅气候数据#降水。
家庭屋顶雨水系统
系统类型
目前，通常使用两种类型的系统。其中包括DIY和商业系统。这两种系统都被称为集水器，并且只需要有限的知识即可设置（如果使用基本系统）。在这两种情况下，系统均由用于储存水的储水箱和管道（用于引导水进入）组成。此外，还可能需要额外的加压设备，如压力容器、内联泵控制器或压敏泵。[6]最后，净水设备如净水装置、紫外线灯或有时会添加蒸馏设备（取决于当地条件[7]）以净化收集到的水。该系统被称为灰水处理系统。灰水系统通常比常规集水器更受欢迎，因为它们不仅允许系统处理雨水，还可以处理其他来源的水（例如抽水马桶；如果使用植物）。然而，通过使用紫外线灯和堆肥厕所也可以避免这种情况。
根据当地情况，重力供水系统可能已经足以配备压力水收集系统。[8]在后一种情况下，因此不需要泵/压力容器来具有加压系统。在实践中，重力控制系统通常是通过将集水器放置在高处（例如屋顶）来创建的。
DIY家用系统
As water conservation is becoming more and more popular, more people have begun to make their own homebrew installation. These systems range from traditional technologies like rain barrels to more complex greywater systems. Through the Internet, plans and accurate construction information have become available.[9][10][11] Depending on the degree of personal skill and preference, a more basic (regular water tank and piping[12]) or more advanced (e.g. pressured systems with water treatment, etc.) system is chosen.
Commercial domestic systems
Commercial systems are also made. They are offered by a variety of companies... Commercial rain harvesters can be obtained in both pressurized[13] as gravity-fed systems.[14] Greywater treatment systems are sold by companies as Nubian Water Systems and others.[15] Again, they are available in pressurised as gravity-fed systems.[16][17]
System's operation
A mechanism can be used to send the initial water flow to waste, usually the first few liters. These are commonly known as first flush diverters, and are used to increase the chance that the large-particle residue that might accumulate on your collection surface is washed away from (and not into) your storage tank. Such a system also compensates for the fact that the initial minutes of a rainfall can include airborne pollutants being washed from the sky[verification needed], and likewise minimizes contamination of your captured supply. Simple but regular inspection and maintenance of such a device is usually necessary.
Not all catchment systems use such a feature. For example, rainwater in rural areas of Australia is traditionally used without such a system, and without treatment,[verification needed] but this may be unwiseTemplate:Vague in different environments.
Practical use in autonomous houses and neighborhoods
Most desert and temperate climates get at least 250 mm of rain per year. This means that a typical one-story house with a greywater system can supply its year-round water needs from its roof alone. In the driest areas, it might require a cistern of 30m³. Many areas average 13 mm of rain per week, and these can use a cistern as small as 10m³.
In many areas, it is difficult to keep a roof clean enough for drinking.[18] To reduce dirt and bad tastes, systems use a metal collecting-roof and a "roof cleaner" tank that diverts the first 40 liters. Cistern water is usually chlorinated, though reverse osmosis systems provide even better quality drinking water.
Modern cisterns are usually large plastic tanks. Gravity tanks on short towers are reliable, so pump repairs are less urgent. The least expensive bulk cistern is a fenced pond or pool at ground level.
Reducing autonomy reduces the size and expense of cisterns. Many autonomous homes can reduce water use below 10 US gal per person per day, so that in a drought a month of water can be delivered inexpensively via truck. Self-delivery is often possible by installing fabric water tanks that fit the bed of a pick-up truck.
It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a heat pump or air conditioning system; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system.
Industrial systems
Rainwater may also be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. In US, rooftop rainwater is collected and stored in sump.[19]
In India this includes Bawdis and johads, or ponds which collect the run-off from small streams in wide area.[20][21][22]
In India, reservoirs called tankas were used to store water; typically they were shallow with mud walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.[23]
Rainwater urban design and infrastructure
Rain is a vital resource that fills our rivers and replenishes our surface and groundwater supply (see Groundwater recharge). Unfortunately, concrete and other impervious surfaces that make up much of today's (sub)urban landscape interfere with the hydrologic cycle and prevent the natural infiltration process from occurring. Many cities are also plagued with an aging infrastructure and leaky pipes. Municipalities can lose as much as 40 percent of treated water due to faulty pipes and other equipment.[24] This "lost" water exacerbates water shortages and can lead communities to invest in costly new water infrastructure (e.g., dams and river diversions). Communities such as Holliston, Massachusetts are planning to maximize green space for water recharge and are developing wastewater management systems that return high levels of treated water back to the community for local use rather than piping effluent 50 to 100 miles to an upstream town for treatment.[25]
In addition, communities can utilize model ordinances to create stream buffers; street, schoolyard and parking lot designs; and residential landscape recommendations to increase the portion of rainfall that is absorbed and replenishes groundwater supplies. When communities maximize their infiltration potential, they can reduce their reliance on traditional water infrastructure mechanisms, such as dams. A 2002 report by American Rivers, Natural Resources Defense Council and Smart Growth America entitled Paving Our Way to Water Shortages[26] recommends the following:
- Allocate more resources to identify and protect open space and critical aquatic areas;
- Practice sound growth management by passing stronger, more comprehensive legislation that includes incentives for smart growth[27] and designated growth areas;
- Integrate water supply into planning efforts by coordinating road building and other construction projects with water resource management activities;
- Invest in existing communities by rehabilitating infrastructure before building anew – a "fix it first" strategy of development;
- Encourage compact development that mixes retail, commercial and residential development;
- Replace concrete sewer and tunnel infrastructure — which convey stormwater too swiftly into waterways — with low-impact development techniques that replenish groundwater. These include onsite storage that allows the water to infiltrate permeable native soils or bioengineering techniques that facilitate evaporation and transpiration of stormwater; and
- Devote more money and time to research and analysis of the impact of development on water resources, and make this information accessible to the public.
Successful case studies
Petrolina, Brazil
Climate: Semi Arid; Rainwater used as main source
Petrolina is in the semi arid belt of Northeastern Brazil. Rainfall is low and varies greatly year-on-year. A solution to the water-scarcity problem is the use of large (10,000-20,000 litre) tanks that can store enough water to last a frugal household until the next rains. The tanks are usually provided by NGOs as the large structures necessary in this very arid area cost over $200 and are unaffordable for the local population.
Badulla, Sri Lanka
Climate: Tropical, Bimodal; Rainwater used as main source
The town of Badulla is located in a hilly area of Sri Lanka. Groundwater sources are few and tend to be at the bottom of the hills. To reduce the burden of carrying water the local authority provided 5,000 litre ferrocement tanks, at a cost of about $150 which are used for most household water supply. The tanks are now being adopted nationwide for use in areas where access to other protected water sources is difficult.
Rakai, Uganda
Climate: Tropical, Bimodal; Rainwater used as suplimentary source
Rakai is in the southern hills of Uganda. It has a bimodal rainfall pattern and hence a dry season of only 2 months. A local women's group was trained in tank making by a Kenyan women's group and have made a large number of small (700 litre) jars to supplement their water use, particularly in the wet season when they provide the bulk of water needs. The sub $70 cost of the systems are financed by a self sustaining revolving fund.
Khon Kaen, Thailand
Climate: Tropical, Monsoon; Rainwater used as primary source
Northeast Thailand was the scene of one of the world's largest roof water harvesting disseminations. The technology of choice was the 1-2,000 litre "Thai jar" The project passed through several stages with reducing outside intervention, eventually becoming a commercial market producing jars in large numbers for less than $30. This encouraged rapid penetration of rainwater jars and today most houses, rich or poor, have at least one.[1]
International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (IRCSA)
The purpose of the IRCSA aims to promote and advance rainwater catchment systems technology with respect to planning, development, management, science, technology, research and education worldwide; establish an international forum for scientists, engineers, educators, administrators and those concerned in this field. http://www.ircsa.org/
The primary objectives of the IRCSA are:
- The promotion and advancement of Rainwater Catchment Systems Technology with respect to planning, development, management, science, technology, research and education world-wide.
- The establishment of an International forum for scientists, engineers, educators, administrators and all others who are, directly or indirectly, concerned in rainwater catchment system programs to link all those working in this field so that information and experiences can be shared.
- The drafting of international guidelines on the use of Rainwater Catchment Systems technology and the updating and dissemination of this information.
- The collaboration with and support of International Programs in the field of Rainwater Catchment Systems including co-operation with other organizations having activities in common.
- The support and continuation of the International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference series.
Related projects
See also
- To Catch the Rain – book on rainwater harvesting based on Appropedia content
- Basic rainwater collection calculations
- Rainwater catchment literature review
- Rainwater harvesting – rainwater harvesting system set-up information
External links
- Wikipedia:Rainwater harvesting
- New method of rainwater harvesting
- Legality of rainwater collection by state in the United States
- HarvestH2o rainwater harvesting community
- Rainwater Harvesting website of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
- Rainwater collection products
- International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association
- Rainwater harvesting Facts
- Reducing rainwater harvestings risk of Legionnaires Disease
- Rainwater catchment forumsat Permies.com
References
- ↑ Rainwater harvesting information composed from deleted info from Wikipedia's rainwater harvesting article
- ↑ Definition of rainwater harvesting
- ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20110228150726/http://www.thefarm.org:80/charities/i4at/surv/raincat.htm
- ↑ https://www.harvestingrainwater.com/store/
- ↑ Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components
- ↑ Pressurising equipment sometimes required for rainwater collection systems
- ↑ Water treatments sometimes not needed
- ↑ Gravity-fed system through height difference also sometimes enough for pressured water collection system
- ↑ Roofwater harvesting information (ebooks,...)
- ↑ VillageEarth Water harvesting information
- ↑ Concrete list of DIY-rainwater harvester systems and how to build them
- ↑ The Farm's DIY gravity-fed rainwater harvester
- ↑ Rainman water harvesters system operation
- ↑ Gravity-fed rain harvester
- ↑ Other commercial rain water harvesting systems
- ↑ Greywater systems aviable in gravity-fed as pressurised form
- ↑ Example of gravity-fed greywater system
- ↑ Cistern Design, University of Alaska, referenced 2007-12-27
- ↑ Rainwater Harvesting and Water Purification System.
- ↑ The River maker, New Scientist, 7 September 2002. Online edition (full article by subscription)
- ↑ Rima Hooja: "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective"
- ↑ Recharging the groundwater in this way is claimed to not only improve the year-round availability of groundwater, but also lead to more richer vegetation. (I was going to add this and realized I don't know if it's a direct effect of higher water tables, or if they're using the groundwater to irrigate, thus causing the greening. --Singkong2005
- ↑ Rima Hooja: "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective"
- ↑ NYCWasteLe$$ Business, The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey at LaGuardia Airport, Water Conservation: Restrooms, October 2001, http://www.nycwasteless.com/gov-bus/Casestudies/lgacase2.htm (24 January 2002).
- ↑ Charles River Watershed Association, Environmental Zoning Project: Sustaining Water Resources in Holliston, http://www.craw.org (17 January 2002).
- ↑ American Rivers, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Smart Growth America. Paving Our Way to Water Shortages: How Sprawl Aggravates the Effects of Drought. Washington, D.C.: American Rivers, 2002.
- ↑ While smart growth has been used many different ways, in this context it is used to refer to ten principles of smart growth put out by Smart Growth America that range from infrastructure investments like roads and sewers to economic incentives to encourage revitalization of existing communities. A full list of the ten principles can be found at http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org.