TissueDB/Tissues/Skin
(Redirected from TissueDB/Tissues/Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue)
Image: CC BY-SA 3.0 by Madhero88 and M.Komorniczak via Wikimedia Commons
Skin is the outermost tissue layer of the body, providing the initial barrier encountered during surgical approaches.
Materials
| Material | Visual | Tactile | Simulator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White Felt | Partial | Partial | Trocar Placement Trainer | 15×15 cm square with central hole for umbilicus; no tape on skin layer |
| Gelatin | — | — | Z-Plasty Simulator | Stocking substrate; set time 1 hour; colour amounts vary by desired skin tone |
| Glycerine | Yes | Yes | Z-Plasty Simulator | Co-ingredient with Gelatin in epidermis-dermis recipe (gelatin:glycerine:water 10:4:20); stocking substrate; set time 1 hour. |
| Foam Fabric | Partial | Partial | Z-Plasty Simulator | Traditional Felt variant; 2 pieces 12×12×2 mm, two colours for flap visibility |
| Pork Belly | Calvo Cricothyrotomy Simulator | Intact porcine skin layer; incision site for cricothyrotomy | ||
| Rubber | D'Auria Cricothyrotomy Simulator | CPS sensor-concealing layer: bicycle-inner-tube skin covers the cartilage skeleton and embedded conductive-foil sensor zones (A–F) on the hardware sourced from the White UW Cricothyrotomy Simulator, forcing the trainee to palpate landmarks before incising. D'Auria contribution is the Activity Detection Engine sensor overlay, not the inner-tube skin itself. | ||
| Pork Belly | Muller Cricothyrotomy Simulator | Section of porcine skin placed externally over the laryngeal structures of the Strategic Operations 3-in-1 TCCC manikin; provides the scalpel incision surface for the vertical skin incision of the scalpel–finger–bougie technique (Muller et al. 2020, p. e1781). Exact cut (belly, shoulder, or other) not disambiguated in source. | ||
| Pork Belly | Partial | Yes | Kei REAL CRIC Trainer | Skin and soft-tissue overlay for the 3D-printed trachea; provides cuttable tactile feedback during vertical skin incision. |
| Polyurethane Foam | Partial | Partial | Man-O-War Chest Tube Simulator | 60×30×5 cm extra-firm foam mattress simulating combined chest wall soft tissues; composition unconfirmed in source. |
| Vinyl | Appendectomy Simulator | Anterior abdominal wall; 12 cm × 22 cm (4.7 in × 8.7 in) | ||
| Rubber | White UW Cricothyrotomy Simulator | Bicycle inner tube segment forming cuttable cutaneous layer over the ABS cartilage skeleton; inner-tube size, grade, and tensioning method not specified in accessible source. | ||
| Ioban2 antimicrobial drape | Partial | Partial | Carter Multipurpose Thoracic Simulator | Iodophor-impregnated transparent adhesive drape (3M Health Care, St. Paul, MN) wraps the chest wall module (porcine rib rack + headliner foam + IV-fluid bag) as sealant and outermost traversable layer for Station 1 thoracentesis needle entry and Station 2 chest-tube incision (Carter 2010, lines 181–189). Source describes Ioban2 as "sealant" and "antimicrobial drape" rather than a skin analogue per se; row represents the outermost-traversed-layer role across both stations. |
| External skin overlay (material not specified by Gauger et al. 2018) | Gauger Cricothyroidotomy Trainer | External skin overlay (type unspecified by Gauger 2018) for emergency needle cricothyroidotomy training. | ||
| External skin overlay (material not specified by Bettega et al. 2019) | Chest Tube Simulator (Bettega) | Yellow outer overlay visible in Figure 2 of Bettega 2019; source describes only "various materials" and does not name this layer. Provides incision surface for 1.5 cm skin incision in closed chest drainage procedure. | ||
| Fabric | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Aho) | Outermost layer wrapping the model. Provides cuttable surface for initial skin incision. | ||
| Vinyl | Appendectomy Simulator | Anterior abdominal wall; 12 cm × 22 cm cut 1 cm larger than container; colored side down during assembly. | ||
| Felt | Orthoplastic Reconstruction Simulator | 45 × 10 cm sheet; punch 5 holes per long side; secured to wooden board via elastic bands. | ||
| Tattoo Practice Skin | Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization Trainer | ~15 × 10 cm sheet; puncture surface for IV cannulation; consumable — replace after ~20–30 insertions. | ||
| PVC | Tourniquet Simulator | Two 10 cm (4 in) PVC half-pipes (halved lengthwise); tourniquet contact surface for limb hemorrhage control training. | ||
| PVC | Wound Packing Simulator | Two 10 cm (4 in) PVC half-pipes, 20 cm length each; surface for direct-pressure application. | ||
| Liquid plastisol (Bait Plastics LLC) with skin-tone pigment — no TissueDB Materials page yet | Emergency Department Thoracotomy Simulator (Misra) | Medium-density liquid plastisol with skin-tone pigment poured into sheets sized 10 in × 18 in / 25.4 cm × 45.7 cm. The thoracotomy incision is made through skin and fat layers between the left 4th, 5th, and 6th intercostal spaces; paired skin/fat sheets are designed for one-use-per-resident replacement (10 pairs per gallon of plastisol).[1] | ||
| Goat or lamb hind leg (skin layer) | Hemorrhage Control Simulator (Malik) | Outer surface of partially defrosted hind leg; receives two stab wounds for hemorrhage control training. | ||
| Vinyl | Open Appendectomy Simulator (Matthews) | Outermost layer of the eight-layer abdominal-wall analogue; cut to plastic-container interior cross-section. | ||
| Synthetic silicone rubber overlay (replacement skins, consumable) | Partial | Partial | Thoracoscopic Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair Simulator (Barsness) | Source-rated 3.88 / 5 realism. Covers the entire neonatal-scale apparatus. Consumable component replaced between course participants — the course total of US$1,408 for a 6-station rotation with 40 participants in 2013 USD explicitly includes replacement skins (approximately 12 per course at $8 each). Source: Barsness KA, Rooney DM, Davis LM 2013, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 23(8):714–718. DOI 10.1089/lap.2013.0196. PMID 23789735. |
| Silicone rubber cast over power mesh fabric | Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair Simulator (Heo) | Resilient and suture-compatible; bears similarity to commercial surgical practice silicone skin models. Forms the skin and external oblique aponeurosis substrate in the Heo pediatric inguinal hernia repair platform. Source: Heo et al. 2025, J Pediatr Surg 60:162232. | ||
| EVA Foam | - | - | Synthetic Tourniquet Training Model (Souza Lima) | |
| Dental Impression Material | - | - | Suturing Simulator (Kumaresan) | |
| Vinyl Sheet | - | - | Abdominal Wall Defect Simulator (Medeiros) | |
| Synthetic skin pad | - | - | Bronchoscopy-Guided Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Simulator (Kattan) |
References
[edit source]- ↑ Misra A et al. 2024 J Surg Educ 81(1):134–144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2023.09.009. PMID: 37926660.
At a Glance
Overview
[edit source]Synonyms
[edit source]Common names: Skin, skin tissue
Anatomical terms: Dermis, epidermis, integument, cutaneous tissue, dermal layer, epidermal layer
Clinical terms: Soft tissue envelope, cutis
Regional terms: Peau (French), Pelle (Italian), Piel (Spanish), Haut (German), Huid (Dutch)