TissueDB/Tissues/Bronchial Tissue
(Redirected from TissueDB/Tissues/Trachea)
The bronchi are the airways branching from the trachea at the carina into right and left main bronchi, then into lobar and segmental bronchi. Bronchial anatomy is foundational for flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy training, where residents must learn to recognise each segmental bifurcation and orient scope position from the endoscopic view. Simulators that represent the bronchial tree typically emphasise anatomical recognition over tactile fidelity, since bronchial wall mucosa is difficult to replicate with low-cost materials.
Materials
| Material | Visual | Tactile | Simulator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron-wire-plus-paper-mache scaffold (no tactile fidelity) | Yes | No | Bronchoscopy Anatomical Trainer (Di Domenico) | All bronchial segments labelled per the international classification; endoscopic-view correspondence verified by the authors at three bifurcations. Source: Di Domenico S, Simonassi C, Chessa L. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 2007;6(4):567–569. PMID 17669940. |
| Ex vivo bovine trachea | Yes | Yes | Bronchoscopy-Guided Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Simulator (Kattan) | Real mammalian trachea the operator palpates and punctures; provides the tracheal-ring landmarks. Source: Kattan et al. Simulation in Healthcare 2019;14(6):415–419. PMID 31804426. |
| 3D-printed medical-grade silicone (integrated laryngotracheal model) | Yes | Yes | Cricothyroidotomy Simulator (Gauger) | Airway lumen of the 3D-printed silicone laryngotracheal model, distal to the cricothyroid-membrane access site. Source: Gauger et al. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018;114:124–128. PMID 30262349. |
| Cardboard tube (toilet-paper roll) | Partial | No | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Aho) | Trachea-and-larynx core beneath the soft-tissue and skin layers; a low-fidelity airway landmark in an ultra-low-cost task trainer. Source: Aho et al. J Surg Educ 2015;72(4):658–661. PMID 25703738. |
| 3D-printed trachea (open-access REAL CRIC STL; print material not specified) | Yes | Partial | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Calvo) | Reusable 3D-printed trachea under a pork-belly skin layer; an air pump feeds air through an ETT so it escapes at the cricothyroid membrane on entry. Rated high-fidelity under ultrasound. Source: Calvo et al. Educación Médica 2021;22:305–310. |
| Thin cardboard tube (with conductive-foil sensors) | Partial | No | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (D'Auria) | Airway wall and lumen carrying the contact-sensor zones for the automatic scoring overlay; shares the substrate detailed on the White UW page. Source: D'Auria & Persia, IEEE IRI 2014:514–519. |
| 3D-printed trachea model (open-access STL; PLA or resin) | Yes | No | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Kei) | Reusable rigid anatomical core (UW Airway Collaboration STL) the pork-belly skin overlays; resin lasts 100+ sessions, filament is cheaper but more brittle. Source: Kei et al. J Emerg Med 2019;56(4):426–430. PMID 30685221. |
| Commercial TCCC manikin airway (integrated) | Yes | Partial | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (Muller) | Integrated airway of a Strategic Operations 3-in-1 TCCC manikin, Surgilube-coated to reduce artificial friction; success is a #6 cuffed ETT seated with the cuff fully in the trachea. Source: Muller et al. Mil Med 2020;185(9–10):e1779–e1786. PMID 32567654. |
| Thin cardboard tube (average-adult sized; with conductive-foil sensors) | Partial | No | Cricothyrotomy Simulator (White UW) | Airway wall sized to an average adult trachea, carrying six conductive-foil contact zones for palpation-and-incision training. Source: D'Auria & Persia, IEEE IRI 2014:514–519, §2 (UW BioRobotics trainer). |
| Beef gelatin with psyllium fibre (cored lumen) | Yes | No | Neonatal ETT Ultrasound Simulator (Qaim Ali) | Upper hollow lumen in a gelatin-psyllium block; on a transverse neck ultrasound the air-filled lumen reads as the trachea and the gelatin as soft tissue. Source: Qaim Ali et al. BMC Med Educ 2020;20:409. PMID 33160342. |
| 3D print in Stratasys Agilus30 photopolymer (Polyjet J750) | Yes | Partial | Paediatric Airway Management Trainer (Carter) | Paediatric trachea printed to the carina from infant CT data in Agilus30 (selected for tissue fidelity); examined with a rigid bronchoscope. Source: Carter et al. Anaesth Intensive Care 2020;48(3):243–245. PMID 32536185. |
| Commercial Laerdal manikin moulded trachea (integrated) | Yes | Partial | Suction-Assisted Laryngoscopy and Airway Decontamination Simulator (Kumar) | Moulded trachea and glottic inlet of a Laerdal airway management trainer; the intubation target reached through the cleared, soiled airway. Source: Kumar & Kumar Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):702–705. PMID 38994267. |
References
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At a Glance
Overview
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| Authors | Arturopelayo |
|---|---|
| License | CC-BY-SA-4.0 |
| Cite as | Arturopelayo (2026). "TissueDB/Tissues/Bronchial Tissue". Appropedia. Retrieved June 18, 2026. |