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'''Vegetable fats and oils''' are [[lipid]] materials derived from [[plants]]. Physically, [[oil]]s are liquid at [[room temperature]], and [[fat]]s are solid.  Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of [[triglycerides]], as contrasted with [[wax]]es which lack [[glycerin]] in their structure. Although many plant parts may yield oil,<ref>Compare, for example, the [[Essential oil#Raw materials|list of raw materials]] from which [[essential oil]]s are extracted</ref> in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from [[seed]]s.
[[File:Canola Oil and Seeds.jpg|thumb|500px|right|One kilogram of canola seeds — the amount in the plastic bag — makes the amount of oil that’s in this flask. The seeds come from pods like the ones in this dried bouquet.]]
 
'''Plant fats and oils''' are [[lipid]] materials derived from [[plants]]. Physically, [[oil]]s are liquid at [[room temperature]], and [[fat]]s are solid.  Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of [[triglycerides]], as contrasted with [[wax]]es which lack [[glycerin]] in their structure. Although many plant parts may yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from [[seed]]s.


Vegetable fats and oils may or may not be edible. Examples of inedible vegetable fats and oils include processed [[linseed oil]], [[tung oil]], and [[castor oil]] used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial applications.
Vegetable fats and oils may or may not be edible. Examples of inedible vegetable fats and oils include processed [[linseed oil]], [[tung oil]], and [[castor oil]] used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial applications.


=== Cooking with oil ===
== Cooking oils ==
Heating an oil changes its characteristics. Oils that are healthy at room temperature can become unhealthy when heated above certain temperatures. When choosing a cooking oil, it is important to match the oil's heat tolerance with the cooking method.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1594/is_2_14/ai_98469943/pg_2 | title=Oil right: choose wisely for heart-healthy cooking - Eating Right | journal=E: the Environmental Magazine | author=Orna Izakson}}</ref>
=== General cooking oils ===
Several oils are used as general cooking oils. Note that each specific cooking oil has a specific heat tolerance (high or low [[smoke point]]). When choosing a cooking oil, it is important to match the oil's heat tolerance with the cooking method; this due to health reasons.


Oils that are suitable for high-temperature frying (above {{convert|230|°C|°F|abbr=on|disp=s}}) because of their high [[smoke point]]
Oils that are suitable for high-temperature frying (above {{convert|230|°C|°F|abbr=on|disp=s}}) are:
* [[Avocado oil]]
* [[Avocado oil]]
* [[Corn oil]]
* [[Corn oil]]
Line 31: Line 34:
* [[Walnut oil]]
* [[Walnut oil]]


==Edible oils==
===Speciality cooking oils: nut oils ===
{{see also|Cooking oil}}
 
===Major oils===
<onlyinclude>
[[Image:Sunflowers.jpg|thumb|[[Sunflower]]s, the seeds of which are the source of [[Sunflower oil]].]]
 
These oils account for a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used as [[fuel oil]]s.
* [[Coconut oil]], a cooking oil, with medical and industrial applications as well. Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of the [[coconut palm]]. Common in the tropics, and unusual in composition, with [[medium chain fatty acid]]s dominant.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HAPFqkRGSXEC&lpg=PT13&dq=coconut%20oil%20%22medium%20chain%20fatty%22&pg=PT13#v=onepage&q=coconut%20oil%20%22medium%20chain%20fatty%22&f=false
| title=Coconut Oil: Discover the Key to Vibrant Health
| author=Gursche, Siegfried
| publisher=Book Publishing Company
| year=2008
| isbn=1553120434
| page=12
| accessdate=2012-01-21
}}</ref>
* [[Corn oil]], one of the principal oils sold as [[salad oil|salad]] and [[cooking oil]].<ref>{{cite web
| publisher=Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils
| title=Food Fats and Oils
| edition=9
| year=2006
| page=27
| url=http://www.iseo.org/FoodFatsOils2006.pdf
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Cottonseed oil]], used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/facts.asp
| title=Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil
| accessdate=2011-10-17
| publisher=National Cottonseed Producers Association
}}</ref>
* [[Olive oil]], used in cooking, cosmetics, [[soap]]s, and as a fuel for traditional [[oil lamp]]s.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-olive-oil-and-extra-virgin-olive-oil/
| title=Difference Between Olive oil and Extra Virgin Olive oil
| publisher=Difference Between.net
| accessdate=2011-10-19
}}</ref>
* [[Palm oil]], the most widely produced [[tropics|tropical]] oil.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.soyatech.com/Palm_Oil_Facts.htm
| publisher=Soyatech
| title=Palm Oil Facts
| accessdate=2011-10-19
}}</ref> Popular in [[West Africa]]n and [[Brazil]]ian [[cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.epicurious.com/tools/fooddictionary/entry/?id=3772
| title=Palm oil
| work=Food dictionary
| publisher=[[Epicurious]]
| accessdate=2011-10-19
}}</ref> Also used to make [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.grain.org/article/entries/611-corporate-power-the-palm-oil-biodiesel-nexus
| title=Corporate power: The palm-oil-biodiesel nexus
| publisher=GRAIN
| journal=Seedling
| date=July, 2007
}}</ref></onlyinclude>
* [[Peanut oil]] (Ground nut oil), a clear oil with some applications as a [[salad dressing]], and, due to its high [[smoke point]], especially used for [[frying]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses
| editor=Frank Gunstone
| chapter=Groundnut (Peanut) Oil
| first1=Lisa L.
| last1=Dean
| first2=Jack P.
| last2=Davis
| first3=Timothy H.
| last3=Sanders
| page=225
| publisher=John Wiley & Sons
| year=2011
| isbn=1444332686
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lnk2tdo8_P4C&lpg=PA322&dq=illipe%20butter&pg=PA226#v=onepage&q=peanut&f=false
}}</ref>
* [[Rapeseed|Rapeseed oil]], including [[Canola|Canola oil]], one of the most widely used cooking oils.<ref name="cc">{{cite web
| url=http://www.canola-council.org/canola_oil_the_truth.aspx
| title=Canola Oil - The Myths Debunked
| publisher=Canola Council of Canada
| accessdate=2011-10-19
}}</ref>
* [[Safflower|Safflower oil]], until the 1960s used in the [[paint]] industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.<ref>{{cite web
| title=Safflower
| author=Boland, Michael
| date=January, 2011
| accessdate=2011-10-17
| url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/safflower.cfm
| publisher=Agriculture Marketing Resource Center
}}</ref>
* [[Sesame oil]], cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sesame_profile.cfm
| publisher=Agriculture Marketing Resource Center
| title=Sesame profile
| date=August, 2011
| author=Hansen, Ray
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Soybean oil]], produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/mag/farming_world_soybean_consumption/index.html
| title=World soybean consumption quickens
| publisher=Southeast Farm Press
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| date=February 5, 2003
| author=Bennett, David
}}</ref>
* [[Sunflower oil]], a common cooking oil, also used to make [[biodiesel]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sunflower_profile.cfm
| title=Sunflower profile
| first1=Michael
| last1=Boland
| first2=Jeri
| last2=Stroade
| date=August 2011
| accessdate=2011-10-17
| publisher=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center
}}</ref>
 
===Nut oils===
[[Image:Hazelnuts.jpg|thumb|[[Corylus avellana|Hazelnut]]s from the [[Corylus avellana|Common Hazel]], used to make [[Corylus avellana|Hazelnut oil]].]]
 
Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their [[flavor]]. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their [[flavor]]. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.
* [[Almond#Oils|Almond oil]], used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of [[cosmetics]].<ref>[[#axtell|Axtell]], {{cite web
* [[Almond#Oils|Almond oil]], used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of [[cosmetics]].
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0d.htm#I.%20Individual%20monographs
* [[Beech]] nut oil, from ''Fagus sylvatica'' nuts, is a well-regarded edible oil in Europe, used for salads and cooking.
| title=I. Individual monographs}}</ref>
* [[Cashew oil]], somewhat comparable to [[olive oil]]. May have value for fighting [[dental caries|dental cavities]].
* [[Beech]] nut oil, from ''Fagus sylvatica'' nuts, is a well-regarded edible oil in Europe, used for salads and cooking.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Corylus avellana|Hazelnut oil]], mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight [[astringent]] nature.
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&lpg=PA405&pg=PA600#v=onepage&q&f=false
* [[Macadamia oil]], with a mild nutty flavor and a high [[smoke point]].
| page=405
* [[Mongongo|Mongongo nut]] oil (or ''manketti oil''), from the seeds of the ''Schinziophyton rautanenii'', a tree which grows in [[South Africa]]. High in [[vitamin E]]. Also used in skin care.
| title=The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts
* [[Pecan oil]], valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.
| publisher=Cabi Publishing
* [[Pine nut oil]], sold as a gourmet cooking oil
| first1=Jules
* [[Pistachio oil]], a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.<ref name="simmons">
| last1=Janick
* [[Walnut oil]], used for its flavor, also used by [[Renaissance]] painters in [[oil paint]]s.
| first2=Robert E.
| last2=Paull
| year=2008
| isbn=0851996388
| accessdate=2011-11-21
}}</ref>
* [[Cashew oil]], somewhat comparable to [[olive oil]]. May have value for fighting [[dental caries|dental cavities]].<ref>{{cite journal
| author=[[Society for Science and the Public|Science Service]]
| journal=[[Science News]]
| date=March 23, 1991
| url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:10597226&ctrlInfo=Round19%3AMode19a%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=
| title=Cashew oil may conquer cavities
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Corylus avellana|Hazelnut oil]], mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight [[astringent]] nature.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[International Journal Of Toxicology|Int J Toxicol.]]
| year=2001
| issue=20 Suppl 1
| pages=15–20
| title=Final report on the safety assessment of Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, and Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Leaf Extract
| author=Madhaven N.
}}</ref>
* [[Macadamia oil]], with a mild nutty flavor and a high [[smoke point]].<ref name="simmons" />
* [[Mongongo|Mongongo nut]] oil (or ''manketti oil''), from the seeds of the ''Schinziophyton rautanenii'', a tree which grows in [[South Africa]]. High in [[vitamin E]]. Also used in skin care.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=794
| title=Mongongo–a tough nut worth cracking
| author=Bafana, Busani
| date=July 2009
| publisher=[http://new-ag.info/ New Agriculturist]
| accessdate=2011-04-28
}}</ref>
* [[Pecan oil]], valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/extension/fruit/pecanhealth/pecanhealth.html
| title=Pecans as a health food
| author=Storey, J. Benton
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| publisher=Texas AgriLIFE Extension Service
}}</ref>
* [[Pine nut oil]], sold as a gourmet cooking oil,<ref>{{cite book
| title=Functional Foods of the East
| editor=John Shi, Chi-Tang Ho, [[Fereidoon Shahidi]] eds.
| chapter=Antioxidant Functional Factors in Nuts
| page=353
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7VENd7fgLIkC&lpg=PA353&dq=pine%20nut%20oil&pg=PA353#v=onepage&q=pine%20nut%20oil&f=false
| isbn=1420071920
| date=Mary 15, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9hm09yx6RDMC&lpg=PA159&dq=Pine%20seed%20oil&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q=Pine%20seed%20oil&f=false
| page=159
| title=In the Sweet Kitchen: The Definitive Baker's Companion
| author=Daley, Regan
| publisher=Artisan Books
| year=2001
| isbn=1579652085
}}</ref> and of potential medicinal interest as an appetite suppressant.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Tree nuts: composition, phytochemicals, and health effects
| editor=Cesarettin Alasalvar, [[Fereidoon Shahidi]]
| chapter=Nutraceutical Potential of Pine Nut
| author1=Yu Liangli
| author2=Slavin, Margaret
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Uu4nzKx74noC&lpg=PA290&dq=pine%20nut%20oil&pg=PA290#v=onepage&q=pine%20nut%20oil&f=false
| page=289
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=2008
| isbn=0849337356
}}</ref>
* [[Pistachio oil]], a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.<ref name="simmons">{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=ox_giy4b-tkC&pg=PA295&dq=pistachio+oil#v=onepage&q=pistachio%20oil&f=false
| title=Things Cooks Love
| author=Simmons, Marie
| isbn=0740769766
| publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing
| year=2008
| page=295
}}</ref>
* [[Walnut oil]], used for its flavor,<ref name="simmons" /> also used by [[Renaissance]] painters in [[oil paint]]s.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Oil Painting Materials
| author=Powell, William F.
| page=43
| isbn=1560100567
| publisher=Walter Foster
| year=1990
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Painter's Handbook
| author=Gottsegen, Mark
| isbn=0823034968
| page=77
| url=http://thepaintershandbook.com/
}}</ref>


===Citrus oils===
===Speciality cooking oils: citrus oils===
A number of [[citrus]] plants yield pressed oils. Some, like lemon and orange oil, are used as [[essential oil]]s, which is uncommon for pressed oils. The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.


A number of [[citrus]] plants yield pressed oils. Some, like lemon and orange oil, are used as [[essential oil]]s, which is uncommon for pressed oils. The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.<ref>{{cite journal
* [[Grapefruit seed extract|Grapefruit seed oil]], extracted from the seeds of [[grapefruit]] (''Citrus × paradisi''). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.
| title=Characterisation of Nigerian citrus seed oils
* [[Lemon|Lemon oil]], similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.
| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]]
* [[Orange oil]], like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.
| year=1993
| author1=Ajewole, K
| author2=Adeyeye, A
| volume=47
| issue=1
| pages=77–78
| accessdate=2010-03-08
| url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=4779387
| doi=10.1016/0308-8146(93)90306-Z
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/index/MW71651J48684715.pdf
| title=Chemical evaluation of Egyptian citrus seeds as potential sources of vegetable oils
| author1=Habib, M. A.
| author2=Hammam, M. A.
| author3=Sak, A. A.
| author4=Ashoush, Y. A.
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| year=1985
| volume=63
| issue=9
| accessdate=2010-03-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title=Fatty acid composition of Iranian citrus seed oils
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/index/0388H86KP1420338.pdf
| author=Filsoof, M; Mehran, M
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| year=1976
| volume=53
| issue=10
| accessdate=2010-03-08
}}</ref>


* [[Grapefruit seed extract|Grapefruit seed oil]], extracted from the seeds of [[grapefruit]] (''Citrus × paradisi''). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.<ref>{{cite journal
===Speciality cooking oils: melon and gourd seed oils===
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/a20nh6v07293329r/
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| author1=Jamieson, G. S.
| author2=Baughman, W. F.
| author3=Gertler, S. I.
| accessdate=2010-03-08
| title=Grapefruit seed oil
| year=1930
| pages=181–183
| doi=10.1007/BF02564074
| volume=7
| issue=5
}}</ref>
* [[Lemon|Lemon oil]], similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.<ref name="robbins">{{cite book
| title=Selected markets for the essential oils of lime, lemon and orange
| chapter=The Citrus Oils: An Introductory Review
| editor=S. R. J. Robbins
| year=1983
| page=17
}}</ref> Used as a flavoring agent<ref>{{cite book
| title=Handbook of flavor ingredients
| author=Fenaroli, Giovanni
| page=577
| publisher=Taylor & Francis US
| year=1975
| isbn=0878195335
}}</ref> and in aromatherapy.<ref>{{cite book
| title=The aromatherapy book: applications & inhalations
| author1=Rose, Jeanne
| author2=Hulburd, John
| page=110
| publisher=North Atlantic Books
| year=1993
| isbn=1556430736
}}</ref>
* [[Orange oil]], like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Mechanism and theory in food chemistry
| author=Wong, Dominic W. S.
| page=253
| publisher=Springer
| year=1989
| isbn=0442207530
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UHi9LpuuHBMC&lpg=PA253&dq=%22orange%20oil%22%20cold-pressed%20byproduct&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}</ref> Consists of 90% d-[[Limonene]]. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages
| author=Ashurst, Philip R.
| page=81
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ocZhAHR5Ne0C&lpg=PA81&dq=orange%20essential%20oil%20fragrance%20cleaning%20d-limonene&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false
| publisher=Springer
| year=994
| isbn=0834212897
}}</ref> [[Image:Sea-buckthorn-oliv.jpg|thumb|The fruit of the [[sea-buckthorn]]]]
 
===Oils from melon and gourd seeds===
[[Image:Citrullus lanatus ies.jpg|thumb|right|Watermelon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Watermelon|Citrullus vulgaris]]'', is used in cooking in [[West Africa]].]]
Members of the [[Cucurbitaceae]] include [[gourd]]s, [[melon]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, and [[Squash (plant)|squash]]es. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.<ref>[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae]
Members of the [[Cucurbitaceae]] include [[gourd]]s, [[melon]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, and [[Squash (plant)|squash]]es. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.<ref>[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae]
</ref>
</ref>


* Bitter gourd oil, from the seeds of ''[[Momordica charantia]]''. High in [[alpha-Eleostearic acid|α-Eleostearic acid]]. Of current research interest for its potential anti-carcinogenic properties.<ref>{{cite journal
* Bitter gourd oil, from the seeds of ''[[Momordica charantia]]''. High in [[alpha-Eleostearic acid|α-Eleostearic acid]]. Of current research interest for its potential anti-carcinogenic properties.
| author1=Kohno, H.
* Bottle gourd oil, extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Calabash|Lagenaria siceraria]]'', widely grown in [[tropics|tropical regions]]. Used as an edible oil.
| author2=Yasui, Y.
* [[Buffalo gourd oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Cucurbita foetidissima]]'', a [[vine]] with a rank odor, native to southwest [[North America]].
| author3=Suzuki, R.
* Butternut squash seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]'', has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings, marinades, and sautéeing.
| author4=Hosokawa, M.
* Egusi seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Cucumeropsis mannii|Cucumeropsis mannii naudin]]'', is particularly rich in [[linoleic acid]].
| author5=Miyashita, K.
* [[Pumpkin seed oil]], a specialty cooking oil, produced in [[Austria]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]]. Used mostly in salad dressings.
| author6=Tanaka, T.
* [[Watermelon seed oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Watermelon|Citrullus vulgaris]]''. Traditionally used in cooking in [[West Africa]].
| year=2004
| title=Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPAR γ expression and alteration of lipid composition
| journal=International Journal of Cancer
| volume=110
| pages=896–901
| doi=10.1002/ijc.20179
| issue=6
}}</ref>
* Bottle gourd oil, extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Calabash|Lagenaria siceraria]]'', widely grown in [[tropics|tropical regions]]. Used as an edible oil.<ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Bottle%20gourd Bottle gourd]"
</ref>
* [[Buffalo gourd oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Cucurbita foetidissima]]'', a [[vine]] with a rank odor, native to southwest [[North America]].<ref name="gourds">{{cite web
| url=http://echonet.org/content/AtoZChap16oil/1438/OIL%20CROPS
| chapter=Oil Crops
| title=Amaranth to Zai Holes
| author=Meitzner, Laura S.
| author2=Price, Martin L.
| publisher=ECHO
| accessdate=2011-10-19
| year=1996
}}</ref>
* Butternut squash seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Cucurbita moschata]]'', has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings, marinades, and sautéeing.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://calsnews.cornell.edu/2009spring/made/buttnernut-squash-oil.html
| publisher=CALS News
| date=Spring 2009
| accessdate=2011-01-14
| title=Butternut Squash Seed Oil Goes to Market
| author=Ogrodnick, Joe
}}</ref>
* Egusi<ref group="note">Note that "egusi" is the common name of several species of melons, including ''[[Citrullus vulgaris]]'' cultivars and ''[[Lagenaria sicerari]]''.</ref> seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Cucumeropsis mannii|Cucumeropsis mannii naudin]]'', is particularly rich in [[linoleic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Triacylglycerols and fatty acids composition of egusi seed oil (''Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin')
| author=Kapseu, C.; Kamga, R.; Tchatchueng, J.B.
| page=354
| journal=[http://grasasyaceites.revistas.csic.es Grasas y Aceites]
| volume=44
| issue=6
| year=1993
}}</ref>
* [[Pumpkin seed oil]], a specialty cooking oil, produced in [[Austria]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Croatia]]. Used mostly in salad dressings.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=Issues in new crops and new uses
| year=2007
| editor=J. Janick and A. Whipkey
| publisher=ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
| title=Oil Pumpkins: Niche for Organic Producers
| author1=Bavec, F.
| author2=Grobelnik Mlakar, S.
| author3=Rozman, Č.
| author4=Bavec, M.
| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu07/pdfs/bavec185-189.pdf
}}</ref>
* [[Watermelon seed oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Watermelon|Citrullus vulgaris]]''. Traditionally used in cooking in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa: Vegetables
| editor=G. J. H. Grubben
| chapter=Citrullus
| publisher=[[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]]
| page=185
| isbn=9057821478
}}</ref><ref name="salunkhe">{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&lpg=PA522&dq=%22nahor%20oil%22&pg=PA460#v=onepage&q=%22nahor%20oil%22&f=false
| page=460
| title=World oilseeds: chemistry, technology, and utilization
| author=Salunkhe, D. K.
| publisher=Springer
| year=1992
| isbn=0442001126
}}</ref>
 
===Food supplements===
 
A number of oils are used as [[food additive|food supplements]] (or "[[nutraceutical]]s"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect. [[Borage seed oil]], [[blackcurrant seed oil]], and [[evening primrose oil]] all have a significant amount of [[gamma-Linolenic acid]] (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.
 
* [[Açaí oil]], from the fruit of several [[species]] of the [[Açaí palm]] (''Euterpe'') grown in the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] region.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter=Açai (Euterpe oleracea)
| title=Flavor and Health Benefits of Small Fruits
| pages=213–223
| doi=10.1021/bk-2010-1035.ch013
| first1=Alexander G.
| last1=Schauss
| first2=Gitte S.
| last2=Jensen
| first3=Xianli
| last3=Wu
| url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2010-1035.ch013
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal = J Agric Food Chem | year = 2008 | month = Jun | volume = 56 | issue = 12 | pages = 4631–6 | title = Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) |pmid = 18522407| doi = 10.1021/jf800161u | author = Pacheco-Palencia, LA; Mertens-Talcott S; Talcott ST}}</ref>
* [[Black seed oil]], pressed from ''[[Nigella sativa]]'' seeds, has a long history of medicinal use, including in [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]], [[traditional Chinese medicine|Asian]], and [[Islamic medicine]], as well as a topic of current medical research.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3LQ57_4VdkoC&lpg=PA265&dq=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&f=false
| page=364
| title=Mother Food for Breastfeeding Mothers
| author=Jacobson, Hilary
| publisher=PageFree Publishing, Inc.
| year=2004
| isbn=1589612299
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RYE6YKPdFDEC&lpg=PA289&dq=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&pg=PA285#v=onepage&q=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&f=false
| year=2007
| chapter=''C. elegans'' Chemotaxis and Reproduction Following Environmental Exposure
| author1=Worku, Mulumabet
| author2=Gerald, Carresse
| title=Proceedings of the 2007 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology
| isbn=0387884823
| publisher=Springer
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=prBB0SHtoWYC&lpg=PA262&dq=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&pg=PA261#v=onepage&q=%22black%20seed%20oil%22&f=false
| page=261
| title=Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet
| author1=al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Qayyim
| author2=Al Jauziyah, Imam Ibn Qayyim
| author3=Abdullah, Abdul Rahman
| editor=second
| publisher=Darussalam
| year=2003
| isbn=9960892913
}}</ref>
* [[Blackcurrant seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Ribes nigrum]]'', used as a food supplement. High in gamma-Linolenic, [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3]] and [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.<ref name="shahidi">
{{cite book
| title=Nutraceutical and specialty lipids and their co-products
| author=[[Fereidoon Shahidi|Shahidi, Fereidoon]]
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-DasysmU7V0C&lpg=PA14&dq=blackcurrant%20borage%20evening%20primrose%20GLA&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=blackcurrant%20borage%20evening%20primrose%20GLA&f=false
| pages=13–14
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=2006
| isbn=1574444999
}}</ref>
* [[Borage seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Borago officinalis]]'', with an omega-3 content comparable to [[blackcurrant seed oil]] and [[evening primrose oil]].<ref name="shahidi" />
* [[Oenothera|Evening primrose oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Oenothera biennis]]'',<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sfmc-fRCj10C&lpg=PA197&dq=Evening%20primrose%20Oenothera%20biennis&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q=Evening%20primrose%20Oenothera%20biennis&f=false
| page=197
| author1=[[Fereidoon Shahidi|Shahidi, Fereidoon]]
| author2=Miraliakbari, Homan
| chapter=Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)
| title=Encyclopedia of dietary supplements
| editor=Paul M. Coates
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=2005
| isbn=0824755049
}}</ref> the most important plant source of gamma-Linolenic acid, particularly because it does not contain [[alpha-Linolenic acid]].<ref name="shahidi" /><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.drugs.com/mtm/evening-primrose-oil.html
| publisher=Drugs.com
| title=Evening Primrose Oil
| accessdate=2011-10-25
}}</ref>
* [[Linseed oil|Flaxseed oil]] (called [[#linseed_oil|linseed oil]] when used as a [[drying oil]]), from the seeds of ''[[Linum usitatissimum]]''. High in omega-3 and [[lignan]]s, which can be used medicinally. A good dietary equivalent to [[fish oil]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Conscious Eating
| author=Cousens, Gabriel
| pages=459–460
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GeGZL7M9CxAC&lpg=PT450&dq=flaxseed%20oil&pg=PT450#v=onepage&q=flaxseed%20oil&f=false
| isbn=1556438583
| publisher=[[North Atlantic Books]]
| year=2009
| edition=2
}}</ref> Easily turns [[Rancidification|rancid]].<ref>{{cite book
| chapter=Bioactive Components of Flaxseed: Occurrence and Health Benefits
| title=Phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals
| editor=[[Fereidoon Shahidi]], Chi-Tang Ho
| author=Oomah, B. David; Mazza, G.
| pages=106–116
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gk4oi2BxwrcC&lpg=PA108&dq=flax%20seed%20oil&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q=flaxseed%20oil&f=false
| publisher=The American Oil Chemists Society
| year=2000
| isbn=1893997057
}}</ref>


===Other edible oils===
===Speciality cooking oils: other oils===
[[Image:Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg|thumb|[[Carob tree|Carob]] seed pods, used to make [[carob pod oil]].]]
* [[Açaí oil]], from the fruit of several [[species]] of the [[Açaí palm]] (''Euterpe'') grown in the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] region.
* [[Amaranth oil]], from the seeds of grain [[amaranth]] species, including ''[[Amaranthus cruentus]]'' and ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]'', high in [[squalene]] and [[unsaturated fat|unsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
* [[Black seed oil]], pressed from ''[[Nigella sativa]]'' seeds, has a long history of medicinal use, including in [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]], [[traditional Chinese medicine|Asian]], and [[Islamic medicine]], as well as a topic of current medical research.
| journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|J Agric Food Chem]]
* [[Blackcurrant seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Ribes nigrum]]'', used as a food supplement. High in gamma-Linolenic, [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3]] and [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.
| date=June 10, 2009
* [[Borage seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Borago officinalis]]'', with an omega-3 content comparable to [[blackcurrant seed oil]] and [[evening primrose oil]].
| volume=57
* [[Linseed oil|Flaxseed oil]] (called [[#linseed_oil|linseed oil]] when used as a [[drying oil]]), from the seeds of ''[[Linum usitatissimum]]''. High in omega-3 and [[lignan]]s, which can be used medicinally. A good dietary equivalent to [[fish oil]].
| issue=11
* [[Amaranth oil]], from the seeds of grain [[amaranth]] species, including ''[[Amaranthus cruentus]]'' and ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]'', high in [[squalene]] and [[unsaturated fat|unsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s.
| pages=4657–62
* [[Apricot oil]], similar to [[almond|almond oil]], which it resembles. Used in cosmetics.
| title=Enrichment of amaranth oil with ethyl palmitate at the sn-2 position by chemical and enzymatic synthesis
* [[Apple seed oil]], high in [[linoleic acid]].
| author = Pina-Rodriguez, AM; Akoh, CC
* [[Argan oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Argania spinosa]]'', is a food oil from [[Morocco]]
| doi=10.1021/jf900242g
* [[Avocado oil]], an edible oil
| pmid=19413361
* [[Ben oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''. High in [[behenic acid]]. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for [[biofuel]].
}}</ref>
* [[Borneo tallow nut oil]], extracted from the fruit of species of genus ''[[Shorea]]''. Used as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]], and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common.
* [[Apricot oil]], similar to [[almond|almond oil]], which it resembles. Used in cosmetics.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Calodendrum capense|Cape chestnut]] oil, also called yangu oil, is a popular oil in Africa for skin care.
| url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/apric050.html
* [[Carob pod oil]] (Algaroba oil), from [[carob tree|carob]], with an exceptionally high [[essential fatty acid]] content.
| chapter=Apricot
| title=A Modern Herbal
| author=Grieve, Margaret
| year=1931
| isbn=0486227987
| publisher=Dover Publications
}} Originally published in 1931, and republished regularly since.
</ref>
* [[Apple seed oil]], high in [[linoleic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil
| author=Yu Xiuzhu; van de Voort, Frederick R.; Li Zhixi; Yue Tianli
| journal=International Journal of Food Engineering
| volume=3
| issue=5
| date=October 25, 2007
| url=http://www.bepress.com/ijfe/vol3/iss5/art12
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| doi=10.2202/1556-3758.1283
}}</ref>
* [[Argan oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Argania spinosa]]'', is a food oil from [[Morocco]]<ref>{{cite book
| title=The Rough Guide to Morocco
| author=Jacobs, Daniel
| page=498
| publisher=Penguin
| year=2010
| isbn=1848369778
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jYx4PSzWRngC&lpg=PA498&dq=argan%20oil&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q=argan%20oil&f=false
}}</ref> developed through a women's cooperative founded in the 1990s,<ref group="note">The [http://www.targanine.com/ Targanine] cooperative was founded by Prof. Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. See {{cite news
| newspaper=BioInfo
| language=French
| title=Au Pays de l'Huile Argan
| pages=30–32
| url=http://www.bio-info.be/pages/pdf_telechargeable/BIOinfo_82.pdf
}}</ref> that has also attracted recent attention in [[Europe]].
* [[Avocado oil]], an edible oil<ref>{{cite book
| title=The avocado: botany, production, and uses
| author=Whiley, Antony William; Schaffer, Bruce; Wolstenholme, B. Nigel
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxmvpAYkL54C&lpg=PA388&dq=avocado%20oil&pg=PA390#v=onepage&q=avocado%20oil&f=false
| publisher=CABI
| year=2002
| isbn=0851993575
| page=390
}}</ref> used primarily in the [[cosmetics]] and [[pharmaceutical]] industries.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Food and feed crops of the United States. Interregional Research Project IR-4, IR Bul. 1 (Bul. 828 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta.)
| last1=Magness
| first1=J.R.
| first2=G.M.
| last2=Markle
| first3=C.C.
| last3=Compton
| year=1971
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TF8wtwAACAAJ
}}, quoted in {{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Avocado_oil.html|title=Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Handbook of green chemicals
| author=Ash, Irene
| page=531
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pKrBNbkE2c0C&lpg=PA631&dq=avocado%20oil&pg=PA631#v=onepage&q=avocado%20oil&f=false
| publisher=Synapse Info Resources
| year=2004
| isbn=1890595799
}}</ref> Unusually high [[smoke point]] of 510°F.<ref name="chu" />
* [[Babassu oil]], from the seeds of the ''[[Attalea speciosa]]'', is similar to, and used as a substitute for, [[coconut oil]].<ref>{{Citation
| url=http://www.mvo.nl/Portals/0/voedselveiligheid/wetgeving/voedselveiligheid/codex%20standard%20named%20vegetable%20oils.pdf
| title=Codex standard for named vegetable oils
| work=[[Codex Alimentarius]]
| publisher=Codex Alimentarius Commission
| volume=8
| year=2001
| accessdate=2010-10-19
}}</ref>
* [[Ben oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''. High in [[behenic acid]]. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for [[biofuel]].<ref name="balanos">{{cite web|url=http://touregypt.net/magazine/mag05012001/mag4.htm|title=Beauty Secrets of the Ancient Egyptians|publisher=Tour Egypt online magazine|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* [[Borneo tallow nut oil]], extracted from the fruit of species of genus ''[[Shorea]]''. Used as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]], and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common.<ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Borneo%20tallow%20nut Borneo tallow nut]
</ref>
* [[Calodendrum capense|Cape chestnut]] oil, also called yangu oil, is a popular oil in Africa for skin care.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&lpg=PA119&dq=Yangu%20oil&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q=Yangu%20oil&f=false
| page=110
| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa
| volume=7
| editor=D. Louppe, A.A. Oteng-Amoako, M. Brink
| publisher=PROTA
| year=2008
| isbn=9057822091
}}</ref>
* [[Carob pod oil]] (Algaroba oil), from [[carob tree|carob]], with an exceptionally high [[essential fatty acid]] content.<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15277087
| pmid=15277087
| journal=J Herb Pharmacother
| year=2002
| volume=2
| issue=3
| pages=29–33
| title=Fatty acid content of selected seed oils
| first1=I.
| last1=Orhan
| first2=B.
| last2=Sener
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]]
| volume=102
| issue=4
| year=2007
| pages=1368–1374
| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.059
| title=Isolation and chemical evaluation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seed germ
| author= Dakia, Patrick Aubin; Wathelet, Bernard; Paquot, Michel
}}</ref>
* [[Cocoa butter]], from the [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] plant. Used in the manufacture of [[chocolate]], as well as in some cosmetics.
* [[Cocoa butter]], from the [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] plant. Used in the manufacture of [[chocolate]], as well as in some cosmetics.
* [[Cocklebur oil]], from species of genus ''[[Cocklebur|Xanthium]]'', with similar properties to [[poppyseed oil]], similar in taste and smell to [[sunflower oil]].<ref>{{cite journal
* [[Cocklebur oil]], from species of genus ''[[Cocklebur|Xanthium]]'', with similar properties to [[poppyseed oil]], similar in taste and smell to [[sunflower oil]].
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=dSRPAAAAIAAJ
* [[Cohune oil]], from the ''[[Attalea cohune]]'' (cohune palm) used as a lubricant, for cooking, soapmaking and as a lamp oil.
| journal=Comptes Rendus
* Coriander seed oil, from [[coriander]] seeds, used in a wide variety of flavoring applications, including [[gin]] and [[seasoning]] blends.
| publisher=Akademiia nauk SSSR
* [[Irvingia|Dika oil]], from ''[[Irvingia gabonensis]]'' seeds, native to [[West Africa]]. Used to make [[margarine]], [[soap]] and [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]], where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant. Largely underdeveloped.
| year=1963
* [[False flax oil]] made of the seeds of ''[[Camelina sativa]]''. One of the earliest oil crops, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C.
| title=Physico-Chemical Investigation of Cocklebur Oil
* [[Hemp oil]], a high quality food oil
| page=381ff.
* [[Kapok seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'', used as an edible oil, and in soap production.
| author=Maximov, N.
* [[Kenaf#Kenaf seed oil|Kenaf seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Hibiscus cannabinus]]''. An edible oil similar to [[cottonseed oil]], with a long history of use.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
* [[Lallemantia oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Lallemantia iberica]]'', discovered at [[archaeology|archaeological sites]] in northern Greece.
| title=Some Points of Interest Concerning the Cocklebur and Its Seeds
* Mafura oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Trichilia emetica]]''. Used as an edible oil in [[Ethiopia]]. Mafura butter, extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil, is not edible, and is used in soap and candle making, as a body ointment, as fuel, and medicinally.
| journal=[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]
* [[Marula oil]], extracted from the kernel of ''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''. Used as an edible oil with a light, nutty flavor. Also used in soaps. [[Fatty acid]] composition is similar to that of [[olive oil]].
| volume=2
* [[Meadowfoam seed oil]], highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain [[fatty acid]]s. Competes with [[rapeseed|rapeseed oil]] for industrial applications.
| issue=2
* [[Nutmeg|Nutmeg butter]], extracted by [[Ram press (food)|expression]] from the fruit of [[wikt:congener|cogener]]s of genus ''[[Nutmeg|Myristica]]''. Nutmeg butter has a large amount of [[trimyristin]]. Nutmeg oil, by contrast, is an [[essential oil]], extracted by [[steam distillation]].
| month=April | year=1921
* [[Okra|Okra seed oil]], from ''Abelmoschus esculentus''. Composed predominantly of [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s.
| pages=110–119
* [[Papaya]] seed oil, high in omega-3 and omega-6, similar in composition to olive oil.
| author= McHargue, J. S.
* [[Perilla oil|Perilla seed oil]], high in [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes in Asian [[herbal medicine]], in skin care products and as a drying oil.
| jstor=1928923
* Persimmon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Diospyros virginiana]]''.  Dark, reddish brown color, similar in taste to [[olive oil]]. Nearly equal content of [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s.
| doi=10.2307/1928923
* [[Pequi oil]], extracted from the seeds of ''[[Caryocar brasiliense]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a highly prized cooking oil.
| publisher=Ecology, Vol. 2, No. 2
* Pili nut oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Canarium ovatum]]''. Used in the Philippines as an edible oil, as well as for a lamp oil.
}}</ref>
* Pomegranate seed oil, from ''[[Punica granatum]]'' seeds, is very high in [[punicic acid]] (which takes its name from pomegranates). A topic of current medical research for treating and preventing [[cancer]].
* [[Cohune oil]], from the ''[[Attalea cohune]]'' (cohune palm) used as a lubricant, for cooking, soapmaking and as a lamp oil.<ref>{{cite web
* [[Quinoa oil]], similar in composition and use to [[corn oil]].
| url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/atta_coh.cfm
* [[Ramtil oil]], pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus ''[[Guizotia abyssinica]]'' (Niger pea) in [[India]] and [[Ethiopia]].
| title=Attalea cohune
* [[Rice bran oil]] is a highly stable cooking and salad oil, suitable for high-temperature cooking.
| accessdate=2011-10-21
* Royle oil, pressed from the seeds of ''[[Prinsepia utilis]]'', a wild, edible oil shrub that grows in the higher [[Himalayas]]. Used medicinally in [[Nepal]].
| publisher=Floridata
* [[Sacha inchi oil]], from the [[Peru]]vian [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]]. High in [[behenic acid|behenic]], [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3]] and [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.
| author=McLendon, Chuck
* [[Sapote oil]], used as a cooking oil in [[Guatemala]].
| date=July 28, 2000
* Seje oil, from the seeds of ''[[Jessenia bataua]]''. Used in [[South America]] as an edible oil, similar to [[olive oil]], as well as for [[soap]]s and in the [[cosmetics]] industry.
}}</ref>
* [[Shea butter]], much of which is produced by poor, African women. Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]] in [[confections]] and [[cosmetics]].
[[Image:Coriander.png|thumb|[[Coriander]] seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, [[Coriander seed oil]].]]
* [[Taramira oil]], from the seeds of the arugula (''[[Eruca sativa]]''), grown in [[West Asia]] and [[Northern India]]. Used as a (pungent) edible oil after aging to remove acridity.
* Coriander seed oil, from [[coriander]] seeds, used in a wide variety of flavoring applications, including [[gin]] and [[seasoning]] blends.<ref>{{cite book
* [[Tea seed oil]] (Camellia oil), widely used in southern [[China]] as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, [[Hair care#Hair_products|hair oil]]s and a variety of other products.
| author=Ashurst, P. R.
* [[Cyperus esculentus#Use as oil|Tigernut oil]] (or nut-sedge oil) is pressed from the tuber of ''[[Cyperus esculentus]]''. It has properties similar to soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils.
| title=Food Flavorings
* Tobacco seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' and other ''[[Nicotiana]]'' species. If purified, is suitable for edible purposes.
| isbn=0834216213
* [[Tomato seed oil]] is a potentially valuable by-product, as a cooking oil, from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes.
| publisher=Springer
* [[Wheat germ oil]], used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations
| year=1999
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&lpg=PA17&dq=coriander%20seed%20oil%20uses&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=coriander%20seed%20oil%20uses&f=false
| pages=17–18
}}</ref> Recent research has shown promise for use in killing food-borne bacteria, such as ''[[E. coli]]''.<ref>{{cite news
| publisher=''[[New York Times]]''
| author=Bhanoo, Sindya N.
| date=August 20, 2011
| title=A Bacteria-Busting Oil Behind a Popular Spice
}}</ref>
* Date seed oil, extracted from [[Date (fruit)|date]] pits.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction
| author=Besbes, S; Bleckerb, C; Deroanneb, C; Drirac, NE and Attiaa, H
| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food Chemistry]]
| month=March | year=2004
| volume=84
| issue=4
| pages=577–584
| doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00281-4}}</ref> Its low extraction rate and lack of other distinguishing characteristics make it an unlikely candidate for major use.<ref>{{cite book
| publisher=[[FAO]]
| author=Barreveld, W.H.
| title=Date Palm Products
| chapter=By-products of Date Packing and Processing
| year=1993
| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e09.htm
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Irvingia|Dika oil]], from ''[[Irvingia gabonensis]]'' seeds, native to [[West Africa]]. Used to make [[margarine]], [[soap]] and [[pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceuticals]], where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant. Largely underdeveloped.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables
| year=2006
| author=[[United States National Research Council]]
| publisher=[[National Academies Press]]
| chapter=Dika
| url=http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11763
| isbn=0-309-10333-9
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| title=Preliminary evaluation of dika fat, a new tablet lubricant
| author=Udeala, OK; Onyechi, JO; Agu, SI
| journal= J Pharm Pharmacol
| month=January | year=1980
| volume=32
| issue=1
| pages=6–9
| pmid=6102130
}}</ref>
* [[False flax oil]] made of the seeds of ''[[Camelina sativa]]''. One of the earliest oil crops, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Plant Biotechnology for Sustainable Production of Energy and Co-Products
| author=Mascia, Peter N.
| page=231
| publisher=Springer
| year=2010
| isbn=3642134394
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j-ia88HtH1QC&lpg=PA231&dq=false%20flax%20oil&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q=false%20flax%20oil&f=false
}}</ref> Produced in modern times in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]]; fell out of production in the 1940s.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
| author=Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, María
| publisher=Oxford University Press
| year=2000
| isbn=0198503563
| page=138
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&lpg=PA138&dq=false%20flax%20oil&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q=false%20flax%20oil&f=false
}}</ref> Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.<ref name="camelina">{{cite book
| title=Handbook of bioenergy crops: a complete reference to species, development and applications
| author=El Bassam, Nasir
| page=18
| publisher=Earthscan
| year=2010
| isbn=184407854X
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zRW3_QwQhTIC&lpg=PA18&dq=false%20flax%20fuel&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=false%20flax%20fuel&f=false
}}</ref>
* [[Grape seed oil]], a cooking and salad oil, also sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.<ref>{{cite book
| title=The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&lpg=PA305&dq=grape%20seed%20oil%20uses&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q=grape%20seed%20oil%20uses&f=false
| author1=Bewley, J. Derek
| author2=Black, Michael
| author3=Halmer, Peter
| isbn=0851997236
| publisher=CABI
| year=2006
}}
</ref>
* [[Hemp oil]], a high quality food oil<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/nov/07/foodanddrink.features9|title=Hemp oil: A true superfood?|accessdate=2011-10-24 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Louise | last=France | date=November 7, 2004}}</ref> also used to make paints, varnishes, resins and soft soaps.<ref name="harborne_p100">[[#harborne|Harborne]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&lpg=PA99&dq=croton%20oil&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q=croton%20oil&f=false p. 100]</ref>
* [[Kapok seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'', used as an edible oil, and in soap production.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm
|title=Kapok seed oil
|publisher=German Transport Information Service
|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* [[Kenaf#Kenaf seed oil|Kenaf seed oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Hibiscus cannabinus]]''. An edible oil similar to [[cottonseed oil]], with a long history of use.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| volume=24
| issue=1
| pages=3–5
| year=1946
| doi=10.1007/BF02645761
| title=Kenaf seed oil
| author=Lewy, Mario
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/r448p4173v202212/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Kenaf: alternative fiber : the Bledsoe experience
| author=Bledsoe, Venita
| publisher=Countryside Pub.
| year=1999
}}</ref>
* [[Lallemantia oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Lallemantia iberica]]'', discovered at [[archaeology|archaeological sites]] in northern Greece.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |year=2005|volume=14|issue=4|author=Jones, Glynis; Valamoti, Soultana M. |pages=571–577|accessdate=2011-10-24|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17349956|doi=10.1007/s00334-005-0004-z}}</ref>
* Mafura oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Trichilia emetica]]''. Used as an edible oil in [[Ethiopia]]. Mafura butter, extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil, is not edible, and is used in soap and candle making, as a body ointment, as fuel, and medicinally.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter=Vegetable oils
| author=van der Vossen, H.A.M.; Mkamilo, G.S.
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YW-ZbQnWQYsC&lpg=PA174&dq=macerated%20oil&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q=macerated%20oil&f=false
| page=172
| title=[[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]]
| publisher=[[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]]
| volume=14
| year=2007
| isbn=9057821915
}}</ref>
* [[Marula oil]], extracted from the kernel of ''[[Sclerocarya birrea]]''. Used as an edible oil with a light, nutty flavor. Also used in soaps. [[Fatty acid]] composition is similar to that of [[olive oil]].<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=Southern African forestry journal
| issue=194
| year=2002
| last1=Shackleton
| first1=S.E.
| last2=Shackleton
| first2=C.M.
| last3=Cunningham
| first3=A.B.
| last4=Lombard
| first4=C.
| last5=Sullivan
| first5=C.A.
| last6=Netshiluvhi
| first6=T.R.
| title=Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A summary, Part 1: Taxonomy, ecology and role in rural livelihoods
| pages=27–41
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Lost Crops of Africa: Fruits
| publisher=[[National Academies Press]]
| year=2008
| author=[[United States National Research Council]] Board on Science and Technology for International Development
| page=23
| chapter=Marula
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MqGLARzj-6sC&lpg=PA123&dq=marula%20oil&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q=marula%20oil&f=false
| isbn=030910596
}}</ref>
* [[Meadowfoam seed oil]], highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain [[fatty acid]]s. Competes with [[rapeseed|rapeseed oil]] for industrial applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/meadowfoam.cfm|title=Meadowfoam|author=Burden, Dan|publisher=[http://www.agmrc.org/ Agricultural Marketing Resource Center]|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* [[Mustard oil]] (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a [[massage]] oil.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/senf/senf.htm
| title=Mustard oil
| publisher=German Transport Information System
| accessdate=2011-10-22
}}</ref>
[[Image:Poppy seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Poppy seeds, used to make [[poppyseed oil]]]]
* [[Nutmeg|Nutmeg butter]], extracted by [[Ram press (food)|expression]] from the fruit of [[wikt:congener|cogener]]s of genus ''[[Nutmeg|Myristica]]''. Nutmeg butter has a large amount of [[trimyristin]]. Nutmeg oil, by contrast, is an [[essential oil]], extracted by [[steam distillation]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422824/nutmeg-butter
| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
| title=Nutmeg butter
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Okra|Okra seed oil]], from ''Abelmoschus esculentus''. Composed predominantly of [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Hibiscus seed oil compositions
| author=Holser, R.; Bost, G.
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| volume=95
| date=May, 2004
| url=http://www.aocs.org/archives/am2004/session.asp?session=PRO+4%2FSOA+4%3A+Processing+of+Specialty+Oils
}}</ref> The greenish yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi=10.1007/BF02858558
| title=Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics
| author=Martin, Franklin W.
| volume=36
| year=1982
| pages=340–345
| journal=[[Economic Botany]]
| issue=3
}}</ref>
* [[Papaya]] seed oil, high in omega-3 and omega-6, similar in composition to olive oil.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Crop Management and Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Products: Crop Fertilization, Nutrition and Growth
| volume=3
| editor=Raina Niskanen
| isbn=1578081408
| publisher=Science Publishers
| year=2003
| page=178
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_wpHAAAAYAAJ
}}</ref> Not to be confused with papaya oil produced by [[Liquid-liquid extraction|maceration]].<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ispjzFcxgO8C&lpg=PA153&dq=%22papaya%20oil%22&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q=%22papaya%20oil%22&f=false
| page=153
| title=Healing Power of Papaya
| author=Somonsohn, Barbara
| publisher=Lotus Press
| year=2002
| isbn=8177690663
}}</ref>
* [[Perilla oil|Perilla seed oil]], high in [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes in Asian [[herbal medicine]], in skin care products and as a drying oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-322.html|title=Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources|author=Brenner, David M. |year=1993|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref><ref>[[#harborne|Harborne]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&lpg=PA99&dq=croton%20oil&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=croton%20oil&f=false p. 102]</ref>
* Persimmon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Diospyros virginiana]]''.  Dark, reddish brown color, similar in taste to [[olive oil]]. Nearly equal content of [[oleic acid|oleic]] and [[linoleic acid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=An examination of the oil of the seeds of persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana L., Fam. Ebenaceae)
| author=Cloughly, Cecil P.; Burlage, Henry M.
| journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association
| volume=48
| issue=8
| pages=449–451
| date=August 1959
| doi=10.1002/jps.3030480807
| url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jps.3030480807/abstract
| pmid=13672839
}}</ref>
* [[Pequi oil]], extracted from the seeds of ''[[Caryocar brasiliense]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a highly prized cooking oil.<ref name="pequi">
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Caryocar%20spp Caryocar spp.]
</ref>
* Pili nut oil, extracted from the seeds of ''[[Canarium ovatum]]''. Used in the Philippines as an edible oil, as well as for a lamp oil.<ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0a.htm#Pili%20nut Pili nut]"
</ref>
* Pomegranate seed oil, from ''[[Punica granatum]]'' seeds, is very high in [[punicic acid]] (which takes its name from pomegranates). A topic of current medical research for treating and preventing [[cancer]].<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-D80drLgt-0C&lpg=PA218&dq=pomegranate%20seed%20oil&pg=PA218#v=onepage&q=pomegranate%20seed%20oil&f=false
| page=218
| title=Berries and Cancer Prevention
| author=Stoner, Gary D.
| publisher=Springer
| year=2010
| isbn=1441975535
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VlsK8TAjsfUC&lpg=PA61&dq=pomegranate%20seed%20oil&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q=pomegranate%20seed%20oil&f=false
| page=60
| title=Bioactive Foods and Extracts: Cancer Treatment and Prevention
| author1=Watson, Ronald Ross
| author2=Preedy, Victor R.
| publisher=Taylor & Francis US, 2010
| isbn=1439816190
| date=2010-11-11
}}</ref>
* [[Poppyseed oil]], long used for cooking, in paints, [[varnish]]es, and [[soap]]s.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes
| volume=2
| author=Lewkowitsch, Julius
| editor=George H. Warburton ed.
| edition=5
| publisher=Macmillan
| year=1914
| page=119
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xt7QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives
| publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research
| isbn=8178330857
| year=2002
| page=105
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rChwMIJHdE8C&lpg=PA105&dq=poppy%20seed%20oil&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=The Oil Painting Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist
| author=Creevy, Bill
| publisher=[[Watson-Guptill]]
| year=1999
| isbn=0823032744
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Economic botany and ethnobotany
| author=Gonsalves, John
| page=102
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zhnNfR2-sZ8C&lpg=PA102&dq=poppy%20seed%20oil%20soap&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q=poppy%20seed%20oil%20soap&f=false
| isbn=8182930677
| publisher=Mittal Publications
| year=2010
}}</ref>
* [[Prune kernel oil]], marketed as a gourmet cooking oil<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://acnfp.food.gov.uk/meetings/82297/49m/minutes
| title=ACNFP Meeting minutes 14 March 2001
| publisher=Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes
| date=March 14, 2001
| accessdate=2011-10-22
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.plumoil.com/index.html
| publisher=Vidalou Farm
| title=Virgin Plum Oil cold pressed from d'Agen prune seeds
| accessdate=2011-10-22
}}<!--
  ! Note: This link is here to show that this oil is marketed commercially. Please don't mark it as marketing materials. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Identifying_reliable_sources#Tricky_problem_with_commercial_links
  ! --Waitak
  !-->
</ref> Similar in composition to peach kernel oil.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives
| publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research
| isbn=8178330857
| year=2002
| page=108
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rChwMIJHdE8C&lpg=PA107&dq=plum%20kernel%20oil&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q=plum&f=false
}}</ref>
* [[Quinoa oil]], similar in composition and use to [[corn oil]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-328.html|title=Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop|author=Koziol, Michael J.|journal=New crops|year=1993|volume=2}}</ref>
* [[Ramtil oil]], pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus ''[[Guizotia abyssinica]]'' (Niger pea) in [[India]] and [[Ethiopia]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N
| chapter=Nug oil
| page=1202
| isbn=344705607X
| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
| year=2007
| editor=Siegbert Uhlig
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&lpg=PA1201&dq=ramtil%20oil&pg=PA1201#v=onepage&q=ramtil%20oil&f=false
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass
| author1=Getinet, A.
| author2=Sharma, S. M.
| page=35
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FtamVcJzrTAC&lpg=PA8&dq=ramtil%20oil&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=oil&f=false
| publisher=Bioversity International
| year=1996
| isbn=9290432926
}}</ref>
* [[Rice bran oil]] is a highly stable cooking and salad oil, suitable for high-temperature cooking.<ref name="chu">{{cite web | url=http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/50/Smoke-Points-of-Various-Fats| publisher=Cooking for Engineers | title=Smoke Points of Various Fats | author=Chu, Michael| accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=The Chemistry of Oils and Fats: Sources, Composition, Properties and Uses
| author=Gunstone, Frank
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KYFU7heynbwC&lpg=PR1&dq=The%20Chemistry%20of%20Oils%20and%20Fats%3A%20Sources%2C%20Composition%2C%20Properties%20and%20Uses&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false
| publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]
| year=2009
| isbn=1405150025
| page=8
}}</ref> It also has potential as a biofuel.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Handbook of plant-based biofuels
| editor=Ashok Pandey
| chapter=Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil
| author1=Ju Yi-Hsu
| author2=Rayat, C.M.E.
| pages=241–253
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=2009
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=7reTmIFGHWAC&pg=PA253&dq=rice+bran+oil#v=onepage&q=rice%20bran%20oil&f=false
| isbn=1560221755
}}</ref>
* Royle oil, pressed from the seeds of ''[[Prinsepia utilis]]'', a wild, edible oil shrub that grows in the higher [[Himalayas]]. Used medicinally in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Lyonia (journal)|Lyonia]]
| url=http://www.lyonia.org/viewArticle.php?articleID=367
| title=Ethnomedicine of Dolpa district, Nepal: the plants, their vernacular names and uses
| author=Kunwar, Ripu M.; Adhikari, Nirmal
| month=July | year=2005
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| issn=0888-9619
}}</ref>
[[Image:Vitellaria paradoxa MS4195.JPG|thumb|right|Shea nuts, from which [[shea butter]] is pressed]]
* [[Sacha inchi oil]], from the [[Peru]]vian [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]]. High in [[behenic acid|behenic]], [[omega-3 fatty acid|omega-3]] and [[omega-6 fatty acid]]s.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://perufood.blogspot.com/2006/09/sacha-inchi-oil-from-amazon-takes-gold.html
| title= Sacha Inchi: Oil from the Amazon Takes Gold in Paris
| date=September 22, 2006
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| publisher=[http://perufood.blogspot.com/ Peru Food]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference
| title=Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae): A Promising Oilseed Crop from Peruvian Amazon
| author=Krivankova, Blanka; Polesny, Zbynek; Lojka, Bohdan; Lojkova, Jana; Banout, Jan; Preininger, Daniel
| date=October 2007
| conference=Tropentag
| url=http://www.tropentag.de/2007/proceedings/node304.html
| publisher=Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen
| editor=Eric Tielkes (ed.)
| accessdate-2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Sapote oil]], used as a cooking oil in [[Guatemala]].<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| volume=8
| issue=7
| pages=255–256
| doi=10.1007/BF02574575
| title=Sapote (mammy apple) seed and oil
| author=Jamieson, G. S.; McKinney, R. S.
| year=1931
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/c4t2677r7r2v16l4/
}}</ref>
* Seje oil, from the seeds of ''[[Jessenia bataua]]''. Used in [[South America]] as an edible oil, similar to [[olive oil]], as well as for [[soap]]s and in the [[cosmetics]] industry.<ref>[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0b.htm#Seje Seje]"</ref>
* [[Shea butter]], much of which is produced by poor, African women. Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute for [[cocoa butter]] in [[confections]] and [[cosmetics]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no4/154shea.htm|title=Shea butter:making trade work for poor women|journal=[[Africa Renewal|Africa Recovery]]|year=2001|issue=4|volume=15|author=Harsch, Ernest}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| editor=R. Selvarajah-Jaffery, B. Wagner, E. Sulzberger
| title=World Agroforestry Centre annual report 2005: Agroforestry science to support the millennium development goals
| chapter=What's in your chocolate?
| author1=Moranz, Steve
| author2=Masters, Eliot
| year=2005
| publisher=World Agroforestry Centre
| isbn=9290591994
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Oh6wJUiOdSQC&lpg=PT20&dq=shea%20butter&pg=PT1#v=onepage&q=shea%20butter&f=false
| page=19
}}</ref>
* [[Taramira oil]], from the seeds of the arugula (''[[Eruca sativa]]''), grown in [[West Asia]] and [[Northern India]]. Used as a (pungent) edible oil after aging to remove acridity.<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/x330432p0t0l5142/
| accessdate=2011-06-19
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| volume=66
| issue=1
| date=January, 1989
| author= Kanya, T.C. Sindhu; Urs, M. Kantaraj
| title=Studies on taramira (eruca sativa) seed oil and meal
| doi=10.1007/BF02661804
| page=139
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&lpg=PA295&dq=taramira%20oil&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q=taramira%20oil&f=false
| title=[[Plant Resources of Tropical Africa]]
| volume=2
| chapter=Vegetables
| page=295
| editor=Grubben, G.J.H.; Denton, O.A.
| isbn=90-5782-147-8
| year=2004
}}</ref>
* [[Tea seed oil]] (Camellia oil), widely used in southern [[China]] as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, [[Hair care#Hair_products|hair oil]]s and a variety of other products.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-222.html|chapter=Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels|title=Trends in new crops and new uses|year=1993|author=Ruter, John M.}}</ref><ref>[[#axtell|Axtell]], {{sic|"[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0b.htm#Teased Teased]"|nolink=y}}</ref>
* Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of ''[[Silybum marianum]]''.<ref name="parry">{{cite book
| title=Value-adding factors in cold-pressed edible seed oils and flours
| author=Parry Jr., John Wynne
| publisher=ProQuest
| year=2006
| isbn=9780542962370
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cEn-kkBcD0cC&lpg=PA111&dq=thistle%20oil&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=thistle&f=false
| ref=Parry2006
}}, p. 22</ref> A good potential source of special [[fatty acid]]s, [[carotenoid]]s, [[tocopherol]]s, [[phenol]] compounds and natural anti-oxidants,<ref>[[#Parry2006|Parry]], p. 89</ref> as well as for generally improving the nutritional value of foods.<ref>[[#Parry2006|Parry]], p. 112</ref>
* [[Cyperus esculentus#Use as oil|Tigernut oil]] (or nut-sedge oil) is pressed from the tuber of ''[[Cyperus esculentus]]''. It has properties similar to soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils.<ref name="sedge">{{cite journal
| journal=Industrial Crops and Products
| volume=5
| issue=3
| date=September 1996
| pages=177–181
| doi=10.1016/0926-6690(96)89446-5
| title=Yellow nut-sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tuber oil as a fuel
| author=He Yuan Zhanga; Hannab, Milford A.; Alib, Yusuf; Lu Nana
| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0926669096894465
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref> It is used in cooking and making soap<ref>{{cite web
| publisher=[[Plants for a Future]]
| url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+esculentus
| title=Cyperus esculentus
| accessdate=2011-10-21
}}</ref> and has potential as a biodiesel fuel.<ref name="sedge" />
* Tobacco seed oil, from the seeds of ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' and other ''[[Nicotiana]]'' species. If purified, is suitable for edible purposes.<ref>[[#harborne|Harborne]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&lpg=PA99&dq=croton%20oil&pg=PA104#v=onepage&q=croton%20oil&f=false p. 104]</ref>
* [[Tomato seed oil]] is a potentially valuable by-product, as a cooking oil, from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes.<ref>{{cite journal
| first1=F.J.
| last1=Eller
| last2=Moser
| first2=J.K.
| last3=Kenar
| first3=J.A.
| last4=Taylor
| first4=S.L.
| year=2010
| title=Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil
| journal=[[Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society]]
| volume=87
| pages=755–762
| url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=244530
| doi=10.1007/s11746-010-1563-4
| issue=7
}}</ref>
* [[Wheat germ oil]], used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations,<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.ienica.net/crops/wheat.htm
| title=Wheat
| publisher=Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and their Applications
| work=IENICA crops database
}}</ref> high in [[vitamin E]] and [[octacosanol]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.nutros.net/nsr-0204y.html
| publisher=Nutros
| chapter=Nutritional Compounds
| title=Nutritional Supplement Review
| page=169
| accessdate=2011-10-18
}}</ref>
 
==Oils used for biofuel==<!-- This section is linked from [[Biodiesel]] -->
{{see also|Vegetable oil used as fuel}}
[[Image:Biodiesel.JPG|thumb|upright|A flask of biodiesel]]
[[Image:Sonnenblumenkerne sunflower seeds.jpg|thumb|Sunflower kernels]]
[[Image:Simmondsia chinensis 01.jpg|thumb|Jojoba fruit]]


A number of oils are used for [[biofuel]] ([[biodiesel]] and [[Vegetable oil used as fuel|Straight Vegetable Oil]]) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel.<ref group="note">[[Ethanol]] and, to a lesser degree, [[methanol]] and [[butanol]] are the other major types of [[biofuel]].</ref><ref name="castoroil">{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/reference/plant_oils/uses/fuel/bio_fuels.html|publisher=Castoroil.in|title=Bio fuels|accessdate=2011-11-19}}</ref>
==Oils used for biofuel==
{{Main|Vegetable oil as fuel}}
{{Main|Pure plant oil as fuel}}


Although [[diesel engine]]s were invented, in part, with [[vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]] in mind,<ref name="peanut_diesel">{{cite web
A number of oils are used for [[biofuel]] ([[biodiesel]] and [[Vegetable oil used as fuel|Straight Vegetable Oil]]) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel. (ie as [[ethanol]], [[methanol]] and [[butanol]])
| url=http://www.suffolkcoastal.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/178BB9C3-16E5-4766-A9CF-9BE8BBFB6202/0/BiodieselPrestentation.pdf
| title=An outline on Bio-diesel production and the fundamentals of Handling and car conversion
| publisher=Bio Integrated Organic
| author=Tebbutt, Jeff
| page=3
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref> diesel fuel is almost exclusively [[petroleum]]-based.  Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:


Although [[diesel engine]]s were invented, in part, with [[vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]] in mind, diesel fuel is almost exclusively [[petroleum]]-based.  Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:
# Suitability as a fuel, based on [[flash point]], energy content, [[viscosity]], [[fire|combustion products]] and other factors
# Suitability as a fuel, based on [[flash point]], energy content, [[viscosity]], [[fire|combustion products]] and other factors
# Cost, based in part on [[Crop yield|yield]], effort required to grow and [[harvest]], and [[Post-harvest handling|post-harvest processing]] cost
# Cost, based in part on [[Crop yield|yield]], effort required to grow and [[harvest]], and [[Post-harvest handling|post-harvest processing]] cost
Line 1,151: Line 129:
===Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel===
===Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel===
The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all but [[tung oil]] are edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.
The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all but [[tung oil]] are edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.
* [[Castor oil]], lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic [[viscosity]] may be an issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html|publisher=CastorOil.in|title=Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* [[Castor oil]], lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic [[viscosity]] may be an issue.
* [[Coconut oil]] ([[copra]] oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.<ref>{{cite web
* [[Coconut oil]], a cooking oil, with medical and industrial applications as well. Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of the [[coconut palm]]. Common in the tropics, and unusual in composition, with [[medium chain fatty acid]]s dominant.
| url=http://www.unesco.org/csi/smis/siv/Forum/CoconutOilFuelPacific_JanCloin.pdf
* [[Colza oil]], from ''[[Brassica rapa]], var. oleifera'' (turnip) is closely related to [[rapeseed oil|rapeseed]] (or [[canola]]) oil. It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany.
| title=Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands–Challenges & Opportunities
| publisher=South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission
| author=Cloin, Jan
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Colza oil]], from ''[[Brassica rapa]], var. oleifera'' (turnip) is closely related to [[rapeseed oil|rapeseed]] (or [[canola]]) oil. It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/8251/1/4.pdf
| author=Kraminska, N.; Teleto, О.
| title=The as the way to energy safety of the economy of the Ukraine
| publisher=Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Corn oil]], appealing because of the abundance of [[maize]] as a crop.
* [[Corn oil]], appealing because of the abundance of [[maize]] as a crop.
* [[Cottonseed oil]], the subject of study for cost-effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock.<ref>{{cite web
* [[Cottonseed oil]], the subject of study for cost-effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock.
| url=http://www.cottonseed.com/whatsnew/TTU%20BIODIESEL%20pp1-4.pdf
* [[False flax oil]], from ''[[Camelina sativa]]'', used in Europe in [[oil lamp]]s until the 18th century.
| title=Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Cottonseed Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock
* [[Hemp oil]], relatively low in emissions. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]].
| author=Morgan, Ben
* [[Mustard oil]], shown to be comparable to [[Canola|Canola oil]] as a biofuel.
| publisher=Texas Tech University, Industrial Engineering Department
* [[Palm oil]], very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of [[oil palm]]s has recently called the use of palm oil into question.
| accessdate=2011-11-19
* [[Peanut oil]], used in one of the first demonstrations of the [[Diesel engine]] in 1900.
}}
* [[Radish#Industry|Radish oil]]. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.
</ref><ref>{{cite news
* [[Ramtil oil]], used for lighting in [[India]].
| title=Can cottonseed join biodiesel race?
* [[Rice bran oil]], appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.
| author=Laws, Forrest
* [[Safflower|Safflower oil]], explored recently as a biofuel in [[Montana]].
| date=August 29, 2007
* [[Salicornia oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Salicornia|Salicornia bigelovii]]'', a [[halophyte]] (salt-loving plant) [[native plant|native]] to [[Mexico]].
| publisher=Southeast Farm Press
* [[Soybean|Soybean oil]], not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.
| url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/can-cottonseed-join-biodiesel-race
* [[Sunflower oil]], suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.
| accessdate=2011-11-19
* [[Cyperus esculentus#Use as oil|Tigernut oil]] has been described by researchers in China as having "great potential as a biodiesel fuel."
}}</ref>
* [[Tung oil]], referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.
* [[False flax oil]], from ''[[Camelina sativa]]'', used in Europe in [[oil lamp]]s until the 18th century.<ref name="camelina"/>
* [[Hemp oil]], relatively low in emissions. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Hemp: American history revisited: the plant with a divided history
| author=Deitch, Robert
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PKDrpeRRY94C&lpg=PA223&dq=hemp%20oil&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=hemp%20oil&f=false
| page=223
| publisher=Algora Publishing
| year=2003
| isbn=0875862055
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=H.E.M.P.: Healthy Eating Made Possible
| author=Benhaim, Paul
| chapter=Hemp as a Biofueld
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=g-JiO1vo_OQC&lpg=PT77&dq=hemp%20oil&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q=hemp%20oil&f=false
| pages=76–77
| publisher=Raw With Life
| year=2003
| isbn=1901250644
}}</ref>
* [[Mustard oil]], shown to be comparable to [[Canola|Canola oil]] as a biofuel.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=713388
| title=Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil
| author=Office of University Research and Education
| author1=Peterson, C.L.
| author2=Thompson, J.
| author3=Jones, S.
| author4=Hollenback, D.
| publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]]
| month=November
| year=2001
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Palm oil]], very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of [[oil palm]]s has recently called the use of palm oil into question.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.biotech-info.net/clearcut.html|title=Clearcutting the Last Wilderness|author=Jackson, Wes|journal=[[The Land Report]]|issue= 65|date=Fall 1999|publisher=The Land Institute}}</ref>
* [[Peanut oil]], used in one of the first demonstrations of the [[Diesel engine]] in 1900.<ref name="peanut_diesel"/>
* [[Radish#Industry|Radish oil]]. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.bebioenergy.com/documents/agronomyconfpaper.doc
| title=Bio-diesel, farming for the future
| author=Hobbs, Steve
| publisher=Australian Agronomy Society
| accessdate=2011-10-22}}</ref>
* [[Rapeseed|Rapeseed oil]], the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.<ref name="castoroil"/>
* [[Ramtil oil]], used for lighting in [[India]].<ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0a.htm Noog abyssinia]"
</ref>
* [[Rice bran oil]], appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.its.ac.id/personal/files/pub/3296-orchidea-chem-eng-TIE01_200707.pdf
| title=A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production
| author= Rachmaniah, Orchidea; Ju Yi-Hsu; Vali, Shaik Ramjan; Tjondronegoro, Ismojowati; and Musfil, A.S.
| journal=[[World Energy Congress]]
| year=2004
| issue=19
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>
* [[Safflower|Safflower oil]], explored recently as a biofuel in [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite news
| title=Safflower Oil in your Tank
| newspaper=The [[Durango Telegraph]]
| date=January 5, 2006
| accessdate=2011-10-22
| url=http://www.durangotelegraph.com/index.cfm/archives/2006/january-05-2006/safflower-in-your-tank/
| author=Chef Boy Ari
}}</ref>
* [[Salicornia oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Salicornia|Salicornia bigelovii]]'', a [[halophyte]] (salt-loving plant) [[native plant|native]] to [[Mexico]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-fi-seafarm10-2008jul10,0,1092501,full.story
| title=The old man who farms with the sea
| author=Dickenson, Marty
| publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
| date=July 10, 2008
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Soybean|Soybean oil]], not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.<ref name="castoroil"/>
* [[Sunflower oil]], suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Technical Overview of Vegetable Oil as a Transportation Fuel
| author1=Peterson, Charles L.
| author2=Auld, Dick L.
| journal=FACT: Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector
| volume=12
| url=http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19910101_GEN-292.pdf
| publisher=ASME
| year=1991
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Cyperus esculentus#Use as oil|Tigernut oil]] has been described by researchers in China as having "great potential as a biodiesel fuel."<ref name="sedge" />
* [[Tung oil]], referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html|title=Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref> Several factors in China produce biodiesel from tung oil.<ref>{{cite web
| title=China Builds Tung Tree Oil Biodiesel Plants
| author=Farago, Robert
| date=July 15, 2008
| publisher=The Truth about Cars
| url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2008/07/china-builds-tung-tree-oil-biodiesel-plants/
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref>


===Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel===
===Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel===
{{see also|Algae fuel}}
{{see also|Algae fuel}}


These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.<ref group="note">There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. [[Eucalyptus]], for example, has been explored as a means of [[biomass]] for producing [[ethanol]]. These plants are not listed here.</ref> These, plus the [[List of vegetable oils#Major oils|major oils]] described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.
These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.<ref group="note">There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. [[Eucalyptus]], for example, has been explored as a means of [[biomass]] for producing [[ethanol]]. These plants are not listed here.</ref> These, plus the [[List of vegetable oils#Major oils|major oils]] described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.


* [[Copaiba]], an [[Resin|oleoresin]] tapped from species of [[genus]] ''[[Copaifera]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a cosmetic product and a major source of [[biodiesel]].<ref>[[#duke|Duke Handbook]], "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Copaifera_langsdorfii.html Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.]"</ref>
* [[Copaiba]], an [[Resin|oleoresin]] tapped from species of [[genus]] ''[[Copaifera]]''. Used in [[Brazil]] as a cosmetic product and a major source of [[biodiesel]].
* [[Honge oil]] (Pongamia), pioneered as a [[biofuel]] by Udipi Shrinivasa in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news
* [[Honge oil]] (Pongamia), pioneered as a [[biofuel]] by Udipi Shrinivasa in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].
| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/06/stories/0406402j.htm
* [[Jatropha oil]], widely used in [[India]] as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a [[biofuel]].
| title=A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel
* [[Jojoba oil]], from the ''[[Jojoba|Simmondsia chinensis]]'', a desert shrub.
| author=Ramoo, S.K.
* [[Euphorbia tirucalli|Milk bush]], popularized by [[chemist]] [[Melvin Calvin]] in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by [[Petrobras]], the [[Brazil]]ian national petroleum company.
| work=[[The Hindu]]
* Nahor oil, pressed from the kernels of ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', is used in [[India]] as a [[lamp oil]].
| date=April 6, 2001
* [[Simarouba glauca|Paradise oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Simarouba glauca]]'', has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel.
| accessdate=2011-06-19
* Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut (''[[Pittosporum resiniferum]]'') native to the [[Philippines]]. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/discovery/honge.html
| title=Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| publisher=Good News India
}}</ref>
* [[Jatropha oil]], widely used in [[India]] as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a [[biofuel]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.jatropha.org/
| title=The Jatropha System
| accessdate=2006-07-31
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148102000277
| title=Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine
| author=Pramanik, K.
| journal=Renewable Energy
| volume=28
| issue=2
| month=February
| year=2003
| pages=239–248
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| doi=10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00027-7
}}</ref>
* [[Jojoba oil]], from the ''[[Jojoba|Simmondsia chinensis]]'', a desert shrub.<ref>[[#duke|Duke Handbook]], "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Simmondsia_chinensis.html Simmondsia chinensis]"</ref>
* [[Euphorbia tirucalli|Milk bush]], popularized by [[chemist]] [[Melvin Calvin]] in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by [[Petrobras]], the [[Brazil]]ian national petroleum company.<ref>[[#duke|Duke Handbook]], "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Euphorbia_tirucalli.html Euphorbia tirucalli]</ref>
* Nahor oil, pressed from the kernels of ''[[Mesua ferrea]]'', is used in [[India]] as a [[lamp oil]].<ref>[[#salunkhe|Salunkhe]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&lpg=PA522&dq=%22nahor%20oil%22&pg=PA522#v=onepage&q=%22nahor%20oil%22&f=false p 522]</ref>
* [[Simarouba glauca|Paradise oil]], from the seeds of ''[[Simarouba glauca]]'', has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/15/lakshmi-taru-tree-answer-to-climate-change-problems-experts-1176620662.html
| publisher=oneIndia News
| date=April 15, 2007
| title=Lakshmi Taru tree answer to climate change problems: experts
| accessdate=2011-11-05
}}</ref>
* Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut (''[[Pittosporum resiniferum]]'') native to the [[Philippines]]. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.<ref>[[#duke|Duke Handbook]], "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pittosporum_resiniferum.html Pittosporum resiniferum]</ref>
 
==Drying oils==
{{see also|Drying oil}}
 
[[Drying oil]]s are [[vegetable fats and oils|vegetable oil]]s that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of [[oil paint]]s, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, [[walnut oil|walnut]], [[sunflower oil|sunflower]] and [[safflower|safflower oil]] are also considered to be drying oils.<ref name="drying_oils">{{cite web|url=http://www.cad-red.com/mt2/oil.html|title=The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* Dammar oil, from the ''[[Canarium strictum]]'', used in [[paint]] as an [[oil drying agent]].<ref>{{cite book
| author=Smyth, Herbert Warington
| title=Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia
| accessdate=2011-10-19
| page=416
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ATNFAAAAYAAJ&dq=Mast%20%26%20Sail%20in&pg=PA416#v=onepage&q=dammar&f=false
| year=1906
}} (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints)</ref> Can also be used as a [[lamp oil]].<ref>[[#bgir|Database of Oil Yielding Plants]]</ref>
* <span id="linseed_oil" />[[Linseed oil]]'s properties as a polymer make it highly suitable for wood finishing, for use in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty and in making linoleum.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I3uZAnZ8P-8C&lpg=PA137&ots=SGerBWrREm&dq=linseed%20oil%20putty%20linoleum&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q=linseed%20oil%20putty%20linoleum&f=false
| page=137
| title=Materiality and Interior Construction
| first1=Jim
| last1=Postell
| first2=Nancy
| last2=Gesimondo
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| year=2011
| isbn=1118019695
| accessdate=2012-01-21
}}</ref> When used in food or medicinally, linseed oil is called flaxseed oil.
* [[Poppyseed oil]], similar in usage to [[linseed oil]] but with better color stability.<ref name="drying_oils"/>
* [[Stillingia oil]] (also called ''Chinese vegetable tallow oil''), obtained by solvent from the seeds of ''[[Chinese tallow|Sapium sebiferum]]''. Used as a [[drying oil|drying agent]] in [[paint]]s and [[varnish]]es.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef14e.htm
| title=Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats
| work=Definition and Classification of Commodities
| publisher=FAO
| year=1992
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref><ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E06.htm#Chinese%20vegetable%20tallow Chinese vegetable tallow]
</ref>
* [[Tung oil]], used as an industrial lubricant and highly effective drying agent. Also used as a substitute for [[linseed oil]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007
| author=[[Commodity Research Bureau]]
| page=288
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YqKVT3w67KoC&lpg=PA288&dq=tung%20oil&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=tung%20oil&f=false  %7C John Wiley and Sons
| year=2007
| isbn=0470080159
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Vernolic acid|Vernonia oil]] is produced from the seeds of the ''[[Vernonia galamensis]]''. It is composed of 73–80% [[vernolic acid]], which can be used to make [[epoxy|epoxies]] for manufacturing [[adhesive]]s, [[varnish]]es and [[paint]]s, and industrial coatings.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/vernonia.html
| title=Alternative Field Crops Manual
| author=Teynor, T.M.
| year=1992
| chapter=Vernonia
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
 
==Other oils==
A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.
[[Image:Phellodendron amurense2.jpg|thumb|The fruit of the amur cork tree]]
[[Image:Castor beans.jpg|thumb|[[Castor oil plant|Castor bean]]s are the source of [[castor oil]]]]
 
* [[Amur cork tree fruit oil]], pressed from the fruit of the ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]''. It has been studied for [[insecticide|insecticidal]] use.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Plants for man
| author=Schery, Robert W.
| publisher=Prentice-Hall
| year=1972
| isbn=0136812546
| page=325
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last1=Schechter
| first1=M.S.
| year=1943
| title=The insecticidal principle in the fruit of Amur corktree (Phellodendron amurense)
| journal=[[Journal of Organic Chemistry]]
| volume=8
| pages=194–197
| doi=10.1021/jo01190a012
| last2=Haller
| first2=H.L.
| issue=2
}}</ref>
* [[Artichoke oil]], extracted from the seeds of the artichoke fruit, is an unsaturated semi-drying oil with potential applications in making [[soap]], [[shampoo]], alkyd [[resin]] and [[shoe polish]].<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Bioresource Technology]]
| volume=57
| issue=3
| date=September 1996
| pages=301–302
| doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00075-2
| title=Extraction, characterization and utilization of artichoke-seed oil
| last1=Miceli
| first1=A.
| last2=De Leo
| first2=P.
}}</ref>
* [[Balanos oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Balanites aegyptiaca]]'', was used in ancient [[Egypt]] as the base for [[perfume]]s.<ref name="balanos"/>
* [[Bladderpod oil]], pressed from the seeds of ''[[Lesquerella fendleri]]'', native to [[North America]]. Rich in [[lesquerolic acid]], which is chemically similar to the [[ricinoleic acid]] found in [[castor oil]]. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than [[castor oil plant|castor bean]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Kleiman, R.
| year=1990
| title=Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops
| pages=196–203
| editor=J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.)
| journal=Advances in new crops
| publisher=Timber Press, Portland, OR
| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Brucea javanica]]''. The oil has been shown to be effective in treating certain cancers.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine]]
| volume=2011
| year=
| doi=10.1155/2011/965016
| title=Seed Oil of Brucea javanica Induces Apoptotic Death of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Both the Death Receptors and the Mitochondrial-Related Pathways
| author1=Zhang Hong
| author2=Yang Jing Yu
| author3=Zhou Fan
| author4=Wang Li Hui
| author5=Zhang Wen
| author6=Sha Sha
| author7=Wu Chun Fu
| url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/965016/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| journal=[[The American Journal of Chinese Medicine|Am J Chin Med]]
| year=2010
| volume=38
| issue=3
| pages=613–24
| title=Brucea javanica oil induces apoptosis in T24 bladder cancer cells via upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and inhibition of NF-kappaB and COX-2 expressions
| author1=Lou, G.G.
| author2=Yao, H.P.
| author3=Xie, L.P.
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503476
| doi=10.1142/S0192415X10008093
}}</ref>
* [[Burdock#Uses|Burdock oil]] (Bur oil) extracted from the [[root]] of the [[burdock]]. Used as an herbal remedy for scalp conditions.<ref>{{cite book
| title=The green pharmacy: new discoveries in herbal remedies for common diseases and conditions from the world's foremost authority on healing herbs
| author=[[James A. Duke|Duke, James A.]]
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KRx6bcLE3T8C&lpg=PA154&dq=burdock%20oil%20scalp&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q=burdock%20oil%20scalp&f=false
| publisher=Rodale
| year=1997
| isbn=0875963161
}}
</ref>
* [[Candlenut oil]] (Kukui nut oil), produced in [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]], used primarily for skin care products.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&lpg=PA317&dq=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&f=false
| page=53
| title=Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use
| author=Elevitch, Craig R.; Manner, Harley I.
| publisher=PAR
| year=2006
| isbn=0970254458
}}</ref>
* [[Carrot seed oil]] (pressed), from [[carrot]] seeds, used in skin care products.<ref group="note">Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an [[essential oil]] with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16541373
| author= Yu, Lucy Liangli; Zhou, Kevin Kequan; Parry, John
| journal=[[Food Chemistry (journal)|Food chemistry]]
| title=Antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils
| year=2005
| volume=91
| issue=4
| pages=723–729
| issn=0308-8146
| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.044
}}</ref>
* [[Castor oil]], with many industrial and medicinal uses. [[Castor oil plant|Castor bean]]s are also a source of the [[toxin]] [[ricin]].<ref name="castoroil" />
* [[Chaulmoogra oil]], from the seeds of ''Hydnocarpus wightiana'', used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat [[leprosy]].<ref>
[[#axtell|Axtell]], "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0d.htm Chaulmoogra]"
</ref> Also used to treat secondary [[syphilis]], [[rheumatism]], [[scrofula]], and in [[Tuberculosis|phthisis]].<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/gynocardia.html
| title=King's American Dispensatory
| chapter=Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra
| author= Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri
| year=1898
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Cottle|first=Wyndham|title=Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy|journal=The British Medical Journal|date=28|year=1879|month=June|volume=1|issue=965|pages=968–969|jstor= 25251370|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.965.968}}</ref>
* [[Crambe oil]], extracted from the seeds of the ''[[Crambe abyssinica]]''. High in [[erucic acid]], used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/crambe.html
| title=Alternative Field Crops Manual
| chapter=Crambe
| author=Oplinger, E.S.
| year=1991
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref><ref>[[#salunkhe|Salunkhe]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&lpg=PA522&dq=%22nahor%20oil%22&pg=PA488#v=onepage&q=%22nahor%20oil%22&f=false p. 488]</ref>
* [[Croton oil]] (tiglium oil) is pressed from the seeds of ''[[Croton tiglium]]''. Highly toxic, it was formerly used as a drastic [[purgative]].<ref name="harborne">{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&lpg=PA99&dq=croton%20oil&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q=croton%20oil&f=false
| page=99
| title=Chemical dictionary of economic plants
| author=Harborne, Jeffrey B.; Baxter, Herbert
| publisher=John Wiley and Sons
| year=2001
| isbn=0471492264
}}</ref>
* [[Cuphea oil]], from a number of species of genre ''[[Cuphea]]''. Of interest as sources of medium chain [[triglyceride]]s.<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html
| title=Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops
| author=Kleiman, Robert
| journal=Advances in new crops
| year=1990
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| pages=196–203
}}</ref>
* Honesty oil, from the seeds of ''[[Lunaria annua]]'', which contain 30–40% oil. The oil is particularly rich in [[long chain fatty acid]]s, including [[erucic acid|erucic]] and [[nervonic acid]], making it suitable for certain industrial purposes.<ref name="harborne_p100" /><ref>{{cite web
| publisher=Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and their Applications
| url=http://www.ienica.net/crops/honesty.htm
| title=Honesty
| accessdate=2011-11-11
}}</ref>
* Illipe butter, from the nuts of the ''[[Shorea stenoptera]]''. Similar to [[cocoa butter]], but with a higher [[melting point]]. Used in [[cosmetics]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=Shea Butter: The Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret
| chapter=Comparison of Shea Butter to Other Oils and Emollients
| author=Goreja, W.G.
| publisher=TNC International Inc
| year=2004
| isbn=0974296252
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iQjwr9v84gC&lpg=PA20&dq=illipe%20butter&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=illipe%20butter&f=false
| page=20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title=Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses
| editor=Frank Gunstone
| chapter=Minor and Specialty Oils
| first=S. Prakash
| last=Kochhar
| page=323
| publisher=John Wiley & Sons
| year=2011
| isbn=1444332686
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lnk2tdo8_P4C&lpg=PA322&dq=illipe%20butter&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q=illipe%20butter&f=false
}}</ref>
* [[Jojoba oil]], used in cosmetics as an alternative to [[whale oil]] [[spermaceti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijec.net/ijec_glossary.html|publisher=International Jojoba Export Council|title=Glossary|accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* [[Mango oil]], pressed from the stones of the [[mango]] fruit, is high in [[stearic acid]], and can be used for making [[soap]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|chapter=Mango|title=Fruits of Warm Climates|author=Morton, Julia F.|isbn=0961018410}}</ref>
* Mowrah butter, from the seeds of the ''[[Madhuca latifolia]]'' and ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'', both native to [[India]]. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and [[vegetable]] [[ghee]] in India.<ref name="gourds"/>
* [[Neem oil]], from ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', a brownish-green oil with a high sulfur content, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an [[insecticide]].<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=a1Gd1Y2RvZQC&lpg=PA76&dq=%22neem%20oil%22&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=%22neem%20oil%22&f=false
| title=Neem: the divine tree : Azadirachta indica
| author=Puri, Harbans Singh
| page=74ff.
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=1999
| isbn=9057023482
| accessdate=2011-11-15
}}</ref>
* Ojon oil extracted from the nut of the American palm (''[[Elaeis oleifera]]''). Oil extracted from both the nut and husk is also used as an edible oil in [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]. Commercialized by a Canadian businessman in the 1990s.<ref>See {{cite web
| url=http://www.ojon.com/
| title=Ojon.com Web site
| publisher=Ojon.com
| accessdate=2011-11-19
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/Footsteps+61-70/Footsteps+65/Ojon+oil.htm
| journal=Footsteps
| publisher=Tear Fund International
| volume=65
| date=December 5, 2005
| title=Ojon Oil
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| author1=Munguia, Osvaldo
| author2=Collins, Judith
}}</ref>
* [[Rose hip seed oil]], used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&lpg=PA317&dq=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&f=false
| title=Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives
| author= Scott, Timothy Lee; Buhner, Stephen Harrod
| publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co
| year=2010
| isbn=159477305X
}}</ref>
* [[Rubber seed oil]], pressed from the seeds of the [[Rubber tree]] (''[[Hevea brasiliensis]]''), has received attention as a potential use of what otherwise would be a waste product from making [[rubber]]. It has been explored as a drying oil in [[Nigeria]],<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-83060-201_921003-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html
| publisher=[[International Development Research Centre]]
| date=May 29, 2000
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| title=Rubber Seed Oil : Finding Uses for a Waste Product (Nigeria)
}}</ref> as a diesel fuel in India<ref>{{cite journal
| url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148104002988
| title=Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines
| author=Ramadha, A.S.; Jayaraj, S.; Muraleedharan, C.
| journal=Renewable Energy
| volume=20
| issue=5
| date=April, 2003
| pages=795–803
| accessdate=2011-10-24
| doi=10.1016/j.renene.2004.07.002
}}</ref> and as food for livestock in [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite conference
| url=http://www.mekarn.org/sarec03/Phuc.htm
| author=Bùi Huy Như Phúc
| title=Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs
| conference=Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources
| editor= Reg Preston and Brian Ogle
| date=March 25–28, 2003
| accessdate=2011-10-24
}}</ref>
* [[Sea buckthorn oil]], derived from ''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]'', produced in northern [[China]], used primarily medicinally.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm
| title=Sea buckthorn|author=Dharmananda, Subhuti
| publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine
| accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref>
* Sea rocket seed oil, from the [[halophyte]] ''[[Cakile maritima]]'', native to [[north Africa]], is high in [[erucic acid]], and therefore has potential industrial applications.<ref>{{cite book
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=T0Z2t-XIXZEC&lpg=PA124&dq=Cakile%20maritima%20seed%20oil&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q=Cakile%20maritima%20seed%20oil&f=false
| page=124
| chapter=Lipid Composition of Seeds of Local Halophytes: ''Cakile maritima'', ''Zygophyllum album'' and ''Crithmum maritimum''
| author1=Zarouk, M.
| author2=El Almi, H.
| author3=Ben Youssef, N.
| author4=Sleimi, N.
| author5=Smaoui, A.
| author6=Bin Miled, D.
| author7=Abdelly, C.
| title=Cash crop halophytes: recent studies : 10 years after the Al Ain meeting
| editors=Cash crop halophytes: recent studies : 10 years after the Al Ain meeting
| work=Tasks for vegetation science
| editor=Helmut Lieth, Marina Mochtchenko (eds.)
| publisher=Springer
| year=2003
| isbn=1402012020
}}</ref>
* [[Snowball seed oil]] ([[Viburnum opulus|Viburnum]] oil), from ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' seeds. High in [[tocopherol]], [[carotenoid]]es and [[Saturated fat|unsaturated]] [[fatty acid]]s. Used medicinally.<ref>{{cite book
| title=Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases
| editor=Danik M. Martirosyan
| chapter=Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional {{Not a typo|Resourse}} for Functional Food and Fitopreparation
| author1=Grebneva, E.V.
| author2=Nesterova, O.V.
| page=152
| isbn=0976753529
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8BOR9x1M4kkC&lpg=PA152&dq=%22viburnum%20opulus%22%20tocopherol%20carotinoide&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=viburnum&f=false
| date=July 25, 2006
}}
</ref>
* [[Tall oil]], produced as a byproduct of [[Pulp (paper)|wood pulp]] manufacture. A further byproduct called ''tall oil fatty acid'' (TOFA) is a cheap source of [[oleic acid]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products (Forest Based)
| author=Panda, Himadri
| chapter=Tall Oil and its Derivatives
| pages=361–376
| isbn=8178330725
| publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press
| year=2002
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rgAD20GGDtoC&lpg=PP14&dq=tall%20oil&pg=PA361#v=onepage&q=tall%20oil&f=false
}}</ref>
* [[Tamanu oil|Tamanu]] or foraha oil<ref name="louppe">{{cite book
| volume=7
| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa
| editor=D. Louppe; A.A. Oteng-Amoako; M. Brink
| publisher=PROTA
| year=2008
| isbn=9057822091
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&lpg=PA121&dq=Tamanu%20oil&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q=Tamanu%20oil&f=false
}}</ref> from the ''[[Calophyllum|Calophyllum tacamahaca]]'', is important in [[Polynesia]]n culture, and, although very expensive,<ref name="louppe" /> is used for skin care.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book
| title=The lipid handbook with CD-ROM
| author1=Gunstone, F. D.
| author2=Harwood, John L.
| author3=Dijkstra, Albert J.
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=INZa6WmqDA8C&lpg=PA86&dq=Tamanu%20Oil&pg=PA86&q=Tamanu%20Oil
| page=86
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=2007
| isbn=0849396883
}}</ref>
* [[Tonka bean oil]] (Cumaru oil), used medicinally in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite book
| title=CRC handbook of alternative cash crops
| author1=[[James A. Duke|Duke, James A.]]
| page=238
| publisher=CRC Press
| year=1993
| isbn=0849336201
| author2=DuCellier, Judith L.
}}</ref>
* [[Ucuhuba seed oil]], extracted from the seeds of ''[[Virola surinamensis]]'', is unusually high in [[myristic acid]].<ref name="handbook" />


==See also==
==See also==
* File:Oil_crops.png; appropriate oil crops in various parts of the world
* File:Oil_crops.png; appropriate oil crops in various parts of the world


== References ==
{{reflist}}


== References ==
<references/>
[[Category: Food]]
[[Category: Food]]
[[Category: Energy]]
[[Category: Energy]]
[[Category:Plants]]

Revision as of 22:56, 18 July 2016

One kilogram of canola seeds — the amount in the plastic bag — makes the amount of oil that’s in this flask. The seeds come from pods like the ones in this dried bouquet.

Plant fats and oils are lipid materials derived from plants. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid. Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of triglycerides, as contrasted with waxes which lack glycerin in their structure. Although many plant parts may yield oil, in commercial practice, oil is extracted primarily from seeds.

Vegetable fats and oils may or may not be edible. Examples of inedible vegetable fats and oils include processed linseed oil, tung oil, and castor oil used in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other industrial applications.

Cooking oils

General cooking oils

Several oils are used as general cooking oils. Note that each specific cooking oil has a specific heat tolerance (high or low smoke point). When choosing a cooking oil, it is important to match the oil's heat tolerance with the cooking method; this due to health reasons.

Oils that are suitable for high-temperature frying (above Template:Convert) are:

Oils suitable for medium-temperature frying (above Template:Convert) include:[citation needed]

Speciality cooking oils: nut oils

Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.

  • Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of cosmetics.
  • Beech nut oil, from Fagus sylvatica nuts, is a well-regarded edible oil in Europe, used for salads and cooking.
  • Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities.
  • Hazelnut oil, mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.
  • Macadamia oil, with a mild nutty flavor and a high smoke point.
  • Mongongo nut oil (or manketti oil), from the seeds of the Schinziophyton rautanenii, a tree which grows in South Africa. High in vitamin E. Also used in skin care.
  • Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.
  • Pine nut oil, sold as a gourmet cooking oil
  • Pistachio oil, a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

Speciality cooking oils: other oils

Oils used for biofuel

Main article: Vegetable oil as fuel
Main article: Pure plant oil as fuel

A number of oils are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel. (ie as ethanol, methanol and butanol)

Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind, diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:

  1. Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
  2. Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost

Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel

The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all but tung oil are edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.

Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel

See also: Algae fuel

These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.[note 1] These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.

See also

  • File:Oil_crops.png; appropriate oil crops in various parts of the world

References

Template:Reflist
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "note", but no corresponding <references group="note"/> tag was found

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