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Authors Koami Soulemane Hayibo
Uzair Jamil
Location London, ON
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Readers Please!!

Any comments are welcome on the discussion page including additional resources/papers/links etc. Papers can be added to relevant sections if done in chronological order with all citation information and short synopsis or abstract. Thank You.


Background[edit | edit source]

Floating PV[edit | edit source]

Determination of the Optimum Angle of the Floating Solar Panels to Reduce Evaporation and Energy Production by the Ansys Fluent Model (Case Study: Chahnimeh No. 4 Sistan)[1][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Evaporation is a process that changes fluid from liquid to gas. Evaporation rates from free surfaces depend on factors such as temperature, wind speed, water depth and vapor pressure. A detailed study of the information received from the Meteorological Office of Zahak concluded that the factors of temperature and wind speed in this region were the most influential factors, and interestingly, the main factor was the high wind speed. There are several methods to deal with the phenomenon of evaporation, which include the use of physical covering and wind speed. According to previous research, the best attraction of sunlight is to produce the highest Efficiency power in the northern hemisphere to the south. The use of solar panels is considered simultaneously as a physical covering to reducing evaporation and high-energy production. In this paper, priority is given to reducing evaporation and energy production equally. The use of modeling the flow rate effected by horizontal and vertical positioning angles of solar panels was used to obtain the best evaporation reduction using the ANSYS FLUENT 16 model and determining the best horizontal and vertical angle for obtaining the best output efficiency power. The results shows that in this case of designing solar panels measuring 2.5 × 2.5 meters by the angles of, the horizontal angle of 0° (Northwest towards the wind direction) and the angle of inclination of 60° with the evaporative reduction of 90.25 Percentage will be achieved. Also, the highest energy efficiency is achieved under the horizontal angle of 30 degrees (northwest towards the wind direction) and the angle of inclination is 30 degrees to 99.45 percent. Therefore, according to the available data, the optimal possible condition is the horizontal angle of 30 degrees (northwest direction, wind direction) and the angle of inclination of 30 degrees, with a reduction of evaporation of 71.36 percent and energy efficiency of 99.45 percent, Relative to the ideal state.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
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    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
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  3. Results and Discussion
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  4. Conclusions
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Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • No English version of the article
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Abstract of Advantages of using , IJSR, Call for Papers, Online Journal[2][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The limited fossil fuel resources and higher energy demand concentrates on solar energy, which is free of cost and, IJSR, Call for Papers, Online Journal

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
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    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
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  3. Results and Discussion
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  4. Conclusions
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Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Article page not found
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Deploying effectively dispatchable PV on reservoirs: Comparing floating PV to other renewable technologies[3][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

In this article, we present a detailed simulation of floating photovoltaic's (PV) energy yield and associated evaporation reduction potential for the largest 128 US hydropower reservoirs. A recent article by Cavusoglu et al., published in the journal Nature Communications, outlined a hypothetical evaporation engine that could harness the energy of lake water evaporation while simultaneously conserving the water resource. Its authors suggest that evaporation engines deployed across all US lakes and reservoirs could, collectively, yield up to 70% of the total U.S. electricity production. We show that floating PV technology could: (1) deliver considerably more electrical energy than evaporation engines, amounting to 100% of the US production with only a fraction of the lakes; (2) deliver this energy on a firm, effectively dispatchable basis; and (3) conserve as much water as the evaporation engines.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Goal:
      • Systematic quantification of FPV power production and water conservation potential in largest US reservoirs
      • Comparison to evaporation engines and hydropower
  2. Methods
    • Detailed information on assumptions and methodology used
    • 128 largest US reservoirs considered (1km³ of volume and above) -> provided physical specs of the reservoirs
      • Great Lakes excluded
    • PV assumptions
      • c-Si PV modules
      • 24% efficiency
      • Tilt angle -> 10°
      • Azimuth -> South
      • Energy density -> 200W/m²
    • Used oversizing of PV to meet load demand
      • Introduced a new metric called firm PV production density
    • Simulated power output of each of 128 reservoirs
      • simulation period -> 10 years (2006 - 2015)
      • Software -> SolarAnywhere
      • SUNY model for long-term irradiation forecast
    • Simulated evaporation at each lake
      • Used FLake model
      • HTESSEL and ECMWF for snowpack modeling
      • Penman-Monteith evaporation model -> discarded nighttime values
      • Compared FLake model vs Penman Monteith
    • Compared FPV vs Evaporation Engine vs Hydro
  3. Results and Discussion
    • mean PV generation density -> 28W/m² - 48W/m²
    • Total PV capacity for all 128 reservoirs -> 1.05TW and 9250TWh/year
      • Firm capacity-> 525GW and 4620TWh/year
    • Hydropower -> 32GW and 112TWh/year
    • 1.2% coverage of lake with FPV <=> Current Hydropower capacity
    • Sized PV able to cover US electricty consumption in 2016 -> 4100 TWh
    • At same coverage FPV 10% > evaporation engines
    • Water conservation density of FPV
      • 680mm/year (Strawberry Reservoir, Utah) - 1850mm/year (Falcon Lake, Texas)
      • 667 m³/year (New Mexico) - 5673 m³/year (Minnesota)
      • Total amount 28km³ -> timeframe not specified
    • Hydropower generation improvement
      • 565MW extra capacity
  4. Conclusions
    • FPV space efficiency > evaporation engine
    • FPV space efficiency > Hydro

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water conservation (evaporation reduction) -> indirectly increase hydropower capacity
    • Algae growth reduction
    • Wave-induced erosion reduction
  • Water saving potential
    • Simulated
    • 680mm/year - 1850mm/year
    • 667m³/year - 5673 m³/year
    • 28km³
  • Hydropower improvement
    • Estimated form simulation
    • 565MW extra capacity
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.05TW crustalline Silicon USA 9250TWh 24%

Overview and Feasibility of Floating Solar Photovoltaic System in Nepal[4][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

As a next generation technology, Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) System has had a remarkable growth in the field of Renewable Energy since 2014 with an installed capacity of more than 200 MWp as of 2017. Interest in FSPV system is on the rise compared to its land-based counterpart due to significant benefits like an increased efficiency of the panel, omission of land-related cost and cost of the mounting structure along with environmental benefits like water conservation of the reservoir through a reduced rate of evaporation and containment of algae boom. In this paper, the overall benefit of exploiting FSPV system in case of Nepal has been explored and the techno-economic feasibility of such system in Nepalese scenario has been analyzed. Improvement in efficiency of the panel has been calculated mathematically which also seems to support results from previous works. After analyzing the techno-economic benefits, it was found that FSPVs, even though having a marginal financial profit at current PPA rate of Rs. 7.3/kWh, can still prove beneficial if used concomitantly with storage type hydropower plants.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Conference proceedings
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Feasibility of Floating Photovoltaics in the City of Bengaluru[5][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaics (FPV) is one of a kind technology which is said to be more beneficial than the conventional Solar Photovoltaics (SPV). There is also a growing need for potable water in metropolitan cities due to constant increase in population and also depleting water reserves due to various reasons. Henceforth, this paper deals with the feasibility of FPV in the city of Bengaluru. The main aspects for consideration here is a prediction model of the potential energy that can be produced for a 1 MW FPV plant on the Hesaraghatta lake in Bengaluru. An approximate of the amount of water that can be saved from the putting up of the FPV on the Hesaraghatta lake is also made in this report as part of the pilot project. The final statistical data of energy obtained are verified in connection with the PVsyst® and PVWatts® software for substantiation. A total energy of 1586 MWh of energy is obtained from the FPV as against 1539 MWh from SPV annually. Also PR is about 73.63% for FPV while SPV has a PR of about 71.48%. The CUF of FPV is 18.12% as against 17.59% of the SPV plant on for the Bengaluru city, over the water surface of Hesaraghatta lake. An estimated 81.586 million liters of water is saved by stationing FPV on the Hesaraghatta lake. Also to be mentioned is the estimated cost of stationing a FPV at Hesaraghatta lake is found to be around 7 crore Indian rupees and a payback period of about 5 years with an energy cost of around 8 Indian rupees per KWh

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Described temperture effect on PV modules
    • Stats on Bengaluru lakes since 1960:
      • Water bodies reduction in Bengaluru -> 35%
      • Water surface area reduction-> 8.6%
    • Goal:
      • Prediction model for a 1MW FPV on Hesaraghatta Lake: energy and evaporation modeling
  2. Methods
    • Description of FPV systems
    • Description of the city of Bengaluru (Bengalore)
    • Solar Irradiation modeling / losses / and energy calculations provided
    • Metrics considered ->
      • Performance Ratio (PR)
      • Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF)
    • Evaporation calculation -> simplified equation
    • PV Specs
      • Capcacity -> 1MW
      • Modules -> poly-cSi / 320W / 16.47% efficiency
    • Data source -> PVGIS, 2017
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Irradiation results provided
    • Energy generation
      • FPV -> 1674.23MWh/year
      • GPV -> 1625.25MWh/year
    • FPV has lower temp
      • FPV -> 23.11°C
      • GPV -> 28.11°C
    • Water savings FPV -> 81.586 millions liters/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Results compared to PVSyst

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Calculated
    • 81 millions liters/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1MW poly-cSi Bengalore, India 1625.25MWh/year 16.47%

Power Generation, Evaporation Mitigation, and Thermal Insulation of Semitransparent Polymer Solar Cells: A Potential for Floating Photovoltaic Applications[6][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

To explore the advantages of emerging semitransparent polymer solar cells (ST-PSCs), growing efforts have been devoted to developing multifunctional ST-PSCs for power-generation and heat-insulation applications. In this work, three groups of ST-PSCs are fabricated on the basis of fullerene and nonfullerene systems. We perform a systematic characterization of the power generation, transparency, and color perception of the ST-PSCs. The evaporation mitigation and heat-insulation properties of ST-PSCs are here evaluated for the first time. Gratifyingly, power conversion efficiencies of around 5.6–6.7% with average visible transmittances between 22 and 30% are obtained from the ST-PSCs under a large active area of 0.1 cm2. These ST-PSCs can serve as an efficient thermal barrier, which significantly lowers the surface temperature of water bodies, reduces the water evaporation rate, and suppresses the photothermal conversion efficiency of solar transpiration. This work discovers a new function for ST-PSCs and paves an intriguing prospect of floating the third-generation photovoltaic cells in the near future.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Densely populated area -> PV conflicts with agriculture and residential sector
    • Define FPV and describe its advantages
    • Described semitransparent polymer solar cells (ST-PSCs) and advantages
    • Goal:
      • Manufacture an testing parameters of 3 typical ST-PSC
      • Parameters tested: water evaporation + thermal insulation
  2. Methods
    • Fabrication, efficiency measurement, and water evaporation measurement processes decribed
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Provided device-level characterization and performance at molecular level
    • Water evaporation reduction
      • Experimental measurement and calculation method provided
      • Base case scenario open seawater evaporation rate -> 0.69 kg/(m².h)
      • Base case scenario open freshwater evaporation rate -> 0.45 kg/(m².h)
      • Glass coverring water ->0.44 kg/(m².h) (freshwater) and 0.41 kg/(m².h) (seawater)
      • ST-PSC covering both surfaces: 0.3 kg/(m².h)
      • Quantified evaporation reduction using ST-PSC: 33.33% - 56.52%
    • Heat transmission reduction -> 30.31%
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • cutting down habitable land usage
    • prevent water evaporation
    • algae bloom reduction
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Experimental -> microscale (use of scale to measure water weight)
    • 33.33 - 56.52%
  • Heat transmisison reduction
    • Experimental (Thermal camera)
    • 30.31%
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
ST-PSC Lab 5.6% 6.7%

The Land Sparing, Water Surface Use Efficiency, and Water Surface Transformation of Floating Photovoltaic Solar Energy Installations[7][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic solar energy installations (FPVs) represent a new type of water surface use, potentially sparing land needed for agriculture and conservation. However, standardized metrics for the land sparing and resource use efficiencies of FPVs are absent. These metrics are critical to understanding the environmental and ecological impacts that FPVs may potentially exhibit. Here, we compared techno-hydrological and spatial attributes of four FPVs spanning different climatic regimes. Next, we defined and quantified the land sparing and water surface use efficiency (WSUE) of each FPV. Lastly, we coined and calculated the water surface transformation (WST) using generation data at the world’s first FPV (Far Niente Winery, California). The four FPVs spare 59,555 m2 of land and have a mean land sparing ratio of 2.7:1 m2 compared to ground-mounted PVs. Mean direct and total capacity-based WSUE is 94.5 ± 20.1 SD Wm−2 and 35.2 ± 27.4 SD Wm−2, respectively. Direct and total generation-based WST at Far Niente is 9.3 and 13.4 m2 MWh−1 yr−1, respectively; 2.3 times less area than ground-mounted utility-scale PVs. Our results reveal diverse techno-hydrological and spatial attributes of FPVs, the capacity of FPVs to spare land, and the utility of WSUE and WST metrics.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • 2.2GW of FPV installed globally (2020)
    • Annual growth rate -> 22% over next 5 years
    • Highlighgted lack of research on the technical, hydrological, and spatial attributed of FPV
    • Humidity documented to decrease PV efficiency -> study effect of humidity on FPV production
    • FPV set to reduce water evaporation => increased packing factor / low wind loading
    • Optimal angle in FPV might be different compared to GPV
    • Highlighted the need to study the impact opf FPV on the hydrology parameters of the water body
    • Mentioned land sparing and its possible quantification in FPV
    • Difficult to compare data accross studies because no existence of standard metrics
    • Goal:
      • Develop a standardized framework to quantify land sparing and resource use efficiencies of FPVs
      • Comparison of techno-hydrological attributes of 4 FPVs in the US
      • Define and quantify land sparing in FPVs
      • Develop water surface use efficiency metrics
  2. Methods
    • 4 FPV sites selected -> all human-made
      • Far Niente Winery -> Oakville, CA
      • Ciel et Terre -> Windsor, CA
      • City of Walden -> Walden, CO
      • Orlando Utilities Commission -> Orlando, FL
    • Data collected from PRISM climate group
    • Spatial attributes of water bodies calculated using Google Earth Pro (equations provided)
      • Compactness
      • Roundness
      • Eccentricity
    • Defined Land Sparing Ratio - Water Surface Use Efficiency - Water Surface Transformation
      • Calculation methods (equation provided)
      • assumptions made
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Climate attributes and technohudrological attributes given -> Tables 1 to 4
    • Details given on all proposed metrics
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Land Occupation Reduction
    • Quantify trhough collected data
    • developed new metric called land sparing ratio -> we used land sparing ratio and power to find out the land occupation reduction
    • 16.27 - 28.48 m²/kWp
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
206 Sharp ND-208U2 Oakville, CA 12.8%
1780 Risen Energy RSM72-6-360M Windsor, CA 18.6%
74 Jinko 355W Walden, CO 18.3%
31.5 Renesola JC315M-315W Orlando, FL 16.2%

Water Conservation Potential of Self-Funded Foam-Based Flexible Surface-Mounted Floatovoltaics[8][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

A potential solution to the coupled water–energy–food challenges in land use is the concept of floating photovoltaics or floatovoltaics (FPV). In this study, a new approach to FPV is investigated using a flexible crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) module backed with foam, which is less expensive than conventional pontoon-based FPV. This novel form of FPV is tested experimentally for operating temperature and performance and is analyzed for water-savings using an evaporation calculation adapted from the Penman–Monteith model. The results show that the foam-backed FPV had a lower operating temperature than conventional pontoon-based FPV, and thus a 3.5% higher energy output per unit power. Therefore, foam-based FPV provides a potentially profitable means of reducing water evaporation in the world’s at-risk bodies of fresh water. The case study of Lake Mead found that if 10% of the lake was covered with foam-backed FPV, there would be enough water conserved and electricity generated to service Las Vegas and Reno combined. At 50% coverage, the foam-backed FPV would provide over 127 TWh of clean solar electricity and 633.22 million m3 of water savings, which would provide enough electricity to retire 11% of the polluting coal-fired plants in the U.S. and provide water for over five million Americans, annually.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Explained PV benefits and limitations regarding land occupation
    • FPV to grow 20% over next 5 years (2020)
    • Goal:
      • Proposed new approach to FPV using foam as racks
      • Evaporation and energy generation analysis using Lake Mead as a sample case
  2. Methods
    • Data collection procedure described
    • Experimental setup and data collection of FPV described
    • Water evaporation modeling described (detailed equations provided)
      • Penman-Monteith model
    • Energy produciton, and temperature models described
    • Temperature model based on Kamuyu's model
    • Water savings estimated based on past studies percentage values
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Water evaporation and energy produciton values given
      • lake surface coverage -> 10 - 50%
    • FPV temperature cooler with proposed model
    • Water saving potential -> 4.95 m²/kWh
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Estimated through simulation rfesults and data found in literature
    • 4.95m²/kWh
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
mono-cSi Lake Mead, Nevada, US annual study -1 year 25.59TWh/year 127.93TWh/year 23%

Complementing hydroelectric power with floating solar PV for daytime peak electricity demand[9][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Renewable energy is the cornerstone of our future energy needs. In particular, solar energy is being utilized at a faster pace than ever. Floating Solar Photovoltaics (FSPV) has recently gained traction as a suitable alternative of land-based large scale PV installation. It is a promising technology to utilize water surfaces for placing solar plants. Not only it utilizes the water as real estate but it has several other advantages as well. For example, FSPV can use the existing transmission and distribution infrastructure that is the part of hydroelectric power plants. In this paper, we evaluate an FSPV plant and its integration with the existing hydroelectric power station of a small reservoir in Pakistan. We have investigated the 500 kV, 132 kV and 11 kV voltage levels for the integration of FSPV plant. Moreover, we have devised a hydro-solar optimization model for the efficient utilization of energy. The combined system consisting of hydroelectric and 200 MWp FSPV produces more than 3.5% additional power overall when compared with production of only hydroelectric power. More importantly the FSPV generation coincides with the daily mid-day peak load thus works as a peaker plant for the national grid.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
    • algae growth reduction => water quality improvement
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Not quantified /mentioned in results
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
200MWp Ghazi Barotha, Pakistan 911kWh/day 15% 20%

Using Floating Photovoltaics, Electrolyser and Fuel Cell to Decrease the Peak Load and Reduce Water Surface Evaporation[10][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Fossil fuel consumption problems and water crisis are serious dangers. Using renewable energy is a solution to reduce fossil fuel consumption. Photovoltaic is a renewable energy generation method which is abundantly used all over the world. By installation of solar panels on the surface of water, the efficiency of panels increases and in addition, the surface evaporation of water will be reduced. Dams are one of the main sources of water. In the present study, installation of solar panel on surface of the Tanguie dam is studied from technical point of view. The generation PV power is used to produce hydrogen by electrolysis process and consume it in PEM Fuel cell to decreases the peak load. Results show 2.6% increase in panel efficiency when they are installed on water. And this increase in efficiency causes that 360780 installed panels generate 4 million kWh additional electricity power in the year. As well as, covering 678628 m2 of dam with these panels prevent from 1.97 million m3 water evaporation in the year. Also, the generated PV power could supply about 99% of load which is above 90MW.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Review of past PV studies
    • Described severity of water crisis in the world and in Iran
    • Review of FPV
    • Review of fuel ceel technologies in PV
    • Goal:
      • advantages of installing PV on dam -> technical and environmental point of view
      • Investigate power generation, efficiency, and water conservation
      • Hydrogen storage from electrolysis usign proton exchange membrane
  2. Methods
    • Temperature distribution analyzed with equations -> provided specs of different PV layers
    • Power generation using single diode, 5-parameters with equations
    • Software used for irradiance -> TRNSYS
    • Description of FPV, Fuell cell, and electrolyzer -> equations provided
    • Description of the Tanguie dam
      • Location -> Sirjan, Iran
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Water evaporation prevention
      • 2903mm/year
      • 1.97 millions m³/year
    • Energy generation -> 135 GWh
    • CO2 emissions reduction
      • 63.25 ktons CO2/year -> compared to natural gas in thermal plant
      • 82.5 ktons CO2/yeat -> compared to natural gas in combined cycle thermal plant
    • Efficiency
      • 19.7%
      • 2.6% higher than ground-based PV
    • Reduction of loss of power probability decrease in hydro -> 1%
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduction
    • calculated from estimation
    • 1.97 millions m³/year
  • CO2 emisions reduction
    • estimated
    • 62.25 - 82.5 ktons/year
  • Reduction of loss of power probability decrease in hydro
    • calculated by inference
    • 1%
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
72.15MW KC200GT Sirjan, Iran 135GWh/year 19.7%

High-performance semitransparent polymer solar cells floating on water: Rational analysis of power generation, water evaporation and algal growth[11][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Compared to conventional ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) cells, floating photovoltaic (FPV) cells open new opportunities for scaling-up solar power generation, especially in highly populated countries that may have competing uses for the available land. Large-scale FPV projects normally deploy old-fashioned crystalline silicon panels that are brittle and difficult to integrate. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are regarded as a newer and more versatile concept that make quite a splash today. High absorption coefficients, thin active layers and tunable absorption spectra through a synergy of molecular and device engineering promote extensive research on the integration of semitransparent polymer solar cells (ST-PSCs) with smart architecture to deliver both practical and aesthetic benefits. In this work, we propose a new concept of extending ST-PSCs to the field of FPV cells and explore the potential of regulating aquatic environments and organisms. Three groups of high-performance ST-PSCs are fabricated. Maximum efficiency of 13% and average visible transmittance over 20% deliver an optimum trade-off between power generation and transparency among the best-performing ST-PSCs. We develop new experimental approaches and propose a feasibility study on the water evaporation and algal growth by placing the large-area ST-PSCs on bodies of water. To the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that the specific transmittance windows with controlled light intensities generated by the ST-PSCs are capable of regulating water evaporation and algal growth, which provides insight into responsible scale-up of FPVs instead of simply blocking the sunlight. The new functions of ST-PSCs pave an intriguing prospect of developing ST-PSCs for practical FPV applications in the near future.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • PV -> 2% global electricity production
    • GPV constrained by space limitation => FPV potential solution
    • FPV growth -> more than 100times in last 5 years
    • Description of FPV
    • Need to explore how preventing algae bloom impacts aquatic life
    • Polymer solar cells (PSCs) -> good alternative to crystalline PV
    • PSCs advantages for FPV
      • evaporation mitigation
      • heat insulation
    • Goal:
      • Evaluationg ST-PSCs use in FPV
      • Fabrication method
      • Investigation of water evaporation and algae bloom prevention
  2. Methods
    • Experimental methods described at the end of paper
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Physical and chemical specs of the ST-PSC provided
      • Power conversion efficiency: 9.2 - 13%
      • Visible light transmittance -> 18 - 21.5%
    • Water evaporation measurement setup described -> use of high precision scale
      • Provided evaporation rate equation and photothermal conversion efficiency equation
      • Evaporation reduction from 0.77kg to 0.6kg -> 22% reduction
    • Regulation of algae growth by sunlight modulation
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Algae bloom reduction
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Experimental and calculation
    • 22%
  • Algae growth regulation
    • Experimental
    • Visual observation / no number provided
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
0.97cm² Polymer 9.2% 13%

Save water and energy: A techno-economic analysis of a floating solar photovoltaic system to power a water integration project in the Brazilian semiarid[12][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This paper proposes the use of a floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) power plant as an alternative renewable energy resource for the San Francisco River Integration Project (SFIP), which aims to deliver water to 12 million people in the Brazilian semiarid. The SFIP requires considerable amounts of energy in a region that has had increasing electricity costs and consumption of water in the past decade. By simulating an FSPV power plant at the System Advisor Model (SAM) using techniques and parameters of real FSPV projects, the results demonstrated the techno-economic feasibility of this technology linked to the SFIP. The economic outcomes are positive net present value (NPV), \2.8 million, and a payback varying from 10.5 to 11.7 years. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of \32.17/MWh is smaller than the current energy rates paid by the SFIP administrator, and the water costs to final consumers could be reduced by 40%. In addition, the FSPV's capacity factor was 21.1%, and the system could minimize water evaporation from one of the SFIP's reservoirs by 16.7%. The system can also create revenues for the San Francisco and Parnaiba Valleys Development Company (CODEVASF) by trading the excess of electricity with the grid. This paper also analyses the FSPV's environmental impacts and its relevance under the water–energy nexus in the Brazilian Northeast. The FSPV could minimize the SFIP's operational costs, avoid environmental impacts, and improve the efficiency of water and energy management. Such components are crucial when analyzing the water–energy nexus in such a region, marked by strong competition for water access and long periods of drought.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • FULL TEXT REQUESTED FROM AUTHORS
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Simulation and experimental performance analysis of partially floating PV system in windy conditions[13][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The floating solar photovoltaic system (FPVT) is a new concept for solar energy harvesting that contributes to growing energy demand but with higher performance compared to the land-based system (LBPV). The working temperature of an FPVT system is lower and the efficiency is better than that of an LBPV system. The current experimental study aims to further enhance the superiority of floating PV technology through an innovative partially floating (FPVWS) system for more energy harvest. The underwater portion allows reliable temperature management for the PV system via mutual heat transfer with the ambient water and consequently enhances the electricity production. Then an experimental floating set up has been constructed to examine the performance of the new FPVWS system under real windy conditions and the reason for such dominance was explained. The acquired data demonstrated that the working temperature of the FPVWS reduced by11.60%, the output power rose by about 20.28%, and the electrical efficiency rose by 32.82% at a 49% increment in wind speed. The performance of the FPVT module is improved with the submerging technique and the favorable northerly-westerly wind flow direction, which provided the most gain to its performance. The levelized cost of energy decreased by 17% along with a reduction in global average CO2 emissions of 69.51 kg CO2/summer season at a 49% increment in wind speed.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Increase in global energy demand -> 50% by 2040
    • Reviewed temperature impact on PV and cooling methods
      • Water cooling -> FPV
    • FPV -> 2GWp FPV in 2020 -> expected 1.8TW by 2050
    • Compared FPV to GPV
    • Goal:
      • Propose and investigate performance of new design of FPV -> partially floating FPV
  2. Methods
    • Experimental setup described with data collection equipment
    • PV System
      • Location -> Egypt
      • Tilt angle -> 30°
      • Tech -> poly-cSi
      • power -> 80W
    • Data collected and analyzed
      • Irradiance
      • Infrared images
      • Termperature
      • Wind speed
      • Electrical output
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Analyzed effect of wind on the PV temperature distribution and power production
    • Water saving potential of FPV ->0.563m­³/year
    • CO2 emissions reduction -> 211kg CO2/year
    • Economisc analysus performed
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water savings
    • Estimated
    • 0.563 m³/year
  • CO2 emission reduction
    • Estimated
    • 211 kgCO2/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
80W poly-cSi Port Said, Egypt 25 year 214kWh/year 8.5% 17%

Study of Massive Floating Solar Panels over Lake Nasser[14][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Recently, the technology of floating photovoltaic panels has demonstrated several advantages over land installations, including faster deployment, less maintenance cost, and higher efficiency. Lake Nasser is the second largest man-made freshwater lake in the world with a surface area of almost 5000 square km. Being in one of the hottest areas in the world, evaporation of water causes loss of very precious and scarce resources: freshwater. Fortunately, the lake is also located in a very rich area in solar energy. This paper presents a study to utilize Lake Nasser’s surface for massive production of solar energy, while significantly reducing the loss of water by evaporation from the lake surface. The project has the potential to be one of the largest producers of low-cost clean electric energy in the world for Europe and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, especially with the ongoing efforts to connect the North African countries with the European super power grid. The study shows that the first phase of the project is expected to deliver about 16% of European need of electricity and save about 3 billion m3 of freshwater. The subsequent phases will provide low-cost green energy to replace the combustible fuels in Europe by 2045, while saving up to 10-12 billion m3 of freshwater lost by evaporation from Lake Nasser.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • EU RenErgy directive 2018/2001/EU -> meet or exceed 32% renewables by 2030
    • Stats of energy in EU
    • Electricity demand in Europe and North Africa -> 5850TWh in 2050
    • Review of PV projects in Egypt
    • Description of Lake Nasser
      • Covering lake surface -> 12-16billions m³/year saved
    • Goal:
      • provide comprehensive account of key factors to develop terawatt scale FPV on Lake Nasser
      • Economic, environmental, social, engineering viewpoints
  2. Methods
    • Full description on Lake Nasser specs
      • Hydrology + management
      • Climate
      • Water temp
    • Analysis of water evaporation on the lake
      • annual losses by evap -> 12-16 biliom m³
      • Evap estimated by Bowen ratio energy budget -> equations provided
      • Reviewed other studies that analyzed evap
    • Reviewed techniques to limit evaporation
      • Physical -> suspended covers
      • Biological -> floating plants palm fronds
      • chemical
    • Past studies -> FPV could reduce evap: 25 - 50%
    • Review of solar energy potential in the lake area
    • Market and economic analysis
    • Review of floating polatforms technology
    • Review of energy storage solutions
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Estimated
    • 12-16 billions m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1000km² Lake Nasser, Egypt 25 years 8.23TWh/year

Floating Solar Power Plants: A Way to Improve Environmental and Operational Flexibility[15][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The Photovoltaic modules installed on the surface of the water are naturally cooled, reducing the loss of thermal power generation. Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVS) combine existing photovoltaic systems with a floating structure to generate clean energy. To meet the growing electricity demand, FPV systems will be integrated alongside existing dams to enhance existing power sources. The results indicate that the investment toward installing FPV systems over the dams’ reservoirs leads to a significant improvement in the overall system reliability minimizes load curtailment, and could potentially add more flexibility to the operator to dispatch power generated by hydropower plants during peak demands. The execution of the Karun-4 FPV power plant with an annual production of 16758969 kWh of energy has reduced the water evaporation of the dam's reservoir water and after eight years and four months, the investment cost was returned and its nominal performance is 81.7 percent. Adding a floating solar power plant with 10% of the lake reservoir cover of six dams saves 70.7 million cubic meters of water per year. This amount of fresh water is enough to meet the annual needs of one million people.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Only 200MW in Iran -> renewables
    • Iran evaporation rate -> 2100 mm/year -> 3 times > worlwide average (700mm/year)
    • Energy-related CO2 emissions -> 2/3 global GHG
    • Review of past PV and FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • presents roadmap to built folating hydropower and FPV
      • technical, economic, and environmental perspective
  2. Methods
    • Location -> on Karun river
    • Software
      • AutoCAD
      • PVSyst
      • CPMFAR 3
      • Minitab
    • Hydropower specs provided
    • Evaporation in lakes and dams affected by (equations provided):
      • water temp
      • air temp
      • humidity
      • windspeed above water
    • Economic analysis
      • NPV
      • IRR
      • ROI
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV size -> 100,000m² / 11MW
    • PV modules -> Yingli YL365D-36b
    • Power analysis provided
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evap reduction
    • GHG emissions reduction
  • Water Evaporation reduction
    • Calculated
    • 80% reduction
  • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • estimated
    • 1502072 metric tons/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
11MW Yingli YL365D-36b Karun, Iran 16.76GWh/year

Assessment of floating solar photovoltaics potential in existing hydropower reservoirs in Africa[16][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Africa is characterised by a very high solar potential, with a yearly sum of solar irradiation exceeding 2000 kWh/m2. Many African countries are heavily dependent on hydropower, however, increasingly frequent droughts have been severely affecting hydropower generation in the last few decades. The installation of floating photovoltaics (FPV) in existing hydropower reservoirs, would provide solar electricity to help compensate hydropower production during dry periods and reduce evaporation losses while helping to sustainably satisfy the current and future energy needs of the fast-growing African population. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential of FPV installation in Africa, by using highly accurate water surface data of the largest 146 hydropower reservoirs in the continent. In addition to the electricity production, evaporation savings and the potential extra hydroelectricity generated by these water savings are also estimated at reservoir level for four different cases and two types of floating structures. The results indicate that with a total coverage of less than 1%, the installed power capacity of existing hydropower plants can double and electricity output grow by 58%, producing an additional 46.04 TWh annually. In this case, the water savings could reach 743 million m3/year, increasing the annual hydroelectricity generation by 170.64 GWh.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Africa -> lowest electricity access rate -> 54%
    • Large untapped hydropower potential in Africa -> only 11% of available resource used
      • 37 GW in 2019
      • 138 TWh generation
      • extra 15GW by 2025
      • Hydroplant in jeopardy due to evaporation
    • PV in Africa
      • 5GW with 6TWh in 2018
      • estimate of 15GW/year -> 320GW by 2040 estimated by IEA
    • Review of past FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • comprehensive assessment of installation of FPV in African hydropower reservoirs
      • evaporation and extra hydropower generation potential investigated
  2. Methods
    • Data used
      • satellite image
      • hydropower reservoirs data
        • 146 largest reservoirs -> total of 29,222km²
        • Installed capacity > 5MW
    • PV energy calculation and specs provided
      • area factor -> 0.16kWp/m²
      • PErformance ratio -> 0.8
      • Inverter load ration -> 1.25
    • Water savings
      • calculated using previous data (Botempo et al.)
      • 2 types of floaters analyzed
    • Extra hydropower potential evaluated -> equation provided
    • 4 cases
      • 100% coverage
      • 10% coverage
      • 1% coverage
      • PV power = hydropower
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Installed Power -> 29.22 GWp - 292.22 GWp
    • Electricity production -> 52.94TWh - 529.349 TWh
    • Evaporation reduction
      • 304.58 - 9353 mcm/year
    • Added hydro capacity
      • 56.6 GWh/year - 1737 GWh/year
    • Cost analysis results detailed and explained
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Hydro generation improvement -> Peak load support
    • water evaporation reduction
    • water quality improvement (algae growth reduction)
  • Evaporation reduction
    • estimated form past studies
    • 304.58 - 9353 mcm/year
  • Added hydro capacity
    • Estimated
    • 56.6GWh/year - 1737 GWh/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
29.22 GWp 292.22GWp Various Locations, Africa 52.94 TWh/year 529.349 TWh/year

Recent technical advancements, economics and environmental impacts of floating photovoltaic solar energy conversion systems[17][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) is an emerging technology that has experienced significant growth in the renewable energy market since 2016. It is estimated that technical improvements along with governmental initiatives will promote the growth rate of this technology over 31% in 2024. This study comprehensively reviews the floating photovoltaic (FPV) solar energy conversion technology by deep investigating the technical advancements and presenting a deliberate discussion on the comparison between floating and ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems. Also, the economics and environmental impacts of FPV plants are presented by introducing the main challenges and prospects. The FPV plants can be conventionally installed on water bodies/dam reservoirs or be implemented as multipurpose systems to produce simultaneous food and power. Installing FPV modules over water reservoirs can prevent evaporation but penetration of solar radiation still remains an issue that can be eliminated by employing bifacial PV modules. The salt deposition in off-shore plants and algae-bloom growth are other important issues that can degrade modules over time and adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem. The capital expenditure (CAPEX) for FPV systems is about 25% higher than ground-mounted plants, mainly due to the existence of floats, moorings, and anchors. It has been stated that the capacity increase of FPV plants (ranges from 52 kW to 2 MW) can intensely decrease the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) up to 85%. It is estimated that FPV technology can become more affordable in the future by further research, developments, and progress in both technology and materials.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • REVIEW PAPER
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Feasibility study of floating solar panels over lakes in Bengaluru City, India[18][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Sustainable energy production has become an issue of prime concern for regions across the globe. With all the global bodies urging nations to explore and adopt clean sources of energy, India’s enormous solar potential provides a sustainable source of energy, replacing conventional sources that are both polluting and rapidly depleting. To produce large amounts of solar energy, solar parks spanning across large areas are required, making it impossible to serve in highly populated cities like Bengaluru, where spacious lands are not available. The rooftop solutions contribute very minimally towards the city’s energy demand because of the dense urban cover and congested planning. But the city has a large number of water bodies including tanks, large lakes and reservoirs. This paper studies the floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) technology to provide an alternative solar route to harness sustainable energy. In this study, 32 lakes within the city limits were considered spanning across 3294 ac of lake area and analysed for the climatic suitability of FSPV systems, solar output assessment and estimation of evaporation losses. The study found that the FSPV systems adopted on lakes with a coverage ratio of 0.5–0.6 could meet an average of 26% of the city’s annual power demand.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Review of India energy goals
    • Reviewd thypes of PV in Bengaluru
      • rooftop PV not convenient
      • FPV potential for large-scale utility level PV
    • Reviewed past studies
      • FPV performance
      • FPV technologies -> floating systems
      • FPV energy estimation methods
      • FPV impact on evaporation
      • Environmental impact of FPVs
    • Description of the city of Bengaluru
    • Goal:
      • Investigate the scope of FSPV in providing sustainable energy in densely populated areas
  2. Methods
    • Water bodies not considered
      • lakes restricted only to swimming, fishing, or recreational activities
      • water bodies used for religious and navigation purposes are not considered
    • 2 set of parameters
      • climatic parameters -> wind, iradiation, and temperature
      • water evaporation -> Mayer's model -> equation provided
      • 22.87 millions m³ saved per year
    • Description of the FPV system and data collected provided
      • Total installed capacity -> 459MW / 3924acres
    • Water bodies considered -> size > 20acres (32 water bodies in total)
    • Efficiency of modules -> 15%
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
    • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • Algal growth reduction -> water quality improvement
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
459MW Hydrelio ASM-7-PERC-AAA Bengaluru,

India

4.089 TWh/year 15%

Semitransparent polymer solar cells floating on water: selected transmission windows and active control of algal growth[19][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are gaining attention across the world, which make an important contribution to the green energy revolution and diffuse the heated debate on use of land worldwide. Large-scale FPV systems generally deploy crystalline silicon panels that are brittle, heavy and difficult to integrate. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) are one of the emerging PV technologies to date. The potential deployment of PSCs on bodies of water can combine the unique advantages of organic electronics, which allow them to become semitransparent and simultaneously provide controlled shading and green electricity. So far, little attention has been paid to the impacts of FPV technologies on water bodies and their ecosystems. In this study, we propose a new concept of extending semitransparent PSCs (ST-PSCs) to the field of FPV and focus on exploring the environmental impacts and benefits of placing high-performance ST-PSCs on bodies of water. We demonstrate for the first time that the specific transmittance windows with controlled light intensities provided by ST-PSCs can scale up solar energy generation and regulate the growth of four representative microalgae that are widely distributed in diverse aquatic habitats. This work provides insight into environmentally responsible FPV systems for sustainable management of the important primary production in the aquatic ecosystem, instead of simply blocking the sunlight with conventional opaque solar panels.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Highlighted land-occupation challenges of GPV
    • Reviewed FPV around the world
    • Reviewed previous achievements in ST-PSCs + their extra functionalities
      • light tuning
    • Goal:
      • feasibility study fo ST-PSCs as algae bloon control
      • PCE 16.6% opaque / 11.2% with 20% transparency
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Chemical structure results + optical an energy performance presented
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Algae growth control
    • Show by experimentation with light control ability of ST-PS
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
0.07cm² 0.97 cm² ST-PSC Lab environement 11.2% 16.6%

Analysis of the potential for use of floating solar panels on Naghlo hydropower dam[20][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The water and energy challenges have become a big concern in Afghanistan that need to be addressed cooperatively. One of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity need. Over years and without sustainable management almost all of the dams in Afghanistan lost their effective life due to reservoir sedimentation that led to the reduced reliability of water and power supply. On the other hand, Global warming and high temperature have a direct impact on the number of water sources. Since Afghanistan is located in an Arid to a semi-arid climate that is characterized by the high value of annual evaporation where the precipitation is less than annual evaporation, besides other forms of losses, its surface water is lost through evaporation. On the other hand, one of the challenges in the country is electricity generation, and a small part of it is produced in the country, so there are a huge burden and cost to meet the remaining electricity needs. One of the approaches that can meet both challenges simultaneously is the use of floating solar panels. It has significant advantages over the ground-based type of solar panels. These benefits include reducing water evaporation, improving water quality by reducing the growth of algae, and high solar panel performance. This paper aims at illustrating the potential for use of floating solar panels to generate power and the impact of floating solar panels installation on preventing surface water evaporation on Naghlo Dam.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Provided stats on Afghanistan water resources and evaporation
    • Provided stats on Afghanistan energy needs
    • Describe Afghanistan solar resources
    • Brief review of FPV
    • Goal:
      • Study evaporation reduction and power produciton potential of FPVon Naghlo Dam to overcome evaporation and energy needs
  2. Methods
    • Info on Naghlo dam
      • 100 MWh
    • Simplified Penman-Monteith for evaporation calculation used -> equations provided
    • Dam coverage: 0.25% - 10%
    • Evaporation reduciton efficiency -> 30% [ref provided]
    • Used data from Kabul <=> data from Surobi not available
    • Explained PV generation using equations
    • PV modules
      • Mono-cSi
      • Efficiency -> 17%
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Evaporation rate results shown -> daily and monthly
      • 2839 mm/year => 34.5 millions m³/year
    • Water conservation potential
      • between 93,618 m³ to 1.872 millions m³
      • depends on coverage
    • Energy Production
      • 11.6MWh/year - 465.7MWh/year
      • depends on coverage
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Calculated -> Penman-Monteith method
    • 93,618 m³ - 1.872 millions m³
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
mono-cSi Surobi, Afghanistan 11.6MWh/year 465.7MWh/year 17%

Assessment of floating solar PV (FSPV) potential and water conservation: Case study on Rajghat Dam in Uttar Pradesh, India[21][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Widely acceptable Photovoltaic (PV) technology faces the challenge of substantial land requirement. However, emerging PV technology over water bodies through floating solar panels can resolve this challenge and additionally leads to operation of the panels at low temperature, improving the energy generation efficiency and insulating water bodies to account for reduction in evaporation loss. In this work, simulation tasks are performed to assess the technical potential of floating photovoltaic power generation and discusses the sustainable system of floating solar PV technology in terms of prospective PV potential, conservation of water and potential to conserve agriculture land bank. The study estimates, power potential of 6513 MWp for 25% coverage of total submergence area at Rajghat dam located in the Southern part of Uttar Pradesh, India, and annual power generation of 10,623,501 MWh. The study also reports annual evaporation loss reduction of 1395 cubic meter per MWp (or 0.9 l per kWh) as an additional benefit. In terms of economic assessment, the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is reported as $ 0.036/kWh (INR 2.61/kWh) with 8.55% internal rate of return (IRR), a very encouraging parameter for large scale deployment of FSPV plants. Based on the findings, the study recommends FSPV installation in water reservoirs, justified by considerable savings in water evaporation losses and avoiding use of cultivable land for solar PV Installation purpose.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Stats on India's renewable power obligation (RPO) program
    • Land requirement for GPV -> 2ha/MW
    • In India, GPV faces high transmission and distribution cost => affordable land far from demand
    • Reviewed past FPV and water evaporation studies
    • Goal:
      • add into FPV knowledge bank
      • provide platform to quantify additional benefits of FPV
      • estimate PV potential , economic easibility, and water loss reduction using FPV
  2. Methods
    • Provided a description of FPV components
    • FPV potential assessed through pilot case study
    • Water surface coverage -> 14.25%
    • Software
      • PVSyst
      • AutoCAD + Google Earth-> surface modelling
    • Described the Rajghat dam specs
    • PV system
      • mono-cSi
      • Efficiency -> 17.7%
      • Power -> 350Wp
      • Total power -> 6513 MWp
      • Surface area -> 3450 ha
    • Described specs of existing hydrodam -> 45MW
    • Mentioned studies that reviewed water evaporation prevention methods
    • Evaporation reducaiton estimation -> 9.084 million m­³
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Same as methodology numbers
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
    • Water quality improvement
    • Land occupation reduction
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • estimated
    • 9.084 millioms m³
  • Transmisison and distribution losses reduction
    • not quantified
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
6.513 GWp mono-cSi Utttar Pradesh, India 10.623TWh/year 17.7%

Analysis of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Parameters to Evaluate the Effect of Floating Solar PV in Mahoni Lake, Depok, Indonesia: Mesocosm Experiment Study[22][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Waters provide essential needs both for human societies as well as natural ecosystems. Floating solar PV (FPV) applications on water bodies are currently in strong demand worldwide. Floating solar PV system is a new concept in renewable energy with the solar plants by harnessing available water surface, such in dams, lakes, and other water bodies. Although the floating solar PV industry is becoming more and more popular, the study on the biological, chemical, and physical properties effects of using FPV cover on natural water coverage—especially in tropical countries—has not been widely carried out yet. This paper aimed to evaluate the effect of floating solar PV on temperature, DO (dissolved oxygen), TDS (total dissolved solids), total phosphorus concentration, and chlorophyll-a concentration using mesocosm experiments to understand the biological, chemical, and physical process under closed environment. The experiment was conducted in a natural water body, Mahoni Lake, in which a total amount of 7 water samples were collected from each mesocosms. The results show that the floating solar PV reduces the average temperature, DO, conductivity, TDS, and chlorophyll-a concentration changes (p-value < 0,05); and the floating solar PV does not directly reduce the average total phosphorus concentration due to high probability of thermal stratification (p-value > 0,05).

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Revie[edit | edit source]

  • DOES NOT DISCUSS FPV BENEFITS
  • DISCUSS IMPACT OF FPV ON WATER QUALITY
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW -> USEFUL IN DISCUSSION
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Green cottage power supply and floating solar power plant: A Techno-Economic analysis[23][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Iran's energy sector, which includes power generation, transportation, industry, buildings, and homes, is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Plans for efficient design and development of maximum power control systems aim to increase the share of renewable energy in electricity usage. Floating photovoltaic systems combine existing photovoltaic systems with a floating structure to generate clean energy and integrate existing dams to enhance power sources. The results indicate that installing a hybrid floating solar power plant at a level of more than 1 km2 over the dam reservoir's surface provides 194 GWh to 257 GWh of electricity per year. Installation floating photovoltaic plant would supply electricity for 2260 green cottages while also improving the environment and reducing water evaporation. Adding a floating solar power plant with 10% of the lake reservoir cover of six dams saves 70.7 million cubic meters of water per year which is enough to meet the annual needs of one million people. This study fills a research gap in the energy sector by studying the economics of hybrid renewable energy systems in Net-zero energy buildings.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • 2019 in Iran -> 96% electricity from fossil fuel
    • Evaporation in Iran -> 700mm/year
    • Reviewed past PV and FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • maximize use of local energy resources
      • design integrated FPV-hydro to supply green cottages on energy, minimize water evaporation, and keep a reliable
  2. Methods
    • Description of the Karun 4 dam
    • Meterological data from dam for 2000-2020 used
    • Software
      • PVSyst
      • AutoCAD
      • COMFAR + Minitab
    • Hydrodam at Karun 4
      • Power 250MW x 4
    • Economic analysis performed
    • Evaporation equation given -> method name not specified
    • System lifetime -> 25years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Weather data discussion provided
    • PV size -> 11MW
    • Modules -> yingli 365W / yl365d-36b
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evaporation reduction
    • land occupation reduction
  • INCONSISTENCIES IN PRESENTED RESULTS
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
11mw yingli 365W / yl365d-36b Karun 4 Dam, Iran 25 years 194 GWh/year 257 GWh/year

Floating solar PV to reduce water evaporation in water stressed regions and powering water pumping: Case study Jordan[24][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Water resources are essential for human consumption and food production. The extraction and delivery of water resources are highly dependent on energy. Hence water, energy and food security are inextricably linked, and this nexus constitutes a major global societal challenge. Furthermore, globally, irrigation constitutes around 70% of our freshwater resources, rising to 90% in developing countries. There are over 300 million drinking water and irrigation ponds globally where 90% of the world’s standing irrigation water resides. There is a need to conserve such resources, considering more than two thirds of the world’s population are currently experiencing water stress. Hence, this work tackles the conservation of such resources addressing two important issues related to energy and water, thereby addressing elements of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Its considered approach is the use of floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology implemented on irrigation reservoirs to conserve water by reducing evaporation losses whilst providing sustainable electricity at enhanced yield that can be utilised locally. For the study, we selected an arid and water stressed region of Jordan where real-world water and energy consumption data were available. Various floating PV (FPV) system configurations were modelled for installation on an irrigation reservoir where currently no FPV exists. A fixed tilt 300 kWp FPV system was found to be the optimum design in terms of water savings, energy yield, economics, and reductions in CO2 emissions. Standard floating PV was deemed the preferred option compared to ground-mounted PV and FPV with tracking and/or active cooling. System payback period for the recommended design was 8.4 years with an annual greenhouse gas emission reduction of ∼ 141TCO2. For the considered site, around 12,700 m3 of water can be saved annually or 42% savings when compared to the uncovered reservoir. This research has wider applicability to other arid regions such as Africa, Middle East, and the Indian Subcontinent.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Irrigation is largest water consumer
      • 70% water resources globally
      • 90% in developping countries
      • 60% in developed countries
    • Stats on water pond, globally
    • FPV as a soluition to water-energy-food
    • Reviewed past studies
      • FPV
      • FPV and water evaporation
      • Cost of FPV
    • Goal:
      • model FPV for irregation reservoir in arid climate conditions
      • compare fixed tilt FPV to GPV with tracking or active cooling
      • quantify evaporation reduction, CO2 emissions reduction, economics in a reservoir in Jordan
  2. Methods
    • Described Jordan water resources and energy production schemes
    • Software
      • Homer Pro -> system with best NPC
    • 4 case scenarios
      • reservoir with no PV
      • Small Footprint FPV
      • Large footprint FPV
      • Ground-mounted PV
    • System load -> 121.6 kWh/day
    • Investigated impact of tracking anf active cooling on GPV and FPV
    • Evaporation calculation -> Penman Monteith - different consideration for small footprint and large footprint FPV
    • GHG emissions - > equations provided
  3. Results and Discussion
    • PV size -> 300kWp
    • Presented evaporation result for each case scenario
    • CO2 emissions reduction
      • FPV compared to no FPV on lake (235.8 tCO2eq/year) - difference between FPV and no FPV given below
      • large footprint FPV -> 141 tCO2eq/year
      • small footprint FPV -> 133 tCO2eq/year
    • Energy production
      • small footprint FPV -> 467 MWh/year
      • large footprint FPV -> 463 MWh/year
    • Water savings
      • small footprint -> 7,500 m³/MWp or 3.2 m³/MWh
      • large footprint -> 42,000 m³/MWp or 27.5 m³/MWh
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation savings
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • calculated -> Penman Monteith
    • 3.2 - 27.5m­³/MWh
  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • calculated
    • 133 - 141 tCO2eq/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency Comments
300 kWp mono-cSi Jordan 20years 463 MWh/year 467MWh/year 17.1% Efficiency is product of PV efficiency and inverter efficiency

Potential Assessment and Performance Evaluation of a Floating Solar Photovoltaic on the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam[25][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The demand for electricity has increased rapidly in Ethiopia. Renewable energy sources such as solar PV are being used to respond to the power demand and cover a small percentage of the country’s energy need. However, in Ethiopia, where the majority of the land is utilized for agriculture, the land required to generate solar PV power in a large scale is a significant barrier. Big dams, such as Great Ethiopia’s Renaissance Dam, can be used for a solar floating system to eliminate the need for land and transmission infrastructure. Due to its wider area covered by the reservoir, which is about 1,874,000,000 m2, the potential of the renaissance dam needs to be investigated for solar PV floating installation to meet the electricity demand in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors in Ethiopia. In addition, the cooling action of the water on the PV floating allows it to keep its efficiency and increase the power output from the panels. In this study, the performance of grid-connected floating PV systems was evaluated in terms of power generation potential, performance ratio, capacity utilization factor, greenhouse gas emissions, and water conservation. The power consumption of peoples living in the GERD generation site is nearly 1 MW. Though they get electricity through the grid, this study considers performance assessment of a 1 MW solar FPV with the intention of covering the energy need of the hydropower station itself and near rural communities. Modeling and simulation of the proposed FPV plant is done with the help of PVsyst software tool. Finally, the analysis reveals that the GERD has the FPV capability to generate 18,740 MW of maximum power, and its performance was assessed for a 1 MW grid-connected FPV system. The benefits of employing FPV in energy production, water conservation, CO2 emission reduction, and economic benefit are demonstrated in this study. Furthermore, the installation of 1 MW FPV saves 54.4 million liters of GERD water from evaporation per year, which benefits the Blue Nile’s downstream countries to conserve their share of water.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • High soiling potential => increase in PV land demand => solution: FPV
    • Highlighted benefits of water on PV
    • Description of major components of FPV
    • Description of FPV state of art in Africa, and Ethiopia
      • No significant FPV plant despite huge potential
    • Performed a review of past FPV studies resumed in a table
    • Compared a potential FPV system to a cmmisioned GPV system in Ethiopia
    • Goal:
      • design and analysis of grid-connected FPV
      • 10% coverage of water surface
  2. Methods
    • Location -> Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
    • PV system
      • size -> 1MW
      • Module: 400W / SR-M672400HL / 19.89%
      • Inverter: 98.9%
    • Software: PVSyst
    • PV design procedure explained
    • Ptovided equaitons for irradiation and performance factors calculation -> Performance Ratio; Capacity Utilization Factor
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Annual energy -> 9.549 MWh
    • Investment cost -> 425,245 USD/MW
    • CO2 emisisons reduction -> 7.81tCO2/MW for 20 years
    • Water saving -> 54.4 million liters of water /year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evaporation reduction
    • CO2 emisions reduction
    • transmission and distribution loss and cost reduction
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency Comment
1MW SR-M672400HL Ethiopia 20 9.549 MWh/year 19.67 Efficiency is the product of inverter and module efficiency

Techno-economic perspective of a floating solar PV deployment over urban lakes: A case study of NUST lake Islamabad[26][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Water bodies like small lakes, canals, and rivers in urban areas serve to be a way forward to deploy photovoltaic technology with no constraints to involve land procurement. This article aims to estimate the potential deployment of a floating photovoltaic system on an urban lake site to assess its scope and compare it with a similar specification on-ground photovoltaic system. System Advisor Model (SAM) has been used for techno-economic analysis of a site in Pakistan. The technical analysis involves observing the effect of real time temperature drop and calculation of water reduction efficiency for FPV systems. The economic parameters like net present value (NPV) and payback period are used to judge the economic feasibility of the floating photovoltaic deployment project. The floating photovoltaic deployment in an urban area is subject to soiling as the water reservoir being used exists in an area close to or within the city boundaries. The required cleaning water costs a one-time extraction rate of $1435, while for a floating photovoltaic system, the extraction cost is estimated to be $1.35. Under standard temperature conditions (STC) one-year capacity factor turns out to be 0.70% more, producing an additional energy yield of 64 kWh/kW for lake scenarios when a 10 °C temperature drop is considered. The total power potential for the entire NUST Lake turns out to be 4.47 MW. A 1 MW FPV system in NUST lake would result in a water reduction efficiency of 11.6%/year. Under standard temperature conditions, the net present value for the on-ground system becomes negative while it remains optimistic for the floating photovoltaic system as no land costs are required. Similarly, once the land cost is included in the feasibility analysis, the payback period for the on-ground system goes beyond 15 years which is only 5.37 years for a floating photovoltaic system signifying the economic feasibility of the floating photovoltaic project.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • 2.6 GW total capacity FPV in construction during 2020
    • FPV cost tnd to be > GPV
    • FPV cost can be reduced through addiitonal services:
      • water saving
      • land saving
      • combination with hydro
    • Review of FPV systems around the world
    • Economic parameters for FPV feasibility
      • LCOE
      • Payback period
      • NPV
    • Description of the energy production resources in Pakistan -> 5% from renewables
    • Goal:
      • perform techno-economic analysis of FPV on NUST lake
      • 100kW FPV compared to 100kW GPV, including cleaning
  2. Methods
    • Description of the case study site
      • NUST lake -> classified as non-utilizable
      • 100kW GPV exists already
    • PV system
      • Modules: poly-cSi / 385W / 19.66%
      • System Efficiency -> 16.87% (included all losses from SAM)
      • Lifetime -> 25years
    • Software-> SAM
    • Description of the system design in SAM
    • Description of cleaning schedule and water requirement -> equation provided for water pump power requirement
    • Financial comparison methods explained
  3. Results and Discussion
    • System designed capacity -> 102.5kWp
    • Power generation potential of entire lake (area1 + area2) -> 4.47MW (not analyzed)
    • Water evaporation calculation explained -> equation provided
      • 1.17% evaporation reduction efficiency -> 35,100 litres
    • data of the power consumption of pumping system provided
    • Compared FPV and GPV performance -> data provided (not useful for the review)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water savings
    • land savings
  • Water evaporation prevention
    • calculated -> unnamed method
    • 35,100 litres (periodicity unspecified)
  • Environemtal impacts reduction
    • Not quantified
  • Land savings
    • Not quantified
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency Comments
100 kW poly-cSi Islamabad, Pakistan 25years 6.167 MWh/year 7.995 MWh/year 16.87%
  • energy difference comes from sensitivity in temperature profiles
  • efficiency was calculated considering PV efficiency and various losses

The greenest solar power? Life cycle assessment of foam-based flexible floatovoltaics[27][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This study presents a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a 10 MW foam-based floatovoltaics (FPV) plant installed on Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S. A material inventory of the flexible crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based module involved massing and determination of material composition of the module's encapsulation layers with ATR/FTR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The LCA was performed using SimaPro and the results were interpreted in terms of cumulative energy demands, energy payback time, global warming potential, GHG emissions, and water footprint including negative values for reduced evaporation. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the lifetime of the modules and the foam-based racking. The results show that the 30 year lifetime foam-based FPV system has one of the lowest energy payback times (1.3 years) and the lowest GHG emissions to energy ratio (11 kg CO2 eq per MW h) in c-Si solar PV technologies reported to date. In addition, the foam-based FPV system also had 5 times less water footprint (21.5 m3 per MW h) as compared to a conventional pontoon-based FPV (110 m3 per MW h). The lifetime of the foam-based racking does not affect the result, while the lifetime of the modules has a significant effect on the lifecycle impacts of the foam-based FPV plant. Foam-based FPV has a net positive impact on the environment for CO2 emissions and energy consumption if its lifetime is above 7.4 years and the technology has the potential to become the greenest c-Si-based solar PV technology if the lifetime of the modules can be guaranteed for at least 26.6 years. Future work is needed to determine the lifetimes of these systems and expand them.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Reviewed past PV LCA studies
    • PV better than cola for CO2 emisison, but land use still high => solution: FPV
    • Not much literature on FPV LCA
    • PV racking not decreasing as other PV components
      • 8% total PV cost in utility-scale
      • 8-23% totla cost in small GPV
    • Goal:
      • determine environmental impact of foam-based FPV
      • cradle-to-grave analysis of 10MW FPV
      • Analysis of EBPT, CO2PBT, waterfootprint
  2. Methods
    • Provided full description of LCA process
      • Goal and scope
      • Life cycle inventory (LCI)
      • impact assesments methods
    • Goal and scope
      • FU -> 650GWh delivered to the grid
      • Lifetime -> 30 years
    • LCI
      • Full material inventory provided
      • Material analysis using electron microscopy and FTIR
    • Impact assessment methods
      • EPBT -> Cumulative energy demand
      • CO2PBT -> Global Warming Potential
      • Water consumption -> Water Scarecity Index
    • Sensitivity on PV and foam lifetime
    • Software -> Simapro
  3. Results and Discussion
    • EPBT -> 1.3years
    • CO2PBT ->0.82 years
    • Water savings -> 3.4 millions m³
    • CO2 emissions reducitons -> 266.51 ktons CO2eq
    • Sensitivity analysis performed with results
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation savings
    • Simulated -> Simapro
    • 3.4 millions m³ in 30years
  • CO2 emisisons reducitons
    • Simulated Simapro
    • 266.51 ktons CO2eq
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
10MW mono-cSi Lake Mead, Nevada, USA 30 650.3 GWh/30years 20.9%

Foam-based floatovoltaics: A potential solution to disappearing terminal natural lakes[28][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Terminal lakes are disappearing worldwide because of direct and indirect human activities. Floating photovoltaics (FPV) are a synergistic system with increased energy output because of water cooling, while the FPV reduces water evaporation. This study explores how low-cost foam-based floatovoltaic systems can mitigate the disappearance of natural lakes. A case study is performed on 10%–50% FPV coverage of terminal and disappearing Walker Lake. Water conservation is investigated with a modified Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration method and energy generation is calculated with an operating temperature model experimentally determined from foam-based FPV. Results show FPV saves 52,000,000 m3/year of water and US$6,000,000 at 50% FPV coverage. The FPV generates 20 TWh/year of renewable energy, which is enough to offset all coal-fired power plants in Nevada thus reducing carbon-emission based climate forcing partially responsible for a greater rate of disappearance of the lake. The results of this study, which is the first of its kind, indicate foam-based FPV has potential to play a crucial role in mitigation efforts to prevent the disappearing of natural lakes worldwide.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • FPV system description + advantages
    • Reviewed past PV and FPV studies
    • Described a terminal lake and their economical importance
    • Goal:
      • explores how foam-based FPVcan be used in lake evaporation mitigation
      • Example case of Walker Lake
      • Estimated evaporation and energy generation
      • Economic implications
  2. Methods
    • Data collection and cleaning from Walker Lake
    • Water evaporation model description -> Penmane Monteith with equations
    • PV System
      • Module: mono-cSi / SPR-E-Flex /23%
      • Temperature model -> adpated from Kamuyu
      • Energy calculaiton equations provided and explained
    • Economic implication evaluation explained using local cost of water and energy
    • Lake coverage varied between 10 - 50%
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Annual water evaporation rate -> 1156 mm
    • Energy production
      • 10% coverage -> 4TWh
      • 50% coverage -> 20TWh
    • Water savings
      • 10% coverage -> 10 millions m³
      • 50% coverage -> 52 millions m³
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • CO2 emisisons offset
  • Water evaporation savings
    • Calculated -> Penman Monteith
    • 10 - 52 millions m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency Comments
10km² 50km² mono-cSi Walker Lake, Nevada, USA 1 year analysis 4TWh/year 20TWh/year 20.34% Efficiency is the product of PV efficiency and various losses

Optimal Power Scheduling of Hydropower with Co-Located Floating Solar and Wind Generation Using Stochastic Weight Tradeoff Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization[29][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The increased use of solar and wind power generation worldwide has elevated the frequency and voltage regulation concerns due to their intermittent nature. Installing floating solar PV panels (FPV) and wind (WT) farms, at the same location as hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), should present a much cheaper option than using a battery storage. However, the operating strategy for the new co-located power plant needs to be revised from the conventional HPP operation. Hence, a novel optimal power scheduling strategy for co-located FPV-WT-HPP power plant using stochastic weight tradeoff chaotic particle swarm optimization (SWTC-PSO) is proposed in this paper. The objective is to either maximize the upper reservoir water or minimize the spill water. Test results obtained on the system with five major HPPs, two thermal, and one combined-cycle power plants ascertain that the proposed method can generate a significant amount of reservoir water saving up to 30%, which can later be used in the high demand period. The solar and wind energy penetration can be increased by up to 28% without disturbing frequency and voltage regulation using the co-located approach. Finally, the proposed modified HPP controller that uses the feedback signals from FPV and WT, can smooth out the combined co-located plant power output, leading to a dispatchable and firm power generation solution.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Present hydropower plants (hpp) as alternative for battery stroage in PV and wintd turbines (WT)
    • Mentioned advantages of combining PV, WT, and HPP
    • Reviewed studies in optimiation of HPP-PV and HPP-PV-WT systems
    • Goal:
      • analysis of HPP-PV-WT system in Thailand
      • Use of Stochastic Weight Tradeoff Chaotic Particle Swarm Optimization (SWTC-PSO) for dispatch
      • Proposed a revised HPP controller design
  2. Methods
    • Optimization problem formulation -> equations provided
      • reservoir water maximization
      • spill water minimization
    • Description of SWTC-PSO -> equation provided for the current problem
    • Step-by-step procedure provided
    • Gave a table with different types of systems at different locations
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Provided performance results of optimizaiton using different optimizers
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Metioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
    • land occupation reduction
  • Does not clearly estimate any additional benefits
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
Thailand

Assessment of the potential of floating solar photovoltaic panels in bodies of water in mainland Spain[30][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This article presents the potential of floating photovoltaic solar energy in Spain, a country with a high solar energy resource and a large water surface area for its deployment, for the first time. Geodata for natural, artificial, and highly modified bodies of freshwater, along with environmental geospatial datasets, were used to calculate electricity generation, taking into account the positive water-cooling effect. The results revealed that Spain could meet about 31% of its electricity demand by covering only 10% of the available water surface area. Deployment of the country's full floating photovoltaic potential could reduce non-renewable electricity generation by 81% and greenhouse gas emissions by 6%, thereby helping to meet the European Union 2030 target. Spanish regions could benefit from this renewable energy, not only by reducing their dependence on non-renewable resources, but also by balancing their electricity generation and demand. The potential of this renewable energy technology is higher in southern regions and particularly in Extremadura, where the electricity generation potential is three times the electricity demand. A detailed analysis of the floating photovoltaic potential in three dam reservoirs, the Borbollón, La Pedrera and Guadalcacín, is also presented for four coverage scenarios. The results highlight the importance of including water depth restrictions on floating photovoltaic module operation and variations in reservoir water level in future assessments, rather than simply applying a fixed percentage of coverage.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Provided stats on European renewable energy goals -> emphasis on Spain
    • Describe FPV -> highlighted inconvenience of when the water body is dry
    • Advantages of FPV
      • water evaporation reduction
      • algae growth reduction
    • Reviewed synergies b/w FPV and other activities:
      • pumped storage
      • compressed air storage
      • wave energy
      • water heating systems
    • LCOE FPV > GPV -> (50.3 - 96.2) VS (35 - 40) €/MWh
    • Offshore FPV still limited
    • Review of past FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • Assessment of national and regional FPV electricity in Spain
      • Varied coverage ration and tilt angle
  2. Methods
    • Geographical description of Spain and iots water bodies
    • Water bodies selection process -> 3 dam reservoirs human-made
    • Described the specs of a suitable reservoir for FPV deployment
      • Coerage ratio highly influenced by water level
    • Electricity generation calculation equations provided
      • Used Kamuyu model for cell temperature
    • PV Specs
      • mono-cSI
      • Efficiency: 19.3%
      • P: 375W
    • Performace metrics: CF, LCOE, Energy yield, GHG reduction
    • Description of data sources
  3. Results and Discussion
    • 10% coverage of water bodies (unclear if it's all or the selected 3)
      • 80TWh/year
      • 6% GHG emisisons reduction
    • Provided detailed on CF, LCOE, and energy yield for different scenarios
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation reduction
    • algae growth reduciton
  • CO2 emisison reduction
    • estimation method -> unknown
    • 6%
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
419.4km² mono-cSi Spain (Various locations) 80TWh/year 19.3%

Assessment of floating solar photovoltaic potential in India’s existing hydropower reservoirs[31][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The hydropower share of the Indian electrical sector has declined significantly over time, and a greater reliance on the complementation of thermoelectric power plants to meet energy demand. This issue has led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which has exacerbated climate change and altered rainfall regimes in numerous sections of the country, as well as increased potential evapotranspiration. Installing floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) plants in existing hydropower reservoirs would increase the hydropower share and reduce evaporation losses. FSPV is also assisting the country in meeting the net-zero carbon emission target and India's rapidly rising population's current and future energy needs. Using very accurate water surface data from the country's 117 hydroelectric reservoirs, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential of FSPV installations in Indian hydropower reservoirs. In addition to electricity generation, CO2 savings and evaporation savings are calculated. The additional hydropower generated, as well as the number of people who could be able to benefit due to these water savings, are also estimated at reservoir level for four different scenarios considering pontoon type of floating structure. The results show that with total coverage of less than 4% area of hydroelectric reservoirs, existing hydropower plants can double their installed power capacity and increase their electricity output by 52%, producing an additional 66.56 TWh per year. In this case, water savings could total 837 million m3/year, resulting in a 1.566 TWh of additional annual hydroelectricity generation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Stats on India energy productionresources
      • Descrease of hyfro share in India: 46% -> 12% b/w 1966 - 2022
    • description of water cycles and water resources in India
    • Increase demand of energy due to population => conflict b/w PV deployment agriculture land, and shelter
    • Description of FPV and benefits associated -> synergy with hydro plants
    • Reviewed past FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • FPV development with integration to hydro
  2. Methods
    • Selection criteria -> hydro > 25MW => 117 hydroplants selected (total of 11,1221.97 km²)
    • FPV design
      • poly-cSi
      • 330Wp/module
      • 10° tilt angle
    • Metrics -> equations provided:
      • energy generation
      • PR
      • CO2 reducction -> ue of life cycle emisisons for carbon balance calculation
      • water savings -> Penman-Monteith formula
    • Evaluated additional hydro power production
    • Four scenarios
      • 1% coverage
      • 5% coverage
      • 10% coverage
      • PV_cap = Hydro_cap
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Power: 10.9GW - 109.93GW
    • Energy: 17.458 TWh/year - 174.59 TWh/year
    • Evaporation savings: 237.30 mcm - 2324.55mcm
    • CO2 emissions avoided: 13.68 millions tons/year - 137.14 millions tons /year
    • Additional hydro Capacity: 248.13 GWh - 2432.43 GWh -
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • avoid land conflict
    • water evaporaton reduciton
    • algae growth redcution -> water quality improvement
  • Evaporation savings
    • Calculation -> Penman Monteith
    • 237.30 - 2324.55 mcm/year
  • CO2 emisisons avoided
    • Calculated -> carbon balance
    • 13.68 - 137.14 millions tons/year
  • Additional Hydro Capacity
    • Calculated
    • 248.13 - 2432.43 GWh
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
10.9GW 109.93GW poly-cSi India (various locations) 17.458 TWh/year 174.59TWh/year

Thermal and electrical performance of solar floating PV system compared to on-ground PV system-an experimental investigation[32][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) is a relatively new concept for producing clean green energy. This study presents the results of an experimental investigation of a small-scale FPV system. The goal is to evaluate and compare the thermal and electrical performances of mono and polycrystalline photovoltaic modules used in FPV with those of On Ground PV (OPV) systems with a similar nominal capacity. To accomplish this, a test bench consisting of an FPV and an OPV system has been established. The results show that when the water body is partially covered with a Floating PV system, water evaporation is reduced by 17%. And it is reduced by around 28% when fully covered. It was also found that water bodies provide an adequate cooling effect. Lowering the front temperature of Floating PV modules by 2–4% and the back temperature by 5–11% compared to similar On-ground PV modules. Thermal imaging revealed that at 0 degrees of tilt, the front temperatures of the modules are uniform. Still, as the tilt increases, a temperature gradient is observed between the bottom and middle parts of the modules. In addition, an experimental test was performed to compare the power generation of Floating PV at varying tilt angles. The test results show that the Floating PV system produces the most energy when installed at the annual optimal tilt angle. As a result, for FPV, adjusting the Photovoltaic panels to their optimized tilt angle is also recommended. While Floating PV system produces 20–28% more energy than the on-ground PV system at 0°as compared to the optimal tilt angle.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • PV systems -> high land to energy ratio -> 10,000 m²/MW
    • Reviewed FPV studies + benefits
      • algae growth reduction -> water quality improvement
      • water evaporation reduction
      • higher efficiency
      • low contribution to global warming
    • Compared FPV to GPV
    • Evaporation redcution depends on water surface coverage
    • Hghlights challenges of FPV systems
    • Goal:
      • Propose a test-bench for FPV
      • Evaporation, gunidity, and thermal analysis
      • mono and poly - cSi
  2. Methods
    • Arduino logger for data collection on pond simulator
    • Test bench and targets described
    • mono and poly PV used
    • Data collected: metrological parameters (ambient temperature, relative humidity, water temperature), electrical parameters (current, voltage, and power), PV module temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, ambient temperature, and relative humidity
    • Different tilt angles tested; Different pond coverage tested
    • PVC water basin used as pond simulator
    • Measuring station components lists provided
    • Thermal imaging for hotspots
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Evaporation reduction
      • Initial water qty -> 2605.754 litres
      • Evaporation no cover -> 199.1 litres (base case)
      • evaporation partial coverage: 168 litres (17% savings)
      • evaporation full coverage: 150 litres (28% savings)
    • Reported weather data
    • Provided data on PV temperature and thermal behaviour
      • heat loss coefficient of FPV -> 22W/m²K
    • Power conversion evaluated
      • 8% - 35.9% more enegry compared to GPV depending on tilt angle
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • algae growth reduction -> water quality improvement
    • water evaporation reduction
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • Measured experimentally
    • 17 - 28% reduction
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
80W mono/poly - cSi Pakistan

Floating solar photovoltaic as virtual battery for reservoir based hydroelectric dams: A solar-hydro nexus for technological transition[33][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This paper presents a policy approach for the technological transition from hydropower to green energy in developing countries. Conventional electricity generation technologies have proven to be a burden on the economy of a country, as they have to depend on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs, such as diesel and gasoline. Pakistan has been taken as a case study to show the growing electricity demand of a developing country that implores major technological initiation. This serves as the assessment of suitability and resource regarding the installation of floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) on reservoirs of hydroelectric dams, thus acting as a virtual battery. Generation from FSPV can complement the hydropower generation in the dry period, consequently meeting the peak demand. In real-time, by employing both technologies at the same substation, hydropower covers the intermittency issues of floating PV technology by improving power quality. Seven dams selected for this study have been analyzed based on their percentage surface area of the reservoir for electricity generation, water conservation, and emission reduction. Tarbela dam has been further analyzed for demonstrating the virtual battery effect by improving the electricity generation profile. The proposed approach meets the electricity needs of about 15.5% of the total population and serves the water need of 2.3 million people in the country.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Review Paper
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Adoption of floating solar photovoltaics on waste water management system: a unique nexus of water-energy utilization, low-cost clean energy generation and water conservation[34][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Scarcity of land coupled with rising land price is detrimental in developing large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants. A practical alternative is to develop floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) systems, where the PV modules are floated on water. Technical assessment and feasibility study of FSPV systems are not well addressed. This paper presents the adoption of FSPV system on waste water treatment systems as large water surfaces are available. An experiment was performed to determine the performance of FSPV system in outdoor conditions, and it revealed that the FSPV module performed with 9.84% higher efficiency than land-based PV (LBPV) module. A feasibility study and techno-economic analysis of 15 MW FSPV system are presented and compared with a similar LBPV system. Results show that the FSPV plant will supply 26,465.7 MWh of energy annually to the grid and operate with performance ratio (PR) of 86.7%. The FSPV system will also save 7,884,000 m3 of water by reducing evaporation and the reduction in CO2 emission will be 518,943.4 tCO2. Financial analysis of the FSPV system reveals that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is 0.047 $/kWh which is 7.84% lower than LBPV system. Comparison of the FSPV system and a similar LBPV system reveals that the social and economic performance of the FSPV system is better than the LBPV system. The results will help the policymakers in making conversant decisions toward developing FSPV projects and also help wastewater plants to shift toward sustainable practices.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Reviewed GPV studies and ideal installation conditions -> highlighted limitations
      • high land prices hinders PV deployment
    • Highlights FPV adavantages
      • performance improvement
      • evaporation reduction
      • algae bloom control
    • Reviewed waste water treatments
    • Discusses energy policy in India
    • Goal:
      • Compare FPV performance to GPV
      • Case study -> 15MW FPV on Kolkata wetlands
  2. Methods
    • Explained PV energy modeling + performance metrics
    • Environmental performance with equation provided
    • water evaporation -> Penman-Monteith
    • Economic performance -> LCOE
    • Explained power scenario in India
    • Used small-scale experimental data
      • PV power -> 100W
      • Efficiency -> 14.72%
    • Sites election explained
    • Explained load calculations and electrical design procedure
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Provided data on both FPV and GPV
      • Size 15MW
      • Lifetime -> 25 years
      • Energy FPV -> 26.47 GWh/year
      • Energy GPV -> 14.12 GWh/year
    • Water saving FPV -> 315,360 m³/year
    • Co2 emisisons reduciton
      • FPV -> 24,772 tCO2/year
      • GPV -> 22,665 tCO2/year
    • Economic analysis results explained
    • Policy recommenrs
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentione in Intro
    • evaporation reduction
    • algae bloom control
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • calculated -> Penman Monteith
    • 315,360 m³/year
  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • calculated
    • 24,722 tCO2eq/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
15MW poly-cSi Kolkata 25 26.47 GWh/year 14.72%

Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs[35][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Growing global energy use and the adoption of sustainability goals to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning are increasing the demand for clean energy, including solar. Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems on reservoirs are advantageous over traditional ground-mounted solar systems in terms of land conservation, efficiency improvement and water loss reduction. Here, based on multiple reservoir databases and a realistic climate-driven photovoltaic system simulation, we estimate the practical potential electricity generation for FPV systems with a 30% coverage on 114,555 global reservoirs is 9,434 ± 29 TWh yr−1. Considering the proximity of most reservoirs to population centres and the potential to develop dedicated local power systems, we find that 6,256 communities and/or cities in 124 countries, including 154 metropolises, could be self-sufficient with local FPV plants. Also beneficial to FPV worldwide is that the reduced annual evaporation could conserve 106 ± 1 km3 of water. Our analysis points to the huge potential of FPV systems on reservoirs, but additional studies are needed to assess the potential long-term consequences of large systems.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Emphasized the need of renewables to curb global warming
    • Highlighted the drawbacks of GPV
      • Large area rewuirement => land conflict
      • routine cleaning => high water requirement
      • heat-induced voltage losses in warmer climates
    • FPV advantages
      • close to dwellings
      • no land use
      • cooling effect
      • evaporation reduction
    • Provided stats on FPV; 1.3GWp in 2018; 4.8 GW expected 2016
    • Reviewed pass location-based FPV studies => no study looked at FPV globally
    • Goal:
      • assess potential of FPV globally under realistic climate conditions
      • energy generation perspective + water conservation perspective
  2. Methods
    • FPV coverage -> 30%
    • Number of water bodies -> 114,555 -> total area: 556,111 km²
    • Water bodies > 0.01 km²
    • Data base used for water bodies
      • GRanD
      • GeoDar
      • OSM
    • PV systems <= 30 km²
    • Environemental database:
      • SYN1deg
      • ERA5-Land
      • data from 2001 - 2020
    • PV performance model -> PV_LIB, Sandia National Lab
    • Evaporation model -> Penma Monteith
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV Potential globally:
      • Range: 4,300 - 11,000 TWh/year
      • Mean values -> 9,434 ± 29TWh
    • Some developing countries -> FPV Potential > current electricity demands
    • Evaporation reduction:
      • 46 ± 3% per reservoir
      • qty worldwide -> 106 ± 1 km³/year
    • Hydropower generation improvement -> 3,992 ± 13 TWh/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ..

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • land use reduction
    • evaporation reducion
  • Evaporation reduction
    • calculated -> Penman Monteith
    • 105 - 107 km³/year (43 - 49% /reservoir)
  • Hydropower generation improvement
    • Quantification method -> unknown
    • 3,992 ± 13 TWh/year
  • Land occupation reduction
    • not quantified
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
556,111 km² Panasonic VBHN 235SA06B Worldwide 4,300 TWh/year 11,000 TWh/year

Benefits of pairing floating solar photovoltaics with hydropower reservoirs in Europe[36][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Achieving carbon-neutrality is increasing the demand of renewable electricity which is raising the competition for land and associated acquisition costs. Installation of floating photovoltaic (FPV) on existing hydropower reservoirs offers one solution to limited land availability while providing solar electricity, leveraging water bodies, and reducing water evaporation losses. This work assesses the potential electricity output of FPVs at regional and national levels on 337 hydropower reservoirs in the EU27 considering four scenarios and two types of floaters. Evaporation, water losses and water savings due to FPVs installation are also estimated using climatic parameters for the year 2018. The reservoirs' total water losses are estimated at 9380 mcm. The installation of FPVs of equal installed capacity as the hydropower plants, has the potential to generate 42.31 TWh covering 2.3% of the total reservoir area. In this case, up to 557 mcm could be saved by installing FPV. The FPVs' multiple benefits and the potential offered by existing hydropower reservoirs are compatible with the EU's goals for net zero emissions and more autonomy from imported fossil fuels and energy transformation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Reviewed international stats on climate change goals and location-based FPV studies
    • FPV advantages
      • cooling effect
      • land occupation reduction + reduction of associated costs
      • hydropower generation improvement
    • Described FPV potential in Europe
    • Goal:
      • estimate electricity outputfrom FPV in EU 27 hydropower reservoirs + water savings
      • Use of 2 different type of floating structure
      • Regional and national scale
  2. Methods
    • Databases:
      • JRC Database for hydro. Criteria >= 5MW -> 1433 plants
      • Reservoirs -> GRanD. Criteria: outside Natura 2000; mus have Hydro => 337
      • Global surface Water Dataset (GSW)
      • EMO-5
    • Scenarios
      • coverage: 1%, 10%, and 100%
      • capacity PV = Capacity Hydro
    • Software:
      • PVGIS
      • LISVAP + LISFLOOD model -> water evap
    • PV
      • cSi
      • efficiency -> 20%
    • Config
      • horizontal modules
      • Optimal tilt, south facing
      • 10° tilt, south facing
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV potential -> 13.5TWh - 1629.3TWh
    • FPV power: 30 - 16087 GW
    • Water savings -> 457 mcm - 9381 mcm
    • Cost comparison performed
    • Highlights limitation of FPVS
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • FPV advantages
    • land occupation reduction + reduction of associated costs
    • hydropower generation improvement
  • Water evaporation reduciton
    • estimated
    • 457 mcm - 9381 mcm/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
30 GW 16,087 GW cSi Eu27 13.5TWh/year 1629.3 Twh/year 20%

Benefits of pairing floating solar photovoltaics with hydropower reservoirs in Europe[37][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Achieving carbon-neutrality is increasing the demand of renewable electricity which is raising the competition for land and associated acquisition costs. Installation of floating photovoltaic (FPV) on existing hydropower reservoirs offers one solution to limited land availability while providing solar electricity, leveraging water bodies, and reducing water evaporation losses. This work assesses the potential electricity output of FPVs at regional and national levels on 337 hydropower reservoirs in the EU27 considering four scenarios and two types of floaters. Evaporation, water losses and water savings due to FPVs installation are also estimated using climatic parameters for the year 2018. The reservoirs' total water losses are estimated at 9380 mcm. The installation of FPVs of equal installed capacity as the hydropower plants, has the potential to generate 42.31 TWh covering 2.3% of the total reservoir area. In this case, up to 557 mcm could be saved by installing FPV. The FPVs' multiple benefits and the potential offered by existing hydropower reservoirs are compatible with the EU's goals for net zero emissions and more autonomy from imported fossil fuels and energy transformation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • ALREADY REVIEWED
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

A sound potential against energy dependency and climate change challenges: Floating photovoltaics on water reservoirs of Turkey[38][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Energy security and climate change are among the top priority challenges for Turkey. High dependency on imported resources jeopardizes the economy, especially with high currency rate and conflicts in neighboring countries from where Turkey imports its energy. Besides, Turkey has already started to experience the impacts of climate change such as increasing temperature along with drought. Floating photovoltaics have proven themselves to be quite efficient in energy production, with evaporation reduction as a positive externality. The purpose of this article is to reveal the possible capacity of floating photovoltaics on constructed water reservoirs of Turkey and draw policy perspectives against existing or anticipated challenges. A total of 4,003 reservoirs were analyzed based on different water surface coverage scenarios. The results of the study proposed 125 TWh electricity generation, slightly above 40% of the nation-wide electricity demand, when 10% of suitable reservoirs were covered. This generation would be highly instrumental in reducing energy dependency and substituting renewables for conventional resource uses. Avoided CO2, thanks to this substitution, was calculated to be 77.1 Mton equivalent. This would obviously be favorable in light of the carbon emission reduction policy of the country and Paris Agreement requirements. Moreover, 1,242.1 hm3 freshwater was assessed to save resources from evaporation loss, which would help to mitigate the climate change pressure on water resources.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • FPV growth rate -> 140% annually worldwide / 2.2GW total in 2019
    • FPV advantages
      • CO2 emisisons reduction
      • water evaporation reduction
      • higher energy efficiency
      • algae growth reduction
      • quick installation
      • synergy with hydro infrastructures
      • possibl erosion prevention
      • transmisison and distribution cost curbing
    • Reviewed studies mentioning each benefit
    • Overviwe of location-based FPV studies => no universally accepted method or regulation for determining country-wide FPV potential
    • Goal:
      • propose model of a functional FPV country-wide
      • Case study -> Turkey
  2. Methods
    • Description of Turkey's geography + energy resources
    • DEscription of legislation and technicla aspects of FPV in Turkey
    • Reservoirs selection criteria explained => 2,755 reservoirs ->
    • Energy generation calculation equations provided
    • Water cooling effect considered -> 15% more power generation
    • Evaporation calculation equation provided
    • CO2 emissions calculation equation shown
    • 6 Scnerarios: 5% - 30% coverage in 5% increment
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Results summarized in Table 3
    • Power -> 34.2 GW - 209.6 GW
    • Energy -> 61,522.5 GWh - 377,239.1 GWh
    • Water Savings -> 621.1 hm³ - 3,591.8 hm³
    • Co2 emissions avoided -> 38.1 Mton - 233.8 Mton
    • Periodicity not specified -> annual considered
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • water evaporation reduction
    • algae growth reduction
    • synergy with hydro infrastructures
    • possibl erosion prevention
    • transmisison and distribution cost curbing
  • Co2 emissions reduction
    • calculated
    • 38.1Mton/year - 233.8Mton/yesr
  • Water savings
    • calculated
    • 621.1 hm³ - 3,591.8 hm³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
34.2 GW 209.6 GW Turkey - countrywide 62,522 GWh/year 377,239.1 GWh

Reliability of Emergency Water Supply for a Reservoir and Enhancement through Floating Photovoltaics in a Long-Distance Water Diversion Project[39][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

An emergency water supply is occasionally necessary for a reservoir; its reliability should be investigated. The operation schemes of reservoirs mainly consider the long-term normal water supply; the emergency water supply has been less studied. Floating photovoltaics (FPVs) can be set on the open canals of water diversion projects (WDPs) to decrease evaporation loss and save water for the emergency water supply for connected reservoirs, the effects of which must be quantified. Thus, a framework of reliability for the emergency water supply of a reservoir (REWS) is proposed in this study, including stochastic simulation of reservoir operation schemes, a set of objectives for an emergency water supply, and quantification of the REWS. The Danjiangkou reservoir (DR) is considered as a case study; it is the water source of the Han River and middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSNWDP). The effects of FPV coverage above the MRSNWDP on water evaporation and the REWS have been reported. The results show that the REWSs are 37.6%, 45.5%, and 56.5%, respectively, for the average, 75% probability, and 95% probability water diversion schemes of the MRSNWDP. After setting the FPV system, the annual evaporation of the MRSNWDP was reduced to 1.15×10^7m³ (−74.7%), increasing the REWS to 49.6% (+12.0%), 53.4% (+7.9%), and 61.3% (+4.8%) for the average, 75% probability, and 95% probability water diversion schemes of the MRSNWDP, respectively. The REWS framework is useful for reservoir operation and water resource planning. FPV coverage is suggested for WDPs with open canals.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Benefits of reservoirs on rivers
      • power generation
      • flood control
      • navigation
      • waters supply
    • Review of optimization method for optimal reservoir operations
    • Increase need of emergy water supply in large reservoirs -> specific case of Danjiangkou
    • Definition of reliability of emergency water supply (REWS) of a reservoir
    • Water diverison projects decrease REWS of a reservoir
    • Review of FPV studies
    • Goal:
      • Use of FPV system for evaporation reduction
  2. Methods
    • Description of REWS framework
    • Method for evaporation calculation -> Penman-Monteith
      • open canal
      • FPV-covered
    • Danjiangkou reservoirs specs provided
    • Description of optimizaiton objectives
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV provided evaporation reduction of 74.7% -> 45.74 millions m³ saved annualy
    • water surface coverage unknown
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Used FPV as a dedicated water evaporation prevention tool
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • calculated -> Penman-Monteith
    • 74.7% (45.74 million m³/year)
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
China

Floating photovoltaics systems on water irrigation ponds: Technical potential and multi-benefits analysis[40][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic systems (FPV) can be a more sustainable alternative for the energy transition than ground-mounted photovoltaic systems, as they avoid occupying useable land and the power generation is more distributed. This paper presents the first study that calculates the FPV technical potential at the province/municipality level, focusing on water irrigation ponds, which it is a novelty in the literature that usually focuses on large water infrastructures in a national approach. In the province of Jaén (Spain), more than 3000 ponds dedicated to agricultural irrigation have been identified and their surface area and location was obtained. The results, calculated for each pond, reveal that, in a conservative scenario, in which only 25% of their surface area is covered, a minimum of 490 MWp can be installed, which can provide 251% of the province agricultural electricity consumption and 27% of the total electricity needs. This analysis has also been performed at the municipal level, where all possible FPV plants have been aggregated and compared with consumption that would be covered at this scale. Furthermore, this technology brings additional benefits, as it avoids the occupation of 12 km2 of useable land, 8.8·106 m3/year of water evaporated, while creating more than 7000 jobs.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Mentioned the necessity other aspects in energy planning other than techno-econo
    • Land-use conflicts hinders GPV deployment -> specifoc case of Spain
    • Possible solution -> FPV
    • FPV advantages
      • cost-sompetitive
      • absenc eof land aquisition cost
      • watyer evaporation reduciton
      • algae growth reduciton
      • higher yield VS GPV
      • climate change and stratification mitigation for waterbodies
    • Reviewed past studies in FPV
    • Goal:
      • Focused on FPV on irrigation ponds
      • multi-benefit estimation -> land occupation - electrcity demand matching - CO2 emissions reductions - evaporation reducitons - job creation
      • Province of Jaén - Spain
  2. Methods
    • Context of the Jaén province
      • Energy resources and usage
      • Irrigation ponds data
      • Artificial water bodies considered <=> avoding conflict with wildlife and fishing
    • Electrical performance simulation
      • tilt 5°
      • metric -> energy yield
      • Software -> SAM
    • Scenarios: 100% coverage; 50%, and 25%
    • CO2, land, jobs, and evaporation -> calculated by estimation
  3. Results and Discussion
    • 3177 ponds identified -> 16km² total
    • PV Size: 490MWp - 2.1 GWp
    • Energy -. 729GWh/year - 3142 GWh/year
    • FPV energy > (27.16% - 116.11%) of energy needs in the province
    • Land savings -> 12.13 km² - 54.48 km²
    • Avoided CO2 -> 0.29 - 1.14 MtCO2eq/year
    • Evaporation reduciton -> 8.81 - 35.23 m³/year
    • Joobs created -> 370 - 1480 (only jobs in O&M considered)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned Intro
    • absence of land aquisition cost
    • water evaporation reduciton
    • algae growth reduciton
    • climate change and stratification mitigation for waterbodies
  • Land Savings
    • estimated
    • 12.13 km² - 54.48 km²
  • Avoided CO2
    • estimated
    • 0.29 - 1.14 MtCO2eq/year
  • Evaporation reduction
    • estimated
    • 0.29 - 1.14 MtCO2eq/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
0.49 GWp 2.1 GWp Jaén - Spain 729 GWh/year 3142 GWh/year

System dynamics characterisation and synthesis of floating photovoltaics in terms of energy, environmental and economic parameters with WELF nexus sustainability features[41][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The invention of floatovoltaic technologies brought new meaning to the theoretical framing of sustainability as the technology delivers extended natural resource conservation benefits. However, planning assessments for this novel sustainable energy technology exposed knowledge gaps jeopardising global financial investments and regulatory approvals. Knowledge and methodological gaps cause inaccurate performance predictions in current geospatial-engineering modelling tools and fail to adequately quantify the diverse range of layered performance qualities and impacts of floating photovoltaics. This paper advances a geo-sensitive system dynamics framework to systemically integrate the energy, environmental and economic domain object functions in characterising the behaviour and sustainability of floating photovoltaic systems theoretically. The framework serves as computer logic in a geospatial digital twin to synthesise floatovoltaic operations to predict the technology’s sustainability impact and offset attributes in balanced scorecard metrics and water–energy–land–food nexus indicators. Experimental evaluations with the proposed framework in a real-world setting demonstrate the value of the holistically integrated framework in analytical floatovoltaic project appraisal and planning support. The results highlight significant advantages when comparing a 1000 m2 floatovoltaic system with a similar-sized conventional photovoltaic alternative, including a 19.3% lifetime energy gain, a carbon emission displacement of CO2e=5168t and a freshwater evaporation benefit of 983 kL. Predictive energy, environmental and economic modelling also offers water–energy–land–food–resource analysis parameters, thus delivering multi-attribute performance profiles that solve many of the current problems with the “technology unknowns” of floatovoltaics that impede energy project commissioning and licensing approvals.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • FPV advantages VS GPV
      • more CO2 savings
      • higher efficiency
      • land conservation
      • resource preservation -> water evaporation mitigation
    • No tool exisitng to design FPV and quantify benefits => confusion in stakeholders
    • need to develop such tools
    • Review of past studies -> design are site specific
    • Goal:
      • introduce new experimental theory and computer logic to quantify and profile FPV sustainability, eprformance and benefits in water-food-energy nexus
  2. Methods
    • Proposed new framework with technical - economical - environmental design
    • Case Study - South Africa
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV energy 246.37 GWh over 20 years
    • FPV generated 19.3% > energy than FPV
    • CO2 savings => Carbon tax income ZAR 969,000 / 5.1 ktons CO2 / 2.55tCO2/year
    • farmland preserved -> 1283 m²
    • Water preservation -> 1,320,000 litres -> 66,000 litres/year
    • Energy generation -> 116 MWh/year
    • Food preservation -> 2.1 tons/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • CO2 savings
    • estimated using framework
    • 2.55tCO2/year
  • Farland preserved
    • estimated using framework
    • 1283 m²
  • water preservation
    • estimated using framework
    • 66,000 litres/year
  • food preservation
    • estimated using framework
    • 2.1 tons/year
  • VERY USEFUL IN DISCUSSION - READ AGAIN WHEN WRITING
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
South Africa 20 years 116MWh/year

Energy economics and environmental assessment of hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic systems for cost-effective low-carbon clean energy generation[42][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The simultaneous escalation in energy consumption and greenhouse gases in the environment drives power generation to pursue a more sustainable path. Solar photovoltaic is one of the technologies identified as a possible source of clean, green, and affordable energy in the future. The vast land area occupied by solar photovoltaics to generate electricity suggests that large photovoltaic facilities be built on the water surface, serving the dual purpose of saving land, increasing efficiency and power output. Despite the remarkable geophysical conditions of India, the evaluation of floating solar photovoltaic power plants revealed little involvement in this technology. This research aims to offer a comprehensive technical and sustainable goal-based analysis to provide an efficient hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic system. In this paper, an assessment of a 96 megawatt power plant is done to show the economic and ecological benefits of a floating solar photovoltaic system. A comparison of land-based photovoltaic, floating solar photovoltaic, and hybrid hydel-floating solar photovoltaic is done to check the cost-efficiency and sustainability. The result indicates that the floating solar photovoltaics system produces 81.39 gigawatt-hour excess generation with 2.4% more energy yield compared to the land-based photovoltaic system. The total water saved is 69.4 mcm. The equivalent carbon reduction is 123,454.53 tons of CO2. The levelized cost of energy generation is 3.23 $/W, which is 2.3% less than the current price of electricity. The floating solar photovoltaic help in achieving sustainable development goals along with the protection of the ecological system.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fossil fuels -> 80% global energy sources, 2019
    • China and India -> major CO2 emissions contributors, 2022
      • 10,668 metric tons -> China
      • 2,442 metric tons -> India
    • Stats on glabal energy consumption
    • Describe solar PV resource in India
    • Reviewed past PV studies => highlighted PV Vs Land conflict
    • Reviewed FPV / FPV + Hydro studies
    • Described India SDG commitment and goals
    • Goal:
      • discusses economic, environmental aspects of installing hydel-FPV hybrid plant in India
      • Performance / economic ferasibility / water savings / CO2 savings / water qualiy
  2. Methods
    • Theory on solar cell PV conversion -> PV energy yield calculation
    • Hydropower generation calculation
    • Explained coordination b/w PV and hydel
    • Economic analysis method explained
      • LCOE used as metric
      • Lifetime -> 25 years
    • Evaporation modeling -> Penman-Monteith
    • Carbon reduction calculation method -> equation provided
    • India power sector overview
    • Site selection
      • Maithon dam reservoir
      • Total area 65 km²
      • Hydel power: 63.5MW -> 2x20 + 23.5
    • FPV
      • Power -> 96 MW
      • coverage -> 1.14%
      • Software -> SAM
      • Module Tech -> Vikram Solar SOMERA VSMH7540005 (maybe mono-cSi)
      • Module efficiency -> 20.01%
      • Inverter efficiency -> 98.4%
    • Ecocomics
      • cost of pontoons ->$0.14/W ->ref provided
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Annual energy -> 150.64 GWh
    • LCOE -> 3.23¢/kWh
    • Water savings -> 1650 litres/m²
    • CO2 savings -> 4938.18 tCO2/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evaporation prevention
  • Water savings
    • calculated -> Penman-Monteith
    • 1650 litres/m²/year
  • CO2 savings
    • calculated
    • 4938.18 tCo2/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency Comments
0.741 km² mono-cSi Jharkhand, India 25 year 150.64GWh/year 19.69% Efficiency is product of PV and invertr efficiencies

Assessment of the Potential of Installing Floating Photovoltaic Systems in Existing Water Reservoirs in Greece[43][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaics consists of a new and fast-growing technology worldwide. Installations of these novel green energy systems have not been developed so far in Greece. The aim of the current work is to investigate the potential of installing floating photovoltaic systems in Greek water bodies. The existing water reservoirs in Greece have been identified while their water surface that allows the installation of solar panels, the nominal power of the floating photovoltaics and the generated solar electricity have been estimated. The nominal power of floating photovoltaics which can be installed in the existing 128 water reservoirs in Greece covering 10% to 30% of their surface varies between 4.77 GWp to 14.31 GWp while the annual generated electricity at 6,435.2 GWh to 19,305.6 GWh corresponding at 12.40% to 37.20% of the total annual electricity consumption in the country. The annual water evaporation savings, due to installation of floating photovoltaics, have been calculated at 71.55 mil. M3 to 214.65 mil. M3 while the increased annual electricity gain at 321.76 GWh to 1,930.56 GWh. The results indicate that significant amounts of electricity can be generated with floating photovoltaics installed in water reservoirs in Greece. They could be useful to policy makers who are developing policies to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 in Greece and to energy companies who are willing to invest in these novel green energy technologies.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Overview of FPV systems
      • More expensive than GPV
    • Reviewed past FPV studies
    • FPV benefits
      • reduce land conflicts
      • water savings
      • higher yield
      • Additional hydro generation
    • Goal:
      • estimaton of FPV potential estimation in Greece
  2. Methods
    • Description of Greek water reservoirs
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy generation: 6.435 - 19.305 TWh/year
    • Land savings -> 57.19 - 171.58 km²
    • evaporation savings -> 71.55 - 214.65 millions m³/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • reduce land conflicts
    • water savings
    • Additional hydro generation
  • Land savings
    • Estimation methods -> unknown
    • 57.19 - 171.58 km²
  • evaporation savings
    • estimation method unknown
    • 71.55 - 214.65 millions m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
4.77 GWp 14.31GWp Greece 6,435.2 GWh/year 19,305.6 GWh/year

Integration of Floating Solar Photovoltaic Systems with Hydropower Plants in Greece[44][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating solar photovoltaics in water bodies is a novel clean energy technology which has been developed rapidly during the last decade. The current work investigates the possibility and the potential of installing floating photovoltaic systems in the existing hydropower plants in Greece. Studies related with the use of floating photovoltaics in water reservoirs in Greece are limited so far. The characteristics of the existing 24 hydropower plants in Greece have been used for the estimation of the solar photovoltaic systems which can be installed in their water reservoirs. It has been found that the nominal power of these solar energy systems which can be installed in their water reservoirs, covering 10% of their water surface, is at 3,861 MWp while the annual generated electricity at 5,212.35 GWh corresponding at 10.04 % of the annual electricity demand in the country. The capacity factor of the integrated solar and hydro power systems is increased by more than 20%. The research indicates that the existing hydropower plants in Greece can host, in their water dams, floating photovoltaic systems generating significant amounts of green electricity while they also result in many environmental benefits. These novel solar energy systems can contribute, together with other benign energy technologies, in the achievement of the national and EU target for net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Not much study on FPV in Greece
    • Reviewed Hydel-FPV studies
    • FPV benefits
      • land and water conservation
      • Energy imbalance reduction
      • Additinal hydro generation
    • Reviewed FPV and climate change in Greece
    • Goal:
      • estimate FPV potential on Greek hydel plant
  2. Methods
    • Description of eisiting hydel plant in Greece
      • qty -> 24
      • Power: b/w 1MW and 400 MW -> Total: 3.365 GW
      • Total volume -> 386.19 km²
    • FPV
      • Coverage -> 10%
      • Power -> 3.861 GWp
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy generation -> 5.212 TWh/year
    • Land savings -> 46.34 km²
    • Water savings -> 57.91 millions m³/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentined in Intro
    • land conservation
    • water conservation
    • Energy imbalance reduction
    • Additinal hydro generation
  • Land savings
    • Estimation methods -> unknown
    • 46.34 km²
  • evaporation savings
    • estimation method unknown
    • 57.91 millions m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
3.861 GWp Greece 5,212.35 GWh/year

Analysis and Prioritization of the Floating Photovoltaic System Potential for Reservoirs in Korea[45][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the most promising renewable energies in the world due to its ubiquity and sustainability. However, installation of solar panels on the ground can cause some problems, especially in countries where there is not enough space for installation. As an alternative, floating PV, with advantages in terms of efficiency and environment, has attracted attention, particularly with regard to installing large-scale floating PV for dam lakes and reservoirs in Korea. In this study, the potentiality of floating PV is evaluated, and the power production is estimated for 3401 reservoirs. To select a suitable reservoir for floating PV installation, we constructed and analyzed the water depth database using OpenAPI. We also used the typical meteorological year (TMY) data and topographical information to predict the irradiance distribution. As a result, the annual power production by all possible reservoirs was estimated to be 2932 GWh, and the annual GHG reduction amount was approximately 1,294,450 tons. In particular, Jeollanam-do has many reservoirs and was evaluated as suitable for floating PV installation because of its high solar irradiance. The results can be used to estimate priorities and potentiality as a preliminary analysis for floating PV installation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Described Korea's renewable enrgy goals
    • EXcessive installation of PV => damages:
      • landacape
      • reflected light in residential area
      • increase in ambient temp
      • safety accidents dueing landslide
    • Korea -> land scarcity => FPV as potential solution
    • FPV can use reflected lights from water
    • Benefits
      • evaporation reduciton
      • algae prevention
    • Statistics on FPV
    • Reviewed past studies
    • Goal:
      • Evaluate applicability and potential of FPV for 3400 reservoirs
  2. Methods
    • Description of data used in the study
    • Evaluation
      • power produciton
      • GHG emisisons
      • Economic feasibility
    • PV System
      • Module -> SPR-210-BLK (210W/unit ; 16.9%)
      • c-Si module
    • GHG emissions calc -> GHG reference value used
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Reservoirs selected -> Power >= 100kW
      • 1134 reservoirs
    • 10% coverage:
      • Total PV capacity => 2.103 GW
      • Energy Production annual => 2.932 TWh
    • GHG reduciton annual => 1,294,450 tons
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • evaporation reduciton
    • algae prevention
  • GHG Emissions reduction
    • estimated from tabulated data
    • 1,294,450 tons/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
2.103GW c-Si Various Locations, Korea 2.932 TWh/year 16.9%

Evaluating the benefits of Integrating Floating Photovoltaic and Pumped Storage Power System[46][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaic systems have developed very fast in recent years. Compared to individual Floating Photovoltaic systems, further advantages, such as grid connectivity and energy storage, can be obtained when Floating Photovoltaic operates collaboratively with Pumped Storage Power Systems. This paper proposed an Integrated Floating Photovoltaic-Pumped Storage Power System and quantitatively assessed the potential of the integrated system in electricity generation and conservation of water and land resource. The study developed a coordinated operation model for the Integrated Floating Photovoltaic-Pumped Storage Power System, which employed a dual-objective optimization, namely to maximize the benefits of electricity generation and to minimize the energy imbalance at the same time. The dual-objective optimization was solved using the genetic algorithm method. Other benefits of the Integrated Floating Photovoltaic-Pumped Storage Power System, namely conservation of water and land resource, were also assessed. The proposed methodology was applied to a 2 GW Floating Photovoltaic farm and a 1 GW Pumped Storage Power System. Results indicated that the Integrated Floating Photovoltaic-Pumped Storage Power System has a great potential for gaining the benefits of electricity generation (9112.74 MWh in a typical sunny day averagely) and reducing energy imbalance (23.06 MW aggregately in one day). The coordinated operation provides the possibility to achieve a higher generation benefits without affecting the reliability of the grid, while the optimization method plays a key role of efficient coordination. In addition, the system would help to save 20.16 km2 land and 19.06 million m3 water a year due to the reduction in evaporation loss. The synthetic benefits greatly improve the economic and environmental feasibility of photovoltaic systems in reality.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Stats on water surfaces in China
    • Water shortage => hydro alone cannot fulfill enegry demand
    • China aims at 20% non-fossils energy by 2030
    • Land shortage => diffuclty in installing P
    • Reviewed FPV studoies + Pumped Storage
    • Goal:
      • Quantitative assessment of IFPV-PSPS potential
      • Simulated operation
      • Coordinated Operation simulation model
      • Optimize (Power genertaion; energy imbalance)
      • Water conservation + land savings
  2. Methods
    • Optimization methods-> mathematical model
      • Multivariate NLR
      • CO modeling
      • Water conservation + land saving
    • Power parameters:
      • PV -> 2 GW
    • Land saving effect
      • Technical genertaion potential
      • Technicla capacity
    • Water saving effect -> Penman-Monteith
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Result son enegry blance b/w FPV and PSPS
    • Total produciton FPV -> 14.488 GWh/day
    • Land saving -> 20.16km²
    • Water savings -> 19.06 MCM/y
    • Indirect water saving -> water not used by the hydro (not really saved)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water saving
    • Quantified -> Penman-Monteith
    • 19.06 MCM/year
  • Land saving
    • Evaluated from PV size
    • 20.16 km²
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
2 GW mono-c Si Shandong, China 14.488 GWh/day

Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States[47][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems, also called floatovoltaics, are a rapidly growing emerging technology application in which solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are sited directly on water. The water-based configuration of FPV systems can be mutually beneficial: Along with providing such benefits as reduced evaporation and algae growth, it can lower PV operating temperatures and potentially reduce the costs of solar energy generation. Although there is growing interest in FPV, to date there has been no systematic assessment of technical potential in the continental United States. We provide the first national-level estimate of FPV technical potential using a combination of filtered, large-scale datasets, site-specific PV generation models, and geospatial analytical tools. We quantify FPV co-benefits and siting considerations, such as land conservation, coincidence with high electricity prices, and evaporation rates. Our results demonstrate the potential of FPV to contribute significantly to the U.S. electric sector, even using conservative assumptions. A total of 24 419 man-made water bodies, representing 27% of the number and 12% of the area of man-made water bodies in the contiguous United States, were identified as being suitable for FPV generation. FPV systems covering just 27% of the identified suitable water bodies could produce almost 10% of current national generation. Many of these eligible bodies of water are in water-stressed areas with high land acquisition costs and high electricity prices, suggesting multiple benefits of FPV technologies.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • FPV adapts traditional ground-mounted PV -> flat; tilted or tracking
    • Water has a cooling effect on PV
    • Goal:
      • Characterization of FPV projects in the US
      • National and state-level
      • Benefits
  2. Methods
    • Open-source geoprocessign tools: PostgreSQL/PostGIS/Python/QGIS
    • Scope
      • Man-made water bodies only
      • Water depth -7ft (2m)
      • surface area - 1acre (4000m²)
      • Location to transmission line -> < 80km
      • Purpose
    • SAM -> energy simuilation
    • Tilt angle -> 11°
    • Penma-Monteith for evaporation
  3. Results and Discussion
    • 24,419 water bodies eligible
    • Total Power -> 1,116 GW -> 786TWh/year
    • Additional Benerfits
      • Algae bloom reudction
      • Land saving -< 2,141,000 ha -> calculated from land PV
      • Evaporation losses -> 90cm/year - 245cm/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Land conflict avoidance
  • Land saving potential
    • Calculatyed from PV land occupation
    • 2,141,000 ha
  • Evaporation losses prevention
    • Penman-Monteith
    • 90cm/year - 245cm/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1,116GW Unspecified Various locations, United States 786 TWh/year

Using remote sensing to calculate floating photovoltaic technical potential of a dam’s surface[48][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

A dam with a hydroelectric power plant (HEPP) prevents flooding while generating electricity and providing controlled irrigation of agricultural land. An open dam surface causes a substantial loss in water resources over the course of a year due to evaporation. In this paper, the authors propose to occupy the idle dam area with a floating photovoltaic (FPV) solar power plant (SPP) to generate electrical energy and to conserve water by minimizing evaporation. Since the shoreline of a dam used for agricultural irrigation continually changes, the most critical challenge in installing a SPP is to determine the suitable area to be covered with FPV panels. In this study, the shoreline changes of the Demirköprü Dam in Manisa, Turkey, were monitored over 20 years from Landsat and Sentinel satellite images using the supervised classification in the Google Earth Engine. The minimum surface area of the dam was found to be 1,562.45 ha. Installing a 2.03 GWp FPV SPP horizontally on this surface and obtaining 3,328.33 GWh annual energy is feasible. Moreover, the FPV panels can prevent 28,231,026.90 m3 of water from evaporating. Approximately 7.82% of the water used for electricity production in 2019 can be recovered with the installation of this SPP.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Water improves FPV efficiency
    • Hydro generation can be > with FPV
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation prevention
  • Water evaporation reduciton
    • calculated form historical data
    • 28,596,875 m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
2.03 GWp mono-cSi Manisa, Turkey 3,328.33 GWh/year 18.16%

Floating photovoltaic plants: Ecological impacts versus hydropower operation flexibility[49][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic power plants are a quickly growing technology in which the solar modules float on water bodies instead of being mounted on the ground. This provides an advantage, especially in regions with limited space. Floating modules have other benefits when compared to conventional solar power plants, such as reducing the evaporation losses of the water body and operating at a higher efficiency because the water reduces the temperature (of the modules). So far, the literature has focused on these aspects as well as the optimal design of such solar power plants. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by i) assessing the impact of floating solar photovoltaic modules on the water quality of a hydropower reservoir, more specifically on the development of algal blooms, and by ii) studying the impact that these modules have on the hydropower production. For the first part, a three-dimensional numerical-hydrodynamic water-quality model is used. The current case (without solar modules) is compared to scenarios in which the solar modules increasingly cover the lake, thus reducing the incident sunlight from 0% to finally 100%. The focus is on microalgal growth by monitoring total chlorophyll-a as a proxy for biomass. For the second part, as the massive installation of solar modules on a reservoir may constrain the minimum water level (to avoid the stranding of the structures), the impact on hydropower revenues is examined. Here, a tool for optimal hydropower scheduling is employed, considering both different water and power price scenarios. The Rapel reservoir in central Chile serves as a case study. The response of the system strongly depends on the percentage that the modules cover the lake: for fractions below 40%, the modules have little or no effect on both microalgal growth and hydropower revenue. For moderate covers (40–60%), algal blooms are avoided because of the reduction of light in the reservoir (which controls algal growth), without major economic hydropower losses. Finally, a large solar module cover can eradicate algal blooms entirely (which might have other impacts on the ecosystem health) and results in severe economic hydropower losses. Altogether, an optimum range of solar module covers is identified, presenting a convenient trade-off between ecology health and costs. However, a massive deployment of these floating modules may affect the development of touristic activities in the reservoir, which should be examined more closely. In general, the findings herein are relevant for decision-makers from both the energy sector and water management.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Discuss benefits but does not focus on PV modeling rather on hydrology modeling
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Potential of floating photovoltaic plant in a tropical reservoir in Brazil[50][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The increasing global demand for electricity has led to a significant increase in the search for low-impact alternative sources, with solar photovoltaic being identified as one of the most feasible options. However, photovoltaic power plants require large ground areas, which represent a major constraint. If the panels are installed on water bodies, this restriction may be avoided. In this work, a simulation was performed to assess the potential of floating photovoltaic power generation in the tropical Gavião reservoir, located in the Northeast of Brazil. A payback analysis indicated that the investment in construction of the system is fully recovered in eight years, and that water losses due to evaporation can be reduced by approximately 2.6 × 106 m³/year, sufficient to supply roughly 50,000 people.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Annual decrease of PV cost in Brazil -> 3.3 - 6.5%
    • Traditional PV conflicts => land use with othe rsectors
    • PV loss -> 0.4 - 0.65 % per ° after optimum temperatrure
    • Water -> provides cooling to PV
    • PV prevents evaporation
    • Evaporation in Brazil -> 2000mm/year
    • Description Review of FPV systems
      • pontoon
      • mooring
      • PV
      • wiring
      • converter
      • transmission
    • Goal:
      • Simulation -> assess FPV potential in Gaviao reservoir
      • Economic feasibility
      • Water loss reduction
  2. Methods
    • Gaviao reservoir
      • Location -> Federal State of Ceara
      • Storage capacity -> 2.7 x 10^7 m³
    • Power simulation
      • PVSyst
      • Analysis of reservoir dynamics for useful space
      • Specified losses
      • Improvement applied to FPV system -> gain from 8.1% - 14.5%
    • Evaporation
      • Penman Method describned but not used
      • Used approximation from literature 30% evaporation reduciton
    • Economic analysis -> Sun-Eart tools
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Power installed -> 492 MW
    • Energy -> 835,820 MWh/year - 860,560 MWh/year (increased power due to water estimaiton)
    • Evaporation prevention -> 2,595,000 m³/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evaporation prevcention
  • Water Evaporation prevention
    • approximated using past studies
    • 2,595,000 m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
492MW Kyocer 245Wp KD245GX-LPB Gaviao, Brazil 21years 835.82GWh/year 860.56GWh/year

Design and analysis of a combined floating photovoltaic system for electricity and hydrogen production[51][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The current study deals with a potential solution for the replacement of fossil fuel based energy resources with a sustainable solar energy resource. Electrical energy demand of a small community is investigated where a floating photovoltaic system and integrated hydrogen production unit are employed. Data are taken from Mumcular Dam located in Aegean Region of Turkey. PvSyst software is used for the simulation purposes. Furthermore, the obtained results are analyzed in the HOMER Pro Software. Photovoltaic (PV) electricity provides the required load and excess electricity to be used in the electrolyzer and to produce hydrogen. Saving lands by preventing their usage in conventional PV farms, saving the water due to reducing evaporation, and compensating the intermittent availability of solar energy are among the obtained results of the study for the considered scenario. Stored hydrogen is used to compensate the electric load through generating electricity by fuel cell. Floating PV (FPV) system decreases the water evaporation of water resources due to 3010 m2 shading area. FPV and Hydrogen Systems provides %99.43 of the electricity demand without any grid connection or fossil fuel usage, where 60.30 MWh/year of 211.94 MWh/year produced electricity is consumed by electric load at $0.6124/kWh levelized cost of electricity (LCOE).

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Specified benefits of hydrogen as energy resource
    • Review of PV-hydrogen studies
    • Goal:
      • Analysis of FPV system
      • Hydrogen storage integration
  2. Methods
    • Description of system operation principle
    • System
      • Location ->Mumcular Dam, Aegean Region, Turkey
      • Energy analysis -< PVSyst + HOMER Pro
      • Total PV size- > 21 kWp
      • Efficiency -> 16.97% * 56.5% -> 9.6%
      • Lifetime 25 years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • 36.44 MWh/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • Evap reduction
    • Water wuality improvement -> algal reduction
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Unclear analysis
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Reservoir Management by Reducing Evaporation Using Floating Photovoltaic System: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt[52][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The shortage of water is a major obstruction to the social and economic development of many countries, including Egypt. Therefore, there is an urgent need to properly manage water resources to achieve optimum water use. One way of saving available water resources is to reduce evaporation that leads to the loss of a large amount of water from reservoirs and open lakes. This paper aims to use a floating photovoltaic system (FPVS) to cover a lake’s water surface to reduce evaporation and also for energy production. This methodology was applied to Lake Nasser as one of the largest lakes in the world where much evaporation happens due to its large area, arid environments, and the shallow depths of some parts of the lake. The estimated evaporation from the lake was 12.0 × 109 m3/year. The results show that covering 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the lake can save about 2.1, 4.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 8.4 × 109 m3/year and produce energy of 2.85 × 109, 5.67 × 109, 8.54 × 109, and 11.38 × 109 MWh/year, respectively. Covering areas of shallow water depth was more efficient and economical. The results show that covering 15% of the lake’s area (depths from 0.0 to 3.0 m) can save 2.66 × 109 m3/year and produce 1.7 MWh/year. Covering 25% of the lake’s area (depths from 0.0 to 7.0) can save 3.5 × 109 m3/year and produce 2.854 MWh/year. Using an FPVS to cover parts of Lake Nasser could help manage water resources and energy production for Egypt to overcome the likely shortage of water resources due to population growth. This system could be applied in different locations of the world which could help in increasing water resources and energy production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • One of main reasons for water shortage in arid -> water evap
    • Review of evaporationquantification methods
    • Lake Nasser annual losses -> 12e9 to 16e9 m³/year
    • Water evaporation methods studies reviewed
      • use of circular pontons -> 0.5km² coverage => 1e9 m³ savings per year
      • alternative -> FPV
    • Goal:
      • Investigate FPV as water evap reduction mechanism
      • LAke Nasser, Egypt
  2. Methods
    • Study Site
      • Lake Nasser
      • 6500 km² surface
    • Explained relation b/w evap and water depth
    • Energy production -> energy density method
  3. Results and Discussion
    • water savings:
      • 2.1 billions m³/year -> 25% coverage
      • 8.4 billions m³/year -> 100% coverage
    • energy production
      • 2.85 e9 MWh/year
      • 11.4 e9 MWh/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduciton
    • calculated using unnamed method
    • 2.1 billions m³/year - 8.4 billions m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1625 km² 6500 km² LAke NAsser, Egypt 2.85e9 MWh/year 11.4e9 MWh/year

Potential of Floating Photovoltaic Technology and Their Effects on Energy Output, Water Quality and Supply in Jordan[53][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

In this work, floating photovoltaic systems were experimentally studied under Jordan’s weather conditions to determine their effects on energy output, water quality and supply. A limited number of studies have addressed the effect of floating photovoltaic systems on water quality and evaporation reduction especially in a semi-arid region like Jordan. Energy measurements were taken from August 2020 to January 2021 using an Arduino board with data logging sensors. Water quality parameters were tested for collected samples on a monthly basis from August 2020 to February 2021 using a spectrophotometer. Results revealed that the floating panel temperature was lower than the ground-mounted counterpart. An average increase of 1.68% in voltage and 4.40% in current were observed for the floating panel compared to the ground-mounted panel which translates to an average increase of 5.33% in power generation over the ground-mounted panel. Furthermore, efficiency and fill factor increased by 4.89% and 5.51%, respectively. Evaporation results showed that covering water bodies with panels can save a considerable amount of water. Over a period of 30 days, the 30% coverage pan saved 31.2% (36 mm) of water while the 50% coverage pan saved 54.5% (63 mm) of water in the same period compared to the uncovered pan. Moreover, this study involved examining the effect of shading caused by the floating structure on water quality. Results showed a reduction in pH, improvement in transparency, and an increase in total organic carbon indicating water quality enhancement and algal biomass reduction. However, due to the respiration of algae, the dissolved oxygen declined significantly, accompanied by the release of phosphate due to algae decomposition. Overall, findings of this research provided better understanding of floating photovoltaic systems and their applicability in Jordan to provide a safe and reliable supply of water and energy. Additionally, such systems can help to diversify the energy mix and help Jordan to alleviate some of the problems associated with limited energy and water resources.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Explained water quality measurement procedure
    • Evaporation -> measured experimentally using wood planks on evaporation tank (classA)
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy -> 0.825kWh/day - 0.910kWh/day
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Algae bloom reduction
    • water evap reduciton
      • measured
      • 1.2mm (30% coverage) - 2.1mm (50% coverage)
    • Increase in water transparency (quality)
      • meaured
      • 55% - 76%
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
275W poly-cSi Amman, Jordan 7 months 16.9%

An assessment study of evaporation rate models on a water basin with floating photovoltaic plants[54][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Under the general topic of the impact of floating photovoltaics (FPVs) systems on water basins, the present study aims to model and analyze the effect of FPVs on the evaporation rate of water surfaces. The estimation of the evaporation of the water surface of a basin is usually calculated using mathematical evaporation models that require knowledge of some parameters (ie, solar radiation, humidity, air temperature, water temperature, and wind velocity). Thus, in the first section of this study, some evaporative models (EVM) for free water basin have been examined to evaluate which are the environmental variables used. On the basis of this analysis, new numerical models for the calculation of the daily evaporation rate have been developed using the design of experiments (DoE) method (three models) and the linear regression method (two models). The results of the developed models have been compared with the experimental measurements carried out by an evaporimeter; such comparison has highlighted the robustness of the proposed numerical models. Moreover, for estimating the evaporation rate in water basins partially covered by FPVs, further three numerical methods are proposed. Finally, the evaporation rates, arising by the installation of different typology of FPVs on water basins, have been evaluated as function of the energy balance on the water surface. It is possible to highlight that the amount of evaporated water depends not only on the percentage of surface covered but also on the characteristics of floating systems. Covering only 30% of the surface of a basin, it is possible to obtain up to 49% reduction in evaporation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Focused on evaporation methods not FPV modelling
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Water-energy nexus: Floating photovoltaic systems promoting water security and energy generation in the semiarid region of Brazil[55][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic systems could be used to mitigate water supply issues by reducing the evaporation rate of water bodies such as weirs. This paper aims to estimate the potential evaporation prevented and the potential electrical energy generated by the installation of floating photovoltaic systems in specific weirs of the Brazilian semiarid region. Moreover, an economic feasibility analysis is carried out regarding energy and water supply. A net present value approach was used to conduct this analysis. The software System Advisor Model was employed to simulate and compare the performance of two photovoltaic systems in the region: floating and ground-mounted. Three scenarios of the surface cover are considered for the weirs: 1) the average area occupied by dead storage of all weirs; 2) 50% of the total area of weirs; 3) 70% of the total area of weirs. Results show that the installation of floating photovoltaic systems over weirs of the Apodi/Mossoró basin would potentially preserve 20.6 Mm³ of water in scenario 1, 83.3 Mm³ in 2 and 124.3 Mm³ in 3. The annual electricity generation estimated in scenarios 1, 2, and 3 is 2.3 TWh, 8.6 TWh, and 12 TWh, respectively. Financial results show that when energy and water cash flows are considered together, payback time diminishes, and the project becomes more economically feasible.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Water scarecity in Brazil => FPV as a potential solution
    • Research-based FPV installed in Brazil ->50kW / 1MW / 5MW
    • Goal:
      • Evaluate socio-techo-econo aspect of FPVS on weirs
      • Compare fPVS to Land PV
      • Water saving estimation
  2. Methods
    • Stats on weirs in Brazil
      • 3445 weirs
      • total -> 3574 km²
    • Evaporation rate -> estimated by on single wir ->19.6e5 m³/km²
    • FPV system
      • modular design -> ease of scaling
      • HDPE support
      • Blocks of 1 MW (10,512 m²/MW)
      • SAM for energy analysis
      • Energy increase used VS GPV -> 5%
      • Coverage up to 70%
      • Module -> mono-cSi / 320W / 16.5%DC-AC ratio -> 1.25
      • System losses -> 7.6%
    • Discuss economic analysis
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy prod: 1MW -> 1.67 GWh /year (real value ver 20 year -> 1.57 GWh/year)
    • Lifetime -> 20 year
    • evaporation reduciton-> quantified but unclear values reporting
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • algae growth reudciton
    • land saving
    • water evap reduciton
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Challenges and opportunities towards the development of floating photovoltaic systems[56][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) system is seen as an emerging megawatt-scale deployment option. The sustainable growth and management of FPV systems require detailed study of designs and construction, PV technologies and their performance reliability, performance modeling and cooling techniques, evaporation, economic and environmental aspects of these systems. The specific design and structure of the FPV influence its output power generation, durability and investment cost; thus, the overview of various design and construction strategies along with the offshore PV technology and current status of FPV systems have been presented in this paper. Various new PV technological modules are rapidly evolving these days; therefore, PV technologies for FPV systems have been discussed. The performance and reliability of FPV from the electrical point of view under the harsh environment of water bodies is a major challenge for their cost-effective power generation. Detailed analysis and updated review on the performance and degradation aspects of PV systems under the water bodies’ climate have been presented. To meet the desired energy demand and secure investment in PV systems, prior prediction of PV systems' performance at a particular location is necessary. Thus, this study attempts to model the performance and temperature of PV modules on water bodies. Also, the active cooling techniques and evaporation rate in FPV systems have been discussed. Furthermore, the economic evaluation and environmental impacts of FPV systems are essential for their rapid expansion and investment perspective. Therefore, the economic feasibility and environmental effects of floating PV systems have been explored in this paper.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Land saving
    • water saving
  • More of a review Paper
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Performance Analysis of a Floating Photovoltaic System and Estimation of the Evaporation Losses Reduction[57][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Our research aims to achieve dual-positive effects in the presented study by raising photovoltaic (PV) panels over the water surface. With this, target experiments were primarily conducted to evaluate the efficiency increments of the PV panel while reducing its operating temperature through passive convective cooling obtained by raising it over water. The following objective was to estimate the reduction in water evaporation due to the shading effect induced by the panel placed inside the same basin. The performance of two PV panels was analyzed, one used for tests, the other as a reference. The characteristic curves were determined under the local environmental conditions of Cagliari, Italy. The true temperature reduction and efficiency gain calculations of panel P1 due to water cooling was achieved via the measured temperatures and calculated efficiencies of panel P2 at environmental conditions. The water height inside the basin was constantly monitored and maintained at approximately 7.5 cm below panel P1, which covered about 17% of the total water surface area. The presence of water underneath P1 leads to its efficiency increment on average by 2.7% (absolute) and about 17.22% (relative). At the same time, temperature of panel P1 dropped by 2.7 °C on average. The comparative water evaporation study conducted with and without P1 inside the basin showed a 30% reduction in water evaporation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • experimental investigation opf FPV in lab
      • efficiency monitoring
      • water evaporation quantification
  2. Methods
    • Experiment detials:
      • Location -> Cagliari, Italy
      • module not in direct contact with water
    • Water evaporation measurement -> capillary method
    • PV module -> 100Wp
      • tested under stc condtions and real conmditions -> IV trace
    • 17% coverage above water
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Efficiency increment due to lower temperatures
    • Evaporation reduction -> 30%
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Evap reduciton
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • measured using capillary method + water budget
    • 30% reduction
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
100Wp Cagliari, Italy 6months experimental

Investigation on floating photovoltaic covering system in rural Indian reservoir to minimize evaporation loss[58][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The emerging floating photovoltaic (FPV) technology is the recent global attention in solar power production due to its high efficiency. Apart from the standalone FPV systems, hybridising the FPV system with the hydroelectric power plants (HEPP) will aid in increasing the power generation from HEPP by reducing the water loss through evaporation. In this study, the power generation and water-saving capacity of a model FPV system with various tilt angles, orientation and tracking mechanisms are analysed by covering 30% of the total area of Vaigai reservoir in India. The study shows that the proposed FPV plant with capacity of 1.14 MW generates 1.9 GWh of energy at its optimum tilt angle while saving 42,731.56 m3 of water annually. Further, cost analysis and carbon footprint estimation are also carried out. The results show that the FPV system will have a positive impact on the environment by saving 44,734.62 tons of CO2.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Goal:
      • ANalyze FPV + Hydeo
      • energy + water savings
      • carbon footprint
  2. Methods
    • Study area
      • Vaigai reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India
    • evaporation estimation -> Hamon's method
    • PV system
      • poly-cSi tech - 17.5% efficency
      • 30% coverage -> 11.53km²
      • 1MWp
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • CO2 emissions reduction
    • evaporation loss reduction
  • CO2 emissions reductions
    • numbers from literature
    • 44,734 ktons/year
  • Water evap reduction
    • Hamon's method
    • 42,731.56 m³/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.14MW poly-cSi Tamil Nadu, India 1.9GWh/year 17.5%

Emerging Floating Photovoltaic System—Case Studies High Dam and Aswan Reservoir in Egypt[59][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The world has a target of achieving 100% renewable energy by the end of the century. This paper presents a case study to establish a new floating photovoltaic park (FPV) in Egyptian dams. In Egypt, two hydroelectric dams, namely High Dam and Aswan Reservoir, together produce 2.65 GW in the Upper-Egypt region. The addition of 5 MW FPV for each dam is simulated using the Helioscope software application. A comparison between the performance of the dams with and without adding the FPV is presented in terms of the evaporation rate and total produced energy. A comparison between different types of FPV, namely polycrystalline, thin film and mono-crystalline in the two dams are also presented. The results show that installing FPV in the Egyptian dams will drive the dams to better performance in terms of carbon dioxide reduction, water-saving from reducing evaporation and increasing hydropower generation.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • FPV-Hydro numerical analysis
      • comparison betwenn cell tech
      • water saving
      • enironmental impact
  2. Methods
    • Evaporation -> Penman-Monteith
    • Location -> Aswan high dam
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water saving
    • Penman-Monteith
    • 116.083.45 m³/year - 175,897.84 m³/year
  • Co2 emissions reduction
    • 39,090.61 tons Co2/year - 44,270.61 tons CO2/year
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
5MW poly-cSi Aswan Dam, Egypt 9.5GWh/year 11.09Gwh/year
5MW mono-cSi Aswan Dam 9.5 10.9
5MW thin-film Aswan Dam 1.26 10.8

Performance analysis of a floating photovoltaic covering system in an Indian reservoir[60][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are one of the globally emerging technologies of renewable energy production that tend to balance the water–energy demand by effectively saving the evaporated water from reservoirs while generating electrical power. This study presents the performance analysis of a model FPV plant in an Indian reservoir. The Mettur dam reservoir located in Tamil Nadu, India with a hydroelectric power plant of 150-MW capacity is considered as a test case. The preliminary design of the FPV plant is proposed based on a detailed study of the key design elements and their suitability for Indian reservoirs. The proposed plant is numerically analysed for various tilt angles, mounting systems and tracking mechanisms in order to assess its potential power generation. A flat-mount system in landscape orientation was found to exhibit a high performance ratio. Further, a fixed-tilt FPV system with a panel slope of 10° and an FPV system with single-axis tracking were found to be suitable for the Mettur reservoir. Further, cost analysis of the FPV system is also presented along with the carbon-footprint estimation to establish the economic and environmental benefits of the system. The results show that the total potential CO2 saving by a FPV system with tracking is 135 918.87 t CO2 and it is 12.5% higher than that of a fixed-mount FPV system.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • assess performance of FPV
      • evaporation -M Hamon method
      • effect of tilt angle, tracking, mounting
      • carbon footprint + economy
      • water savings -> direct+indirect
  2. Methods
    • Locstion -> Mettur dam; Salem, Tamil Nadul, India
    • Total surface area ->42.5km²
    • Evaporation calcuation -> Hamon method
      • 3877.45mm/year
    • Coverage -> 0.13%
    • PV
      • poly-cSi
      • Size: 3.4MW
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Enery production -> 5.8 - 6.7GWh/y
    • Co2 reduction -> 119 - 136 ktons/year
    • Watwer savings -> 184,589 m³
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evap reduciton
  • Co2 emisisons reduction
    • calculated form existing values
    • 119 - 136ktons Co2/y
  • Water savings
    • Hamon's method
    • 184,589 m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
3.4MW poly-cSi Salem, Tamil Nasu, India 5.8GWh/y 6.7GWh/y

Analysis of water environment on the performances of floating photovoltaic plants[61][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

There is an increasing interest in Floating PV (FPV) plants thanks to their advantages compared with ground and rooftop PV systems, mainly related to very limited land use, evaporation reduction, and improvement of the energy performance. The PV modules installed on water surfaces have a natural cooling due to the microclimate in which they operate, which reduces thermal power losses. Furthermore, they can be equipped with simple and effective forced active water cooling systems which further improve FPVs performance. The objective of this study is to develop and validate mathematical models capable of estimating the performance of bifacial and monofacial PV modules installed on water surfaces. Starting from the energy balances of the PV modules, different scenarios are simulated, such as mono and bifacial systems installed on the rooftop, mono, and bifacial FPV systems in presence of natural (or passive) and forced (or active) cooling. The models are validated against experimental data acquired in FPV systems installed in the Enel Innovation Lab by Enel Green Power, Catania (Italy). The obtained results show an energy gain due to bifaciality of 5.24%. The passive cooling in the FPV increases the energy collected by 3% (maximum obtainable of 6.4%) and 2.6% for the bifacial and monofacial technology respectively. Active cooling in FPVs increases the collected energy by 9.7% (maximum achievable of 13.5%) and 9.5% for the bifacial and monofacial respectively.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Unlocking the floating photovoltaic potential of Türkiye's hydroelectric power plants[62][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The massive surface of the water accumulated in the basins of hydroelectric power plants (HEPPs) can be considered an excellent opportunity for floating photovoltaics (FPV). Türkiye is among the countries that can utilize this potential with its large HEPPs. In this study, the surface areas of 76 HEPPs in Türkiye were determined using the Random Forest algorithm over Google Earth Engine, and the technical potential of FPV that could be installed in these areas was evaluated over five scenarios. In addition, the water recovery that can be obtained with the FPV installation has been calculated. When the entire surfaces of the dams are used, the FPV technical potential and the amount of water recovered are 380,439.85 MW and 25.40 km3/year, respectively. Even when only 10% of the surfaces of the dams are used, the FPV technical potential meets 39.67% of Türkiye's total installed power capacity. Moreover, the water recovered from evaporation meets 7.3% of the surface water used for agricultural irrigation. In addition, it has been calculated that the FPV electricity generation potential of HEPPs producing 674,280.17 GWh of electricity in 2020 is 13.82 times higher than the hydroelectric potential. The results demonstrated how great the FPV solar power plant potential that the country HEPPs carries on their idle water surfaces.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • reveal potential of idle water surfaces in FPv
  2. Methods
    • Reservoir area determined using Google Earth Engine
    • Unit FPV size -> 20kW
    • Evaporation -> Jensen-Haise method
  3. Results and Discussion
    • estimated water surface: (10%) - 268.88km² / (100%) - 2688.76km²
    • FPV potential power -> 38.04GW - 380.439 GW
    • energy: 67.43 TWh/y - 674.28 TWh/y
    • water evap -> 2.54km³ - 25.4km³
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • land savings
    • evap reduciton
    • water quality improvement <- algal reduciton
  • Water evaporation reduciton
    • Jensen-Haise method
    • 2.54km³/y - 25.4km³
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
38.04GW 380.439GW mono-cSi Various locations, Turkey 67.43 TWh/y 674.28TWh/y

Power Supply Reliability Analysis on Floating Photovoltaic Systems through Exceedance Probability Approach[63][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

With the growing impact caused by the greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions from traditional thermal power generation, solar energy has drawn much attention from governments in recent years. Constrained by the land factor, the Taiwan Energy Bureau released the “Photovoltaic Two-Year Promotion Plan” on September 8, 2016 to promote the Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) industry. After that, the Agondian Reservoir FPV became the first successful commercial project. In this paper, the authors proposed a synthesis approach based on the exceedance probability approach to conduct the FPV reliability analysis. The case analysis results show that this paper’s proposal is feasible. The plan’s implementation will obtain the effect of CO2 emission reduction of approximately 1,920 kt (kilo tons) in 20 years. The presented methodology may help evaluate the power supply reliability, reduce failures of FPV systems that have been installed or will install, and assist in extending the FPV system to areas with insufficient power but water bodies.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Power system reliability analysis
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Performance and potential of a novel floating photovoltaic system in Egyptian winter climate on calm water surface[64][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

This article investigates the performance of a partially submerged floating photovoltaic system (PSFPV) as a proposal for harvesting solar energy as an electricity production novel system under Egyptian hot climate on calm water surfaces. The proposed system comprised of a floating photovoltaic system with a submerged portion in the surrounding water. The PSFPV system is constructed in addition to the water body and is then extensively examined under Egyptian outdoor conditions. The submerged portion of the PSFPV system keeps the system passively cool by being in direct contact with the surrounding water. A performance comparison between the novel PSFPV system and a similar land-based photovoltaic system (LPV) is also provided. The suggested PSFPV module's thermal and electrical performance was evaluated concerning its submerged length, which ranged from 4 to 24 cm. The results reveal that the PSFPV system achieves a reduction of about 15.10% in operating temperature relative to the LPV system. Also, the PSFPV system produces up to 20.76% more electricity than the LPV system. The PSFPV system is capable of alleviating the emission of CO2 by about 49.66 kg/summer season. The proposed PSFPV system reveals a reduction in the LCOE from 0.075 to 0.067 ($/kWh) by increasing the submerged length from 4 to 24 cm.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • partrially submerged FPV + passive cooling
      • comparison with land-b ased PV
      • thermal, economic, environemtnal
  2. Methods
    • Experiment:
      • location -> Port Said Egypt
      • PV size -> 83W /poly-cSi
      • different submerdion percerntages: 4 - 12 - 24%
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap reudciton
  • Limites-data study
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Thermo-electrical performance assessment of a partially submerged floating photovoltaic system[65][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The floating photovoltaic (FPV) is characterized by the possibility to keep the PV cell at a reduced temperature compared to Land-Based Photovoltaic (LBPV) but this reduction is not so large. However, in hot climate, the working temperature of the FPV could rise enough to act negatively on the productivity. The present article focuses on assessing the performance of a partially submerged photovoltaic (PSPV) system planned to be deployed over Egypt's northern lakes. The PSPV is a new modification of the FPV system that was experimentally investigated under the Egyptian weather conditions in the present study. The above PSPV module was tested with various submerged ratios (y) of 5, 10, and 20%, defined as the ratio of the submerged portion to the module's length. It was concluded that the average surface temperatures of the PSPV module were lower than those of the reference LBPV module. By reducing the working temperature of the PSPV module at (y = 10%) by 11.10%, a power gain of 18.20% over the LBPV module was achieved. The cost per unit of produced electricity (LCOE) for the PSPV module was reduced by 7.52%, from 0.063 to 0.059 ($/kWh), by raising the submerged ratio from 5% to 10%.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Effect of floating photovoltaic system on water temperature of deep reservoir and assessment of its potential benefits, a case on Xiangjiaba Reservoir with hydropower station[66][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

As green energy, the floating photovoltaic (FPV) system has many advantages. Taking Xiangjiaba reservoir as an example, a Ce-qual-W2 model was established to evaluate the potential impact of the FPV system on water temperature and its potential benefits. The result showed that: (1) FPV system could reduce the water temperature, water age, and relative water column stability of the reservoir; (2) the influence range of FPV on water temperature will not exceed 20% of reservoir length outside the coverage area in the flow direction. (3) FPV system would delay the reaching time of critical temperature threshold and accumulated temperature threshold for Coreius heterodon spawning, shorten the spawning period. The delay time of AT and CT under 100% coverage are 20.3 and 7 days respectively compared with no FPV condition; (4) FPV system can play a great role in power generation and emission reduction. Under 100% coverage, the power generation can reach 17.2 billion kW·h, reduce 14.4 million tons of carbon emissions and save 35.12 million m3 of water. This study can provide a reference for the impact assessment of the FPV project on the water environment and the formulation of the FPV coverage scheme.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • evaluate impact of FPV on water temp stratification
      • impact of FPV on fish spawning
      • electricity and CO2 emisisons
  2. Methods
    • Location:
      • Yangtze River, China
      • reservoir capacity: 5.2 billiom m³
      • Hydropower -> 7.75GW
    • Coverage: 0 - 100%
    • CE-QUAL-W2 model
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Water temp reduciton -> 0.9° - 3.3°C
    • evaporation reduciton -> 35.12 million m³/year
    • CO2 reducton -> 14.4 millions tons CO2eq/year
    • energy prod -> 17.2 billions kWh/year
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • water saving
    • water quality -< algae prevention
    • land saving
  • Evaporation reduction
    • calculated -> unspecified method (Link to another paper)
    • 35.12 millions m³/y
  • CO2 emisisons reduciton
    • calculated
    • 14.4 millions tons CO2/y
  • Water quality improvement
    • Qualified
    • Water temp reduction : 0.9° - 3.3°C
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
China 17.2 billions kWh/y

Floating photovoltaic plants as an electricity supply option in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin[67][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Brazil has high solar potential. The yearly sum of solar irradiation is approximately 1924.07 kWh/m2, therefore, harnessing this potential is promising. The country is dependent on hydroelectric plants, however, increasingly frequent droughts have severely affected hydrogeneration. The installation of floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems in existing hydropower reservoirs, would provide additional electricity to help compensate hydropower production during dry periods and reduce evaporation losses while helping to sustainably meet Brazil's electricity demand. This study provide an analysis of FPV potential in Brazil's region, named the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin, by using water surface data from 30 hydropower reservoirs. In addition to the new electricity production, evaporation savings and its extra potential hydroelectricity were also estimated. A survey of the reduction in CO2 emissions was conducted, given that the complementary electricity to hydroelectric plants would be through solar generation, thus avoiding the activation of thermoelectric plants. The main results indicate the high FPV potential, corresponding to an electricity production that varies from 25.04 to 2555.04 TWh/year, and a range of 19.86–2024.30 million tCO2/year of avoided emissions. Regarding the potential arising from the evaporation water savings, the values vary between 16.17 and 892.95 GWh/year.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • FPV as option to improve hydro-genration
      • electricity genertsion
      • additional electricty generation
      • CO2 emisisons
  2. Methods
    • Site
      • Location -> Tocantins-Araguaia, Brazil
      • Hydro potential -> 13.19GW
    • FPV different scenario
      • Full coverage
      • 1% coverage
      • 5% coverage
      • same power as hydro
    • Energy calculation -> formula surface PV
    • Water saving -> Penman -Monteith
    • Extra generation from water saved -> calculated
    • Co2 -> equation from past study
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV
      • Surface -> 65.13km² - 6537.74km²
      • Power -> 13180.21 MWp - 1344.73 GWp
      • Energy -> 25.04TWh/y - 2555.04 TWh/y
      • Evap -> 0.22 billions m³/y - 12.11 billions m³/y
      • Additional energy from evap saving -> 18GWh - 893GWh
      • Co2 reduction -> 19,865,362.99 tCo2/y - 2,024,306,817.72 tCo2/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Land saving
    • water evap
  • Evaporation
    • Quantified -> Penman-Monteith
    • 0.22 billions m³/y - 12.11 billions m³/y
  • CO2 reduciton
    • calculated -> method unspecified from another paper
    • 19,865,362.99 tCo2/y - 2,024,306,817.72 tCo2/y
  • Extra energy generation from saved water
    • calculated
    • 18GWh - 893GWh
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
13,180.21MW 1,344.73 GWp Varous locations, Brazil 25.04TWh/y 2555.04TWh/y

Floating photovoltaic system for Indian artificial reservoirs—an effective approach to reduce evaporation and carbon emission[68][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic system for reservoirs is a recent innovative technology that is highly advantageous in reducing evaporation while generating solar power. In addition, the integration of floating photovoltaic systems with the existing hydroelectric power plants will increase renewable power production. The present study aims to assess the electrical performance of floating photovoltaic systems in major reservoirs with existing hydroelectric power plants in India. The reservoirs with large water surface area were selected for the study, and a model floating photovoltaic system with a 5-MW capacity was designed for the selected reservoirs. The numerical analysis showed that installing floating photovoltaic systems will result in an annual energy yield of 160 GWh. Further, the systems also save 1.40 million cubic meters of water per day and also help in generating additional energy of 514.80 MWh/day from the saved water through its integration with hydroelectric power plants. A single-axis tracking mechanism to the floating photovoltaic systems will increase the annual energy generation by 11%. The detailed cost analysis and carbon emission analysis were also carried out. The results indicate that the tracking mechanisms increase the total installation cost of the systems. The annual carbon emission reduction from the floating photovoltaic systems accounts for about 3.30 million tons of CO2. The obtained results highlight the suitability of this innovative technology for installation in Indian reservoirs and its effectiveness in reducing evaporation and carbon emission.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • assess performance of PFv plant
      • 20 reserviors
      • 5-MW/reservoirs
      • Co2 + economics
      • water + land saving
  2. Methods
    • Evaporation -> Penman-Monteith
    • PV Module -> poly-cSi
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Total power -> 100MW
    • Total energy -> 159 GWh
    • Water savings -> 1.4 million m³/year
    • CO2 emissions reduction -> 3.3 millions tonsCO2
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • hyfro-generation improvement
  • Water saving
    • Penman-Monteith
    • 1.4 million m³/y
  • CO2 reduciton
    • estimated using existing values (per capita)
    • 3.3 millions tons CO2
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
100MW poly-cSi Various Lcoations, India 159GWh/y

Comparative assessment of offshore floating photovoltaic systems using thin film modules for Maldives islands[69][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic systems has a high potential for large-scale power generation when introduced on the offshore location. These systems help to boost the renewable power generation in islands with minimal land availability. In this context, this study presents the electrical performance of offshore floating photovoltaic systems in Maldives Islands. Offshore floating photovoltaic systems of 5 MW installed capacity using thin-film modules were considered for implementation on four offshore locations. Numerical analyses were carried out to assess the electrical performance of the systems and the results were compared with floating photovoltaic system at a lake and a ground mounted photovoltaic system. The results revealed that the thin film-based offshore floating photovoltaic systems increase the annual energy yield by 13 % and 14 % compared to that of pontoon mounted and ground mounted systems, respectively. The performance ratio of the offshore systems was higher than that of other systems, with the maximum value of 87.10 % and annual energy yield of 8.74 GWh. The cost analysis indicates that the cost of ground mounted system is 72 % higher than that of floating systems. The carbon footprint analysis revealed that the offshore systems can reduce the carbon emission by about 14 % higher than that of other systems.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Comparitive study between multiple PV systems only
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Sizing Methodology of Floating Photovoltaic Plants in Dams of Semi-Arid Areas[70][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) plants in reservoirs can contribute to reduce water evaporation, increase power generation efficiency, due to the cooling process, and reduce competitiveness in land use. Based on this motivation, we propose a new methodology for sizing FPV plants in dams of semi-arid regions using the flood duration curve. The methodology innovations are no use of commercial software, the possibility of choosing the reliability level, the application in reservoirs of semi-arid areas of the world, and the use of a graphic analysis of the reservoir hydrological behavior. The case studies in the Brazilian and Australian semi-arid consider two scenarios: high reliability level (90%, scenario 1) and low reliability level (70%, scenario 2). The reliability level is linked to the electricity production; the evaporation reduction is proportional to the FPV plant area.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • proposenew methodology to size FPC systems in dams
      • consider variability of water level
  2. Methods
    • Eplained sizign methodology
    • Water evap -> Penman-Monteith
    • Location: Brazil + Australia
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Brazil
      • power -> 3500 - 9259 MWp
      • energy -> 5579 - 14745 GWH/y
      • evap -> 62609 thousand m³/y - 157482 thousand m³/y
    • Australia
      • power -> 3924 - 9086 MWp
      • energy -> 6053 - 14334 GWH/yConclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Evaporation reduciton
    • Penman-Monteith (Brazil case-scenario only)
    • 62609 thousand m³/y - 157482 thousand m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
3500MW 9259MW poly-cSi Brazil 5579GWh/y 14745 GWh/y
3924 9086 poly-cSi Australia 6053 GWh/y 14334 GWh/y

Effects of a Floating Photovoltaic System on the Water Evaporation Rate in the Passaúna Reservoir, Brazil[71][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Freshwater scarcity is a significant concern due to climate change in some regions of Brazil; likewise, evaporation rates have increased over the years. Floating photovoltaic systems can reduce water evaporation from reservoirs by suppressing the evaporating area on the water surface. This work evaluated the effects of floating photovoltaic systems on water evaporation rates in the Passaúna Reservoir, southeastern Brazil. Meteorological data such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation were used to estimate the rate of water evaporation using FAO Penman–Monteith, Linacre, Hargreaves–Samani, Rohwer, and Valiantzas methods. The methods were tested with the Kruskal–Wallis test, including measured evaporation from the nearest meteorological station to determine whether there were significant differences between the medians of the methods considering a 95% confidence level for hypothesis testing. All methods differed from the standard method recommended by the FAO Penman–Monteith. Simulations with more extensive coverage areas of the floating photovoltaic system were carried out to verify the relationship between the surface water coverage area and the evaporation reduction efficiency provided by the system and to obtain the avoided water evaporation volume. For the floating photovoltaic system with a coverage area of 1265.14 m2, an efficiency of 60.20% was obtained in reducing water evaporation; future expansions of the FPS were simulated with coverage areas corresponding to energy production capacities of 1 MWp, 2.5 MWp, and 5 MWp. The results indicated that for a floating photovoltaic system coverage area corresponding to 5 MWp of energy production capacity, the saved water volume would be enough to supply over 196 people for a year. More significant areas, such as covering up the entire available surface area of the Passaúna reservoir with a floating photovoltaic system, could save up to 2.69 hm3 of water volume annually, representing a more significant value for the public management of water resources.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Review Paper
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Techno–economic–environmental comparison of floating photovoltaic plant with conventional solar photovoltaic plant in northern Iran[72][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Photovoltaic (PV) systems can be used to generate electricity due to the potential for solar energy in Iran. Applying floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems is a new approach to utilizing PV systems in water. Most of Iran’s energy consumption is supplied from fossil fuels, especially oil and gas. In recent years, Iran has faced environmental problems and air pollution. Electricity generation using fossil fuels has led to increased environmental pollution. Accordingly, PV systems can be used to generate electricity due to the potential for solar energy in Iran. The interest in predicting the energy production of PV power plants has increased in recent years. In this regard, the techno–economic–environmental study of constructing PV power plants is a basic process to encourage people to use solar energy. A techno–economic–environmental feasibility study has been performed to construct a 5-kW FPV and ground PV (GPV) power plant in a northern city of Iran. Also, the FPV system is compared with the ground PV system using MATLAB® Simulink and RETScreen® software. In this study, the effects of wind and water temperature have been considered. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed due to the uncertainty in climatic conditions and the amount of PV energy generation. The simulation results show that due to the cooling effect for panels in the FPV system, the production capacity and panels’ efficiency are respectively 19.47% and 27.98% higher than the those of the GPV system. In addition, the FPV system was found to have a 16.96% increase in the annual performance ratio. Overall, using the FPV system reduces the equity payback to 6.3 years (a 22.2% reduction compared to the GPV power plant).

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Comparison
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Effects of floating photovoltaic systems on water quality of aquaculture ponds[73][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Establishing floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems on aquaculture ponds can reduce demand for land use and affects food and solar energy production. This study investigated the water quality of aquaculture ponds with and without simulated FPV systems (40% surface area shading) at three sites: Chupei, Lukang and Cigu. Results indicated the FPV-covered ponds exhibited lower mean values in biochemical oxygen demand and plankton biomass but higher oxidation–reduction potential relative to the control ponds. The FPV-covered ponds exhibited lower pH, water temperature and level of dissolved oxygen relative to the control ponds in Chupei and Lukang. The results suggested that the FPV shading effect potentially reduced phytoplankton growth. All FPV-covered ponds exhibited 1.1, 1.2 and 1.4 times greater yields in giant freshwater prawn, tilapia and milkfish without any effect on the growth of cultured species. These results demonstrate the potential benefits and defects of combining aquaculture with FPV systems.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Pond cover study, not an FPV study
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Novel Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms for Lakes Evaporation and Power Production using Floating Semitransparent Polymer Solar Cells[74][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The present study predicts the future evaporation losses by applying novel hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA). Water resources management is achieved by covering the reservoir water surface with floating semitransparent polymer solar cells. The energy produced by these panels will be used in the irrigation activities. The study is applied for the mass water body of Nasser Lake, Egypt and Sudan. Five MLAs namely additive regression (AR), AR-random subspace (AR-RSS), AR-M5Pruned (AR-M5P), AR-reduced error pruning tree (AR-REPTree), and AR- support vector machine (AR-SVM) were developed and evaluated for predicting future evaporation losses in the years 2030, 2050, and 2070. The study concludes that the hybrid AR-M5P ML model was not only superior to the AR model alone but also outperformed other hybrid models such as AR-RSS and AR-REPTree. The expected total annual water saving are projected to reach 3.47 billion cubic meters (BCM), 3.68 and 3.90 BCM, while the total annual power production is observed to be 1389 × 109 Megawatt (MW), 1535 × 109 MW and 1795 × 109 MW in the years 2030, 2050 and 2070, respectively. These results were achieved by covering the shallow water depths from contour level 0 m to 10 m below the surface water level. Additionally, this study shows the ability of using MLAs in the estimation of reservoir evaporation and addressing the water shortages in high stress regions.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation prediction study
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Floating Photovoltaic Plants as an Effective Option to Reduce Water Evaporation in Water-Stressed Regions and Produce Electricity: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt[75][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Water resources are considered one of the most critical and indispensable elements to ensure the survival of all living organisms on the planet. Since there is a close relationship between water, energy, and food security, this interdependence presents a major global societal challenge. While Egypt is one of the countries that suffers the most from water poverty, it has Lake Nasser which is considered one of the largest artificial lakes in the world, with an estimated area of about 5250 km2. Hence, this work aims to conserve such water resources while addressing two critical issues related to water and energy. To achieve this goal, this study proposed the use of partial coverage technology on Lake Nasser with floating photovoltaic (FPV) panels. The results of the study showed that the partial coverage of Lake Nasser with FPV panels represents a very effective proposal to preserve the water resources of Egypt, which suffers from water poverty. The savings in water evaporation in Lake Nasser reached 61.71% (9,074,081,000 m3/year) and the annual rate of electricity production was 467.99 TWh/year when 50% of the area of Lake Nasser was covered with FPV panels.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • proposal of FPV for water conservation + egy generation
      • Lake Nasser
  2. Methods
    • Lake NAsser
      • surface area -> 5250 km²
      • volume -> 162 buillion m³
    • evaporation calculation -> Penman Monteith (additional details provided)
    • PV system
      • mono-cSi
      • 400W (1.983m²) /module
      • production ->Duffie-beckman method
      • 4 case scenario -> 20% / 30% / 40% / 50%
  3. Results and Discussion km
    • Evaporationsavings -> 4057.11e6 m­³/y - 9074.081e6 m³/y
    • energy production -> 187.21TWh - 467.99TWh
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evap reduction
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
mono-cSi LAke Nasser, Egypt 187.21TWh/y 467.99TWh/y

Techno-economic and environmental estimation assessment of floating solar PV power generation on Akosombo dam reservoir in Ghana[76][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Ghana has developed energy policies to help increase the use of renewable energy in its energy mix. With abundant water reservoirs and solar irradiation, the potential to deploy floating solar photovoltaic is feasible to increase the country’s renewable electricity generation. RETScreen Expert software was used for studying a proposed FPV-Hydro hybrid plant system. This study conducted a feasibility analysis for a 420 MWp FPV on Akosombo Dam reservoir a location with 4.66 kWh/m2/day solar energy. The study recommended FPV power plant with capacity factor of 14.1%, and would consist of 500,000 units of solar panels covering a minimum area of 2,460,457 m2 to generate a total annual electricity of 520,233 MWh. The project will save 73,327 cubic metres of water from evaporating which can produce approximately 10 MWp hydroelectric power annually. FPV economic analysis shown that it will results in lower LCOE of US$ 0.10/kWh, annual revenue of USD $52,238,576.00 and 12-years simple payback time, indicating positive economic indicators. Additionally, it will significantly reduce GHG emissions by 308,904.5 tCO 2/MWh annually. The FPV-Hydropower hybrid plants prove feasible and contributes to a greener and less costly energy generation system to meeting the 10% additional Renewable Energy (RE) target of Ghana.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • feasibiity of FPB on Akossoombo dam
      • technical, financial, environmental
  2. Methods
    • AkossomboDam
      • 153e9 m³
    • FPV Plant
      • Software -> RETSCREEN Expert + Google Earth
      • PC surface -> 2.46km²
      • mono-cSi
      • Lifetime 25years / 1% annual degragation
    • Evap calculation
      • un-named method (equation + Ref provided)
    • CO2 emisisons reduciton
      • un-named method (equation + Ref provided)
  3. Results and Discussion
    • energy production -> 520,233MWh/y
    • Power -> 420 MWp
    • Co2 emiisiorn reduction -> 308.904 ktonsCO2/y
    • water savings -> 73,327 m³/y
    • Extra hydro -> 10MWh
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • CO2 emissions reduction
    • water savings
  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • quantified
    • 308.904 ktons CO2/y
  • Water Savings
    • quantified
    • 73,327 m³/y
  • Extra hydro generation
    • estimated
    • 10MWh
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
420 MWp mono-cSi Akossombo River, Ghana 25years 520.233 GWh/y

Potential of usage of the floating photovoltaic systems on natural and artificial lakes in the Republic of Serbia[77][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The Republic of Serbia has a significant potential for the electricity production from solar energy, namely the floating photovoltaic (PV) systems, which are not exploited enough. Although there is a large interest in floating photovoltaic systems (FPVS) worldwide, studies related to the assessment of FPVS potential in this part of Europe have not been performed yet. This paper investigates, for the first time, the possibility of implementation of the FPVS on the six largest Serbian lakes and demonstrates the impact of geographical location on the energy output of the FPVS for the selected locations. The possibility of implementation is studied by simulating the energy output of FPVS using "PVGIS" tool. Energy production from the proposed FPVS, for selected locations, is discussed on a monthly and yearly basis. Installment of the FPVS on these water bodies can produce up to 8959 kWh of energy, while saves 164·106m3/year of water from evaporation at the same time. In addition, the annual reduction of carbon dioxide emissions was analyzed and found to be up to 6.34 tons per year, which further implies with carbon credit potential of up to 9741 € in 20 years period. Drawn conclusions provides better understanding of FPVS and their applicability in the Republic of Serbia to ensure a sustainable, ecological friendly, secure and reliable supply of green energy, and further the used approach can be easily applied in other countries with similar geographical characteristics.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • Analysis of FPB potential in Serbia
  2. Methods
    • Software -> PVGIS
    • LAkes Criteria
      • Water surface
      • Water depth
      • Coverage 10%
    • Unit PV system
      • 1 kW
      • crystalline PV
      • no tracking
      • 4% system loss
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy production -> 7.02MWh/y (fixed) - 8.959 MWh/y (tracking)
    • CO2 emisisons (calculated)
      • 0.76 tCO2/y (fixed) - 1.12 tCO2/y (tracking)
    • Water evap (estimated)
      • 164e6 m³/y
    • Lifetime -> 20years
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Land savings
    • water evap
  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • quantified -> un-named method (ref)
    • 0.76tCO2/y - 1.12tCO2/y
  • Water evap
    • 164 millions m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
c-Si Various Locations, Serbia 20 years 7.02 MWh/y 8.959 MWh/y

Desalination Plant for Irrigation Purposes Driven by an Inland Floating Photovoltaic System[78][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

In places where water and land are scarce it is vital to look for innovative solutions that can ensure water production for agricultural purposes. This study considers the treatment of water using desalination processes to meet the quality requirements needed for irrigation purposes in agriculture. As the water is stored in a pond, an inland floating photovoltaic (FPV) system is proposed to meet the desalination energy demand. This system would enable energy production without using additional land that could otherwise be used for agricultural purposes. The use of FPV technology also reduces water evaporation, thus avoiding unnecessary energy consumption. To generate enough electricity to treat 12,000 m3/day of water, using an electrodialysis reversal desalination plant, a 1.85 MWp FPV farm is proposed. The results indicate that this FPV farm would generate 3,005,828 kWh per year while avoiding the emission of 58,300 tons of CO2 and the evaporation of 159,950 m3 of water during its 25-year lifetime. Such systems allow higher renewable penetration in the energy mix and preserve the original use of the land.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • Coupling FPV with electrodialysis reversal (EDR) desalination plant
      • irragation water
      • FPV potential
      • water conservation
      • techno economic
  2. Methods
    • Conditions to select desalination location explained
    • Software -> PVGIS
    • FPV System
      • Simply calculation for PV power (reverse analysis without optimization)
    • Environmental assessment -> GRAFCAN
    • Evaporation -> simplified formula
    • Co2 emissions -> using national emissions values of Canary Islands, Spain
    • Lifetime -> 25years
    • Case Study location -> San Lorenzo Valley Pond
      • Tilt angle 5°
      • PV module -> mono-cSi / 20.70%
      • Power 1.846 MWp
      • 48.42% of the pond
      • Egy: 3.005 GWh/y
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy balance and availability results provided
    • Water evap prevention -> 6938 m³/y
    • CO2 emission prevention -> 2332 tCo2/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Water evaporation reduciton
    • Quantified -> simplified formula
    • 6938 m³/y
  • CO2 emissions reduciton
    • estimated
    • 2332 tCO2/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.846 MWp mono-cSi Canary Islands, Spain 25years 3.005 GWh/y 20.7% (PV Only)

The impact of floating photovoltaic power plants on lake water temperature and stratification[79][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaics (FPV) refers to photovoltaic power plants anchored on water bodies with modules mounted on floats. FPV represents a relatively new technology in Europe and is currently showing a rapid growth in deployment. However, effects on thermal characteristics of lakes are largely unknown, yet these are crucial for licensing and approval of such plants. Here, we quantify FPV impacts on lake water temperature, energy budget and thermal stratification of a lake through measurements of near-surface lateral wind flow, irradiance, air and water temperatures at one of the largest commercial German facilities, situated on a 70 m deep dredging lake in the Upper Rhine Valley, South-West Germany. Underneath the FPV facility, a 73% reduction in irradiance on the lake surface and an average 23% reduction in near-surface wind speed at module height are detected. A three month data set is then used to set up the General Lake Model and simulate scenarios of different FPV occupancies and changing climatic conditions. We observe that a lake coverage with FPV result in a more unstable and shorter thermal stratification during summer, which could mitigate the effects of climate change. The reduction of water temperatures follows a non-linear relationship with increased FPV occupancy. A sensitivity analysis showed that an increased wind reduction by FPV can have a considerable impact on the thermal properties of the lake. However, measurements only suggest small deviations with regard to the thermal properties of the investigated lake. These findings can be used in approval procedures and allow for a more accurate assessment of environmental impacts of future installations.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Study focused on impact of covering lake surface = Useful in discussion
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Techno-Economic and Carbon Emission Assessment of a Large-Scale Floating Solar PV System for Sustainable Energy Generation in Support of Malaysia’s Renewable Energy Roadmap[80][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Energy generation from renewable sources is a global trend due to the carbon emissions generated by fossil fuels, which cause serious harm to the ecosystem. As per the long-term goals of the ASEAN countries, the Malaysian government established a target of 31% renewable energy generation by 2025 to facilitate ongoing carbon emission reductions. To reach the goal, a large-scale solar auction is one of the most impactful initiatives among the four potential strategies taken by the government. To assist the Malaysian government’s large-scale solar policy as detailed in the national renewable energy roadmap, this article investigated the techno-economic and feasibility aspects of a 10 MW floating solar PV system at UMP Lake. The PVsyst 7.3 software was used to develop and compute energy production and loss estimation. The plant is anticipated to produce 17,960 MWh of energy annually at a levelized cost of energy of USD 0.052/kWh. The facility requires USD 8.94 million in capital costs that would be recovered within a payback period of 9.5 years from the date of operation. The plant is expected to reduce carbon emissions by 11,135.2 tons annually. The proposed facility would ensure optimal usage of UMP Lake and contribute to the Malaysian government’s efforts toward sustainable growth.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • structural, environmental, techno-economic analysis of FSPV in UMP Lake
  2. Methods
    • PV System
      • Location -> Pahang State, Malaysia
      • Total DC power -> 4 + 8 = 12 MW
      • Software -> PVSyst
      • mono-cSi
      • PV coverage -> 54,490 m²
    • Total Lake surface -> 38,220m² + 85,632m².
    • Grid emisison factor for CO2 emissions
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy -> 18.188 GWh/y
    • Efficiency -> 21.25%
    • CO2 emisisons precented ->11,853.6 tons/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • algae growth reduciton
    • land saving
  • CO2 emisisons reduciton
    • Quantified ->grid emissions factor
    • 11,853.6 tons/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
12MW mono-cSi Pahang, Malaysia 18.188 GWh/y 21.25%

Feasibility analysis of floating photovoltaic power plant in Bangladesh: A case study in Hatirjheel Lake, Dhaka[81][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The installation of large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) power plants is a solution to mitigate the national energy demand in Bangladesh. However, the land crisis is one of the key challenges for the rapid growth of ground-mounted LSPV plants in Bangladesh. The per unit cost of energy from ground-mounted PV systems is rising as a response to numerous difficulties, particularly for large-scale electricity generation. To overcome the issues with land-based PV, thefloating photovoltaic (FPV) could be a viable solution. To the aspirations of the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), this article has investigated the feasibility of constructing a floating solar plant at Hatirjheel Lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The lake is an excellent spot to build an FPV plant due to its geographic location and climatic conditions inside the capital city. In this paper, the design of the plant and tariff are carried out using the PVsyst simulator. It is found that the optimum cost of energy for the plant is $ 0.0959/KWh, which is lesser than the currently operational ground-mounted PV plants in Bangladesh. Additionally, the projected 6.7 MW plant can meet 12.5 % of the local energy demand. Furthermore, the FPV plant is capable to cut off 6685 tons of CO2 annually. A reduction in power costs and environmental protection would assist the government of Bangladesh in achieving the sustainable development goals and electricity generation target of 6000 MW fromsolar photovoltaics by 2041 as well.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • Feasibility study of 40 MW plant on 2 desolates lake - mining
      • CO2emisisons
      • geological - economical - technical - economic
  2. Methods
    • Site details
      • Location -> Hatirjheel, Dhaka
      • FPV area -> 47,567m²
      • Floating system designed explained
    • PV
      • Simulation -> PVSyst
      • Power -> 6.763 MW
      • mono-cSi / PERC
      • CO2 emissions -> grid emission factor
    • Lifetime -> 25 years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • energy -> 10,996MWh/y
    • yield -> 4.45 kWh/kWp/day
    • CO2 emissions reduciton -> 6.685 ktons/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • water quality improvement <- algae growth reduction
    • Land saving
  • CO2 emissions reduciton
    • Quantified -> grid emisison factor
    • 6.685 ktons/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
6.763 MW mono-cSi Dhaka, Bangladesh 25 years 10.996 GWh/y

Small-scale floating photovoltaic systems in university campus: A pathway to achieving SDG 7 goals in Bangladesh[82][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVs) are gaining popularity in the Asian subcontinent, particularly in densely populated countries like Bangladesh. Small-scale FPV plants, especially on university campuses, can be crucial to fulfilling SDG7 objectives by providing clean energy and addressing economic concerns, which are currently unexplored in the context of Bangladesh. To this end, this paper proposes a systematic methodology to comprehensively assess the potential of small-scale FPV in achieving SDG 7 goals, covering technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects. This study is the first to present an assessment of water evaporation deduction analysis (environmental aspect) and a systematic survey to evaluate the social aspects of the small-scale FPV plant in Bangladesh. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a simulation case study is conducted for a test FPV plant with a capacity of 116.5 kW in a small water reservoir (pond) located within the University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) campus in Dhaka. The results demonstrate that the proposed FPV plant can generate approximately 169.5 MWh yearly with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.032 $. Additionally, the plant can prevent 3,715.32 m3 of water from evaporating and reduce 61 tons of GHG emissions annually, saving 93,025 $ of social cost of carbon (SCC) during its entire lifespan. In addition, the conducted survey shows a positive attitude towards FPV installation in the chosen area. Furthermore, a comparison with a rooftop solar plant in the same region highlights FPV's potential as an alternative solar-based energy source in techno-economic evaluations. Implementing the proposed FPV can significantly decrease the yearly total generating cost to meet the university's demand while ensuring clean energy in alignment with SDG7. This study can aid in the integration of renewable energy into the grid and assist policymakers in facilitating future small-scale FPV installations in Bangladesh.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • proposed systematic technique to evaluate viability od small-scale FPV
      • cos treduction
      • university campus
  2. Methods
    • GHG emissions -> formula unclear
    • PV produciton calculation -> operating temp -> same as ground-mounted
    • water evap reduciton -> Penman-Monteith
    • Site specs
      • total water surface -> 1016.86 m²
      • PV area -> 961.5 m²
      • poly-cSi / 17.01%
      • PV power -> 116.5 kW
      • Software -> Helioscope
      • Location -> Dhaka
      • Losses -> 22.32%
      • Lifetime -> 25 years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • energy -> 169 MWh/y
    • CO2 emisisons reduciton -> 61 tons/y
    • water evap reduciton -> 3,715.32 m³/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • water evap reduction
    • water wuality improvement <- algae growth reduciton
    • CO2 emisisons reduction
  • Co2 emissions reduciton
    • Quantified -> unclear method
    • 61 tons/y
  • Water evaporation redcution
    • Quantified <- Penman-Monteith
    • 3,715.32 m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
116.5 kW poly-cSi Dhaka, Bangladesh 25 years 169 MWh/y 13.21%

Analysis of floating photovoltaic system with shingled modules: monitoring and economic analysis[83][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The floating PV power system using with shingled modules to maximize power generation efficiency and its performance was analyzed through August 2020 to December 2020. The proposed system using the shingled module and its generated energy output was 20–30% more than the conventional PV system. Considering LCOE, it could be expected 22.223% reduction of LCOE and this power generation system which combines floating photovoltaic system and shingled modules is expected to have excellent economic feasibility as well as carbon reduction effects.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Device Study
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Comprehensive benefit evaluations for integrating off-river pumped hydro storage and floating photovoltaic[84][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Integrating pumped hydro storage with wind-solar power is an effective method for large-scale integration of renewable energy. The integration of floating photovoltaics with pumped hydro storage solves the issues of unstable output from photovoltaic generation and limited land resources. However, traditional pumped hydro storage has limitations in terms of siting and structure, resulting in environmental issues and opposition when integrated with floating photovoltaics. To overcome these limitations, a novel integrated generation system that combines off-river pumped hydro storage and floating photovoltaic is proposed. Additionally, an optimized scheduling model is developed for the hybrid energy power system with the objective of minimizing operating costs. Finally, a case study of a large clean energy project in Qinghai, China is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the comprehensive benefits of this integrated system in hybrid renewable energy power generation from economic, technical, and environmental perspectives. The results indicate that the combination of off-river pumped hydro storage and floating photovoltaics provides improved technological, economic, and environmental benefits. Specifically, under the premise of meeting the power supply rate and ensuring power transmission reliability, the integration of off-river pumped hydro storage and floating photovoltaic generation system surpasses the traditional integration of pumped hydro storage and photovoltaics in multiple aspects. The integrated system can increase power transmission by 26%, decrease investment costs by 15.04%, lower operating costs by 31.75%, save land use by 4.78 km2, and evaporation reduction efficiency by 44.6%. The OFPHS + FPV operation scheme can provide a reference for the development of pumped hydro storage and photovoltaic industries in resource-constrained areas and provide technical guidance to improve the flexibility of regional power systems.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • Off-river Pumped Hydro Storage + FPV
      • optimized scheduling -> minimizing opecration costs
  2. Methods
    • Study Specs
      • Location -> Qinghai, China
      • Installed Capacity FPV -> 287 MW
    • 4 different scenario
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Water evap
  • Evaporation reduciton
    • Penman-Monteith
    • 2.23 e6 m³/y (44.6% reduciton)
  • Land savings
    • offset from Land PV
    • 4.78km²
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
287 MW Qinghai, China 3667 GWh/y

Aquatic environment impacts of floating photovoltaic and implications for climate change challenges[85][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

With the aggravation of global warming and the increasing demand for energy, the development of renewable energy is imminent. Floating photovoltaic (FPV) is a new form of renewable energy generation. However, the impact of FPV on the aquatic environment is still unclear. By long-term empirical monitoring and data analysis, this paper reveals the shading effect of large-scale FPV power station on aquatic environment for the first time. The results show that: (1) Compared with the non-photovoltaic (NP) zone, FPV only significantly reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the photovoltaic (P) zone. (2) The concentration of chlorophyll a, nitrate nitrogen and total phosphorus increase, while pH and ammonia nitrogen decrease. FPV only causes an effect of the same order of magnitude as the initial concentration, and has no significant adverse effects on the nutritional status of the water body at a coverage ratio less than 50%. (3) FPV has a cooling effect on the water body during the daytime and a thermal insulation effect at night, with the most pronounced impact on peak water temperature (Tw). The heating and cooling process of Tw in P zone usually lags behind the NP zone by 1–3 h. The diurnal fluctuation and vertical difference of Tw as well as the stability of water body are reduced under the shading of FPV, alleviating the influence of climate change on Tw and water body stratification. (4) If 10% of the water area larger than 1 km2 in China are used to develop FPV, more than 900 million tons of CO2 emissions can be reduced, and about 5 billion m3 water can be saved, which is significant in the context of climate change. In general, this paper provides a reference for the future aquatic environmental impact assessment of FPV and the formulation of related policies.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • No modelind or simulation - Interestiung paper but not suited for this purpose
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Techno-economic and Environmental Analysis of Floating Photovoltaic Power Plants: A case Study of Iran[86][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Solar energy as renewable and clean energy has a remarkable share in improving the water-energy-food nexus. However, due to occupying a vast area of land, the development of large-scale photovoltaic systems is a serious challenge, particularly in regions with land restrictions. As a solution, it is argued that the installation of the floating photovoltaic systems on the water reservoirs can save land as well as reduce the evaporation rate. The aim of this study is to economically and environmentally evaluate the feasibility of the installation of a 10-megawatt floating photovoltaic power plant on a water reservoir. Results show that the payback period of investment and internal rate of return are achieved at 5.2 years and 20.4%, respectively. It is also found that if only 0.3% of the water reservoir surface is covered, evaporation volume will be decreased from 441.2 up to 515.2 thousand cubic meters. Moreover, environmental assessment demonstrates that 8470 to 15311 tons of CO2 and 27 to 52.3 tons of NOx are not released into the atmosphere. Ultimately, sensitivity analysis proves that if the capital cost is reduced by 30%, the payback period will be shortened to 3.6 years. Furthermore, such a project in Chah-nimeh will be profitable as long as the electricity purchasing tariffs are more than US$ 0.096/kWh.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Mentioned other methods to prevent water evap
    • Goal:
      • feasibility of 10MW FPV
      • techno economic
      • GHG emissions
  2. Methods
    • Software
      • PVSyst
      • RETScreen
    • Size -> 10MW
    • Location- > Zabol, Iran
    • Module
      • poly-cSi
      • 15.7% efficiency
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Energy -> 18.026 GWh/y
    • Land saving -> 15ha
    • water saving -> 440,000 m³/y
    • Co2 emissions -> 8470 - 15,311 tons CO2 /y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • algae growth reduction
    • CO2 emissions reduciton
  • Water evaporation reduction
    • estimated
    • 440,000 m³/y
  • CO2 emissions redcution
    • estimated
    • 8470 - 15,311 tons CO2/y
  • Land saving
    • estimated
    • 15ha
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
10MW poly-cSi Zabol, Iran 20years 18.026 GWh/y 15.7%

Developing design topologies and strategies for the integration of floating solar, hydro, and pumped hydro storage system[87][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Present study aims to increase the effectiveness and penetration of innovative floating solar systems by exploring the potential for the development of floating solar PV-based hybrid renewable energy systems. Based on the review of reported research on multi-energy systems and taking into consideration the characteristics of floating solar PV system, different topologies are designed for the deployment of hybrid renewable energy installations to support the power grid and enhance system reliability. Critical design strategies such as site inspection, reservoir layout, water quality, solar irradiance, wind loading, and the existing hydropower infrastructure, required for assessment have been outlined. Feasibility analysis involving the techno-economic and environmental assessment of a typical floating solar-based hybrid renewable energy system is also discussed. To promote the deployment of floating solar-based hybrid renewable energy systems, actions such as strengthening knowledge, setting renewable targets, investing in research and development, and providing government support are needed. Merging new technologies such as artificial intelligence and virtual power plants with floating solar PV can create a more efficient system. The concept of a Smart Floating Farm that combines floating solar-based systems with farming can help address future food shortages due to climate change by 2050.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Reviewed other papers
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Sustainable and cost-effective hybrid energy solution for arid regions: Floating solar photovoltaic with integrated pumped storage and conventional hydropower[88][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Over the past decade, solar photovoltaic installations have grown significantly, and energy storage is crucial for integration. Pumped storage hydropower is a cost-effective and proven grid-scale energy storage technology, reducing variable renewable energy curtailment. Floating solar photovoltaics can address water availability issues in arid regions by floating on water bodies. This research article explores a sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhancing water, energy, food, and ecosystem nexus in arid regions. It proposes a hybrid configuration of 200 MW Paras pumped storage hydropower, 30 MWp floating solar photovoltaic integrated with 300 MW Balakot conventional hydropower for grid energy storage. This study calculates the levelized cost of energy storage using conventional hydropower resources, water stream considerations, and floating solar PV installations. The novelty is that the levelized cost of energy storage decreases by 28 %, benefit to cost ratio increases by 56 % and installed costs are reduced by 25 % as compared to greenfield closed-loop pumped storage hydropower. The hybrid configuration can deliver an additional 3693 GWh of clean energy, resulting in a 30 % increase in revenue over 30 years compared to greenfield closed-loop pumped storage hydropower. This can improve the water, energy, food, and ecosystem nexus by enabling fast-track deployment of variable renewable energy in arid regions, while integrated pumped storage hydropower supports essential energy storage to the grid.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • integrate PV, pumped hydro and hydro
  2. Methods
    • Coverage: 10- 50%
    • Software RETScreen
    • CO2 emissions -> clean development mechnism methodology
  3. Results and Discussion
    • FPV power
      • min(10%) -> 3.51+2.53 MWp
      • max(50%) -> 17.57+12.63 MWp
    • Annual energy
      • min(10%) -> 5.34+3.84 GWh/y
      • max(50%) -> 27.84+20.02 GWh/y
    • Water saving
      • min(10%) -> 5416+3895 m³/y
      • max(50%) -> 654192+470400 m³/y
    • CO2 emissions reduction
      • min(10%) -> 2.03+1.46 ktons Co2 (per year maybe)
      • max(50%) -> 14.48+10.41 m³/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in lit review / Intro
    • land use conflict reduction
    • water evap reduciton
  • Water saving
    • Quantified -> unspecified method
      • min(10%) -> 5416+3895 m³/y
      • max(50%) -> 654192+470400 m³/y
  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • Quantified -> clean development mechnism methodology
      • min(10%) -> 2.03+1.46 ktons Co2 (per year maybe)
      • max(50%) -> 14.48+10.41 m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
6.04 MWp 30.2 MWp Mansehra, PAkistan 30 years 9.18 GWh/y 47.86 GWh/y

GIS-based potential assessment of floating photovoltaic systems in reservoirs of Tamil Nadu in India[89][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating photovoltaic systems (FPVs) are one of the emerging renewable-energy technologies suitable for implementation in land-scarce areas around the world. The installation of FPVs in water bodies in highly populated countries such as India will improve renewable-energy production with added advantages in terms of efficiency, water savings and reduced carbon emissions. In this context, the present study aims to identify suitable reservoirs for solar energy production using FPV technology in Tamil Nadu, India using geographic information system techniques. A total of 118 reservoirs located in the study area were considered. The results have shown that the implementation of FPV systems will significantly improve the production of renewable energy. The most suitable reservoirs with hydroelectric power plants for hybrid FPV implementation and their potential to reduce water evaporation and carbon emissions are presented. The results reveal that hybrid systems will generate 1542.53 GWh of power annually and also save 36.32 × 106 m3 of water every year. The results of this investigation will aid in fulfilling sustainable energy production in India, and the methodology presented may be useful for the analysis and prioritization of reservoirs for the implementation of FPV all over the world.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • quantify FPV potential of freshwater reservoirs in Tamil Nadu
      • GIS
      • Hybrid FPV-HEPP
  2. Methods
    • Location -> State of Tamil Nadu, India
    • Total reservoirs area -> 8993.11 km²
    • PV power calculated using irradiance and efficiency
    • module -> c-Si
    • 26 seleted reservoirs
    • evaporation analysis -< penamn-monteith
    • co2 emisisons -> displacement method using existing data
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
  • water evap
    • Penman-monteith
    • 36.32 e6 m³ (direct saving) + 10.81 e9 m³ (imdirect saving)
  • CO2 emissions reduciton
    • estimated
    • 1.42e6 tons CO2
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.13 GW c-Si Tamil Nadu, India 1.54 TWh/y

An analysis of the prospects and efficiency of floating and overland photovoltaic systems[90][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The world's increasing demand for energy coupled with dwindling natural resources has spurred the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. However, one of the biggest drawbacks of renewable energy is its intermittency. Currently, most of the world's electrical energy comes from thermal power and nuclear energy combined. Despite being heavily reliant on energy imports, Morocco has made progress in developing its solar energy capacity with an installed capacity of 760 MW, 200 MW of which comes from photovoltaics. One way for Morocco to further increase its renewable energy production is through floating solar power, which utilizes the water surface of dams and reservoirs. The challenge with this approach is to secure the floating solar panels to prevent them from being blown about by wind and other elements. Like onshore solar power, offshore solar power also utilizes maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology to maximize energy production. To compare the efficiency of terrestrial and marine solar power systems, the design and simulation of a solar PV system with MPPT through a boost converter was carried out using MATLAB/Simulink models. The study also examined the impact of water flow characteristics on the output of solar energy from floating panels.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Does not specify any benefits
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Economic comparison of floating photovoltaic systems with tracking systems and active cooling in a Mediterranean water basin[91][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) modules are installed on water surface to reduce land use. This original solution, potentially deployable on hydropower and aquaculture basins as well, can benefit of enhanced cooling due to the proximity to water. Thanks to this natural effect, FPV modules can work at higher operating efficiencies than ground-based (GPV) modules. However, because of the relatively young age, FPV still requires higher installation costs than GPV. This study investigates the economic competitiveness of GPV and FPV in terms of energy performance and total costs. Different PV system solutions are economically evaluated on the basis of three key figures, namely the capital costs (CAPEX), the operation and maintenance costs (OPEX) and the power generation costs (LCOE). An economic ranking is created based on the comparative analysis of these three key figures. The crucial point in the proposed economic model is that the revenues resulting from the reduced evaporations are considered as well. Every year, indeed, a significant volume of water can be preserved thanks to the shading effect of FPV modules. This water can be used for various purposes, increasing the overall revenues of the FPV system. In addition, the present LCOE calculations also take into account the performance enhancements that could be achieved through the installation of active cooling systems. In light of the expected economy of scale, a sensitivity analysis of the LCOE is carried out to account potential reductions in the capital cost of FPVs. This is done by analyzing the energy and economic performance of various FPV designs on a water basin in Southern Italy. The results demonstrate that, reducing the CAPEX of the FPV by 30 %, a nearly 20 % reduction in LCOE can be obtained compared to the reference GPV system.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • economic viability of FPV design
      • with vs without tracking
      • mono vs bifacial
      • 9 FPV config
      • cost + benefits
      • 9FPV vs GPV
  2. Methods
    • FPV perfromance
      • existing data (experimental)
      • MATLAB + PVSystem
      • Temperature model - > Tina et al.
    • Water evap -> Botempo Scavo et al.
    • Lifetime -> 30years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Power -> 18MW
    • 50% coverage (180,000m² of PV)
    • water savings -> 1271.66 mm
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • land saving
    • water quality improvement <- algae growth reduction
  • Water savings
    • Botempo Scavo et al. method
    • 1271.66mm
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
18MW c-Si Sicily, Italy 30 years

Energy Emissions Profile and Floating Solar Mitigation Potential for a Malaysia's State[92][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The establishment of the National Low Carbon City Master Plan (NLCCM) by Malaysia's government presents a significant opportunity to minimize carbon emissions at the subnational or local scales, while simultaneously fostering remarkable economic potential. However, the lack of data management and understanding of emissions at the subnational level are hindering effective climate policies and planning to achieve the nationally determined contribution and carbon neutrality goal. There is an urgent need for a subnational emission inventory to understand and manage subnational emissions, particularly that of the energy sector which contribute the biggest to Malaysia's emission. This research aims to estimate carbon emissions for Selangor state in accordance with the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC), for stationary energy activities. The study also evaluates the mitigation potential of Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) proposed for Selangor. It was found that the total stationary energy emission for Selangor for the year 2019 was 18,070.16 ktCO2e, contributed the most by the Manufacturing sub-sector (40%), followed by the Commercial and Institutional sub-sector; with 82% contribution coming from the Scope 2 emission. The highest sub-sector of Scope 1 emissions was contributed by Manufacturing while Scope 2 emissions from the Commercial and Institutional. Additionally, the highest fuel consumed was natural gas, which amounted to 1404.32 ktCO2e (44%) of total emissions. The FSPV assessment showed the potential generation of 2.213 TWh per year, by only utilizing 10% of the identified available ponds and dams in Selangor, equivalent to an emission reduction of 1726.02 ktCO2e, offsetting 11.6% Scope 2 electricity emission. The results from the study can be used to better evaluate existing policies at the sub-national level, discover mitigation opportunities, and guide the creation of future policies.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • FSPV as mitigation measure for climate change
  2. Methods
    • GHG emissions -> estimated using scaling factors
    • Solar PV -> estimated, no method specified
    • PV -> mono-cSi
  3. Results and Discussion
    • energy -> 2.213 TWh/y
    • CO2 emissions reduciton -> 1726.02 ktCo2
    • 1.13 GW
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • estimated using existing data
    • 1726.02 ktCo2
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.13GW mono-cSi Various Locations, Malaysia 2.213 TWh/y

Empowering Rural Communities – The Impact of Grid Connected Floating Solar Power Plants for Farmers | International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management[93][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating solar power plants are emerging as an innovative solution for farmers with limited land and water resources. This study explores the feasibility of an on-grid floating solar power plant for farmers, which offers a sustainable and cost- effective source of energy while preserving land area and improving water quality. The study demonstrates that the on-grid floating solar power plant is technically feasible, economically viable, and environmentally beneficial, and has the potential to improve the livelihoods of farmers and contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Study does not contain enough information to be included
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Investigating the Effect of Albedo in Simulation-Based Floating Photovoltaic System: 1 MW Bifacial Floating Photovoltaic System Design[94][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as a promising technology in the realm of sustainable energy solutions, specifically in the harnessing of solar energy. Photovoltaic modules, which use solar energy to generate electricity, are often used on terrestrial platforms. In recent years, there has been an increasing inclination towards the installation of photovoltaic (PV) modules over water surfaces, including lakes, reservoirs, and even oceans. The novel methodology introduces distinct benefits and complexities, specifically pertaining to the thermal characteristics of the modules. In order to accomplish this objective, a photovoltaic (PV) module system with a capacity of 1 MW was developed as a scenario in the PVsyst Program. The scenario simulation was conducted on the Mamasın Dam, situated in the Gökçe village within the Aksaray province. To conduct the efficiency analysis, a comparative evaluation was conducted between bifacial and monofacial modules, which were installed from above the water at 1 m. The comparison was made considering two different types of modules. Additionally, the albedo effect, water saving amount, and CO2 emissions of the system were also investigated. Albedo measurements were made in summer when the PV power plant will operate most efficiently. As a result of the simulations, it was found that bifacial modules produce 12.4% more energy annually than monofacial modules due to the albedo effect. It is estimated that PV power plant installation will save 19,562.695 and 17,253.475 tons of CO2 emissions in bifacial and monofacial systems, respectively.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • FPV requires higher capital
    • Goal:
      • In-depth analsysis of FPV systems: design/benefits/various applications
      • 1MW FPV
      • Albedo analysis
      • water saving / co2 emissions
  2. Methods
    • Software -> PVSyst
    • Location -> Aksaray, Turkey
    • PV Size
      • 1.081 MW bif
      • 1.001 MW monof
    • PV U-value calculation shown
    • mono*cSi - 22.21%
  3. Results and Discussion
    • CO2 emissions -> PVSyst
      • bif -> 19,562.695 tons
      • monof -> 17,253.475
    • water saving -> empirical formula
      • bif -> 0.403 millions m³
      • monof -> 0.370 millions m³
    • energy
      • bif -> 1688.773 MWh/y
      • monof -> 1507.355 MWh/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • Land use reductinon
    • water evap reduciton
    • CO2 emissions reduction
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
1.001 MW 1.081 MW mono-cSi Aksaray, Turkey 1507.355 MWh/y 1688.773 MWh/y

Innovative metaheuristic algorithm with comparative analysis of MPPT for 5.5 kW floating photovoltaic system[95][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Multiple localized maxima in power voltage features are triggered by non-uniform irradiance, which has a detrimental influence on photovoltaic (PV) system operation. Numerous control approaches for PV maximum power point tracking (MPPT) have lately been investigated. This paper proposes a metaheuristic algorithm to reach PV maximum power more efficiently based on the hybridization of Improved Grey Wolf Optimization (IGWO) and BAT algorithms, which are chosen for their reliability and fast MPPT for PV systems. However, they both encounter issues including delayed convergence and increased oscillations while tracking. To overcome these limitations, a newly Improved Grey Wolf BAT Optimization (IGWBO) is applied to specify the duty cycle parameter that is used in MPPT to enhance the performance of FPV systems under a variety of non-uniform weather scenarios. The results of implementing IGWBO-FPV are compared to those of IGWO-FPV, GWO-FPV, BAT-FPV, and FPV without any control algorithm. The findings revealed that the proposed IGWBO-FPV approach outperforms the annual generated power of the IGWO-FPV, GWO-FPV, BAT-FPV, and FPV without control by 5.64%, 10.58%, 17.54%, and 27.28% respectively. The optimal IGWBO-FPV enviro-economic evaluation indicates that 42.83 tons of CO2/year can be prevented from being released into the environment, with an LCOE of 0.052 $/kWh.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • proposed new mppt algorithm for FPV under non-uniform weather conditions
  2. Methods
    • MATLAB simulation
    • PV module
      • mono-cSi
      • power 5.5 kW
    • Lifetime -> 25years
  3. Results and Discussion
    • annual energy
      • 1.345 MWh -> no mppt
      • 1.712 MWh -> IGWBO-FPV mppt algorithm
    • efficiency
      • 17.75% -> no mmpt
      • 22.21% -> IGWBO-FPV
    • CO2 emissions -> offset methods using grid values
      • 811.94 tons CO2/(25years) -> no mppt
      • 1070.93 tons CO2/((25years) -> IGWBO-FPV
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • CO2 emissions reduciton
    • offset method
    • 811.94 tons CO2 (no mppt) - 1070.93 tons CO2 (IGWBO-FPV)
    • all values for 25 years
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
5.5kW mono-cSi Port Said, Egypt 25 years 1.345 MWh/y 1.712 MWh 17.75% 22.21%

The potential of optimized floating photovoltaic system for energy production in the Northern Lakes of Egypt[96][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The deployment of floating photovoltaics (FPVs) is growing substantially in maritime locations. Despite the advantages gained from FPVs, it can still suffer from radiation fluctuation, which severely harms the system's production. Avoiding such obstacles can help countries like Egypt to increase their clean electricity production from its huge natural Northern Lakes. The adoption of soft computing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms showed great potential for optimizing system performance, especially the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Yet insufficient memory and rapid radiation fluctuations can compromise algorithms. Hence, the present work addresses a hybrid GA-PSO algorithm combining the advantageous features of both algorisms to extract the MPPT from a 5.3 kW FPV system with greater frequency and accuracy in varying weather conditions, including partial shading (PS); MATLAB simulations are conducted to evaluate the proposed system's potential under a range of weather conditions. The hybrid GA-PSO outperforms GA or PSO alone while being simple to implement, with an average electrical efficiency and performance ratio of (23.40%,0.87) and (18.90%,0.79) for FPV and partially shading PSFPV, respectively. Finally, by implementing the hybrid GA-PSO, the FPV array may prevent 17.52 tons of CO2/ season from being emitted into the air.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • assess FPV dynamic performance in varying weather consitions
  2. Methods
    • MATLAB -> MPPT algorithms
    • PV -> 5.3 kW
      • mono-cSi
      • 20.5%
      • Port Said, Egypt
  3. Results and Discussion
    • 4.9
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Device level study
  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Floating PV Systems as an Alternative Power Source: Case Study on Three Representative Islands of Indonesia[97][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating solar renewable energy is of enormous potential in Indonesia. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the design of Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for three islands in Indonesia. These islands represent three typical scenarios in Indonesia (a) using a national grid powered by fossil fuel generators, (b) using a local grid powered by diesel generators, and (c) no grid at all. In-person surveys were conducted at these islands to collect data, and then FPV and BESS were designed to meet the demands of each island. Subsequently, the systems’ energy simulations were conducted using the System Advisor Model, demonstrating daily energy demand and supply in hour variation. Based on the results, a series of sustainability analyses were created from the aspects of economics, society, and the environment. The economic analysis demonstrated cost savings by using FPV to replace contemporary energy methods. The social analysis provides valuable insights into the local community, forming a demographic profile and obtaining perceptions and opinions regarding the new energy approach. The environmental analysis quantifies the potential CO2 emissions. Overall, the work provides valuable insights into the roadmap for implementing floating solar technologies in Indonesia which can also inform global ocean-based solar energy developments.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • Design of FPV + BESS
  2. Methods
    • 3 islands
      • FPV + Grid
      • FPV + Diesel Gen
      • FPV + BESS
    • SAM for simulations
    • PV Systems
      • FPV + Grid -> 2MW / 2,958 MWh/y
      • FPV + Diesel Gen -> 553 kW / 845.154 MWh/y
      • FPV + BESS -> 31kW / 49.212 MWh/y
    • CO2 emissions -> method not specified
      • FPV + Grid -> 171.3 kgCO2
      • FPV + Diesel Gen -> 112.4 kgCO2
      • FPV + BESS -> 239.75 kg CO2
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • CO2 emissions reduction
    • method unspecified
    • 239.75kg CO2 - FPV BESS
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
31 kW mono-cSi Kalenan, Indonesia 49.212 MWh/y

Evaporation reduction and energy generation potential using floating photovoltaic power plants on the Aswan High Dam Reservoir[98][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

An opportunity for efficient implementation of floating photovoltaics can be the coupling with other renewable energies, such as hydropower. The resulting synergies contribute to the benefit of both technologies. Particularly in arid regions, hydropower reservoirs face considerable evaporation. As a benefit, FPV minimises evaporation while simultaneously generating renewable energy. In this study, we simulate the evaporation reduction due to FPV by applying the hydrodynamic General Lake Model together with the yield simulation model Zenit to the Aswan High Dam Reservoir. We estimate a 49.7% evaporation reduction at 90% FPV occupancy and water savings of up to 5.9 billion cubic meters per year. The mean specific water saving of the FPV system is 7.67 m3 a−1 kWp−1. We analyse possible ways to use the saved water, such as additional hydropower, filling up the Toshka Lakes, or agricultural irrigation. The use of FPV water savings for irrigation appeared to be most efficient.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • FPV benefits over 12 year (2005 - 2016)
      • Simulated
  2. Methods
    • Zenit software -> yield analysis
    • Hydrodynamic General Lake Model
  3. Results and Discussion
    • water saving 90% coverage -> 5.9 billions m³/y
    • additional hydro-generation -> 1TWh
    • power -> 735 GWp
    • energy 1459 TWh/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • evapo losses reduction
    • land reduciton
  • Water evaporation reductio
    • hydrodynamic General Lake Model
    • 5.9 billions m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
735 GWp mono-cSi Lake Nasser, Egypt 1459 TWh/y

Geographically constrained resource potential of integrating floating photovoltaics in global existing offshore wind farms[99][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Marine renewable energy is gaining prominence as a crucial component of the energy supply in coastal cities due to proximity and minimal land requirements. The synergistic potential of integrating floating photovoltaics with offshore wind turbines presents an encouraging avenue for boosting power production, amplifying spatial energy generation density, and mitigating seasonal output fluctuations. While the global promise of offshore wind-photovoltaic hybrid systems is evident, a definitive understanding of their potential remains elusive. Here, we evaluate the resource potential of the hybrid systems under geographical constraints, offering insights into sustainable and efficient offshore energy solutions. We compile a database with 11,198 offshore wind turbine locations from Sentinel-1 imagery and technical parameters from commercial project details. Our analysis reveals an underutilization of spatial resources within existing offshore wind farms, yielding a modest 26 kWh per square meter. Furthermore, employing realistic climate-driven system simulations, we find an impressive potential photovoltaic generation of 1372 ± 18 TWh annually, over seven times higher than the current offshore wind capacity. Notably, floating photovoltaics demonstrated remarkable efficiency, matching wind turbine output with a mere 17 % of the wind farm area and achieving an average 76 % increase in power generation at equivalent investment costs. Additionally, the hybrid wind and photovoltaic systems exhibit monthly-scale complementarity, reflected by a Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.78, providing a consistent and reliable power supply. These findings support the notion that hybrid offshore renewable energy could revolutionize the renewable energy industry, optimize energy structures, and contribute to a sustainable future for coastal cities.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • NOT INCLUDED IN REVIEW
  • Primary a wind turbin energy study
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Floating photovoltaic in Chile: Potential for clean energy generation and water protection[100][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) has the potential to mitigate climate change while adapting to its consequences. Photovoltaic (PV) systems installed on a water surface enable synergies such as higher generation efficiency and reduced evaporation. Although there is growing interest in FPV, there has been no structured analysis of Chile's technical and economic potential. We provide the first national-level estimate of FPV potential, using filtered geo-datasets and meteorological data to compute PV yields and impact on water evaporation. We find a technical potential of 6.3 – 16.6GWp for FPV, predominantly in the central zone between the Coquimbo and Biobío regions. The derived potential for FPV could provide 13 – 33% of the current national annual electricity generation while protecting over 118millionm3 of water per year from evaporation. Further, we derive average levelized cost of energy for utility-scale FPV projects in central regions between 51–55USDMWh−1. Future research to understand the impact on evaporation and the effects of large-scale FPV implementation on the national electricity grid should be carried out to enable synergetic development.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • technical and economic potential of FPV in Chile
      • yield gain due to cooling effect
  2. Methods
    • GIS databases for lake water surf identification
    • 30872 lakes / 14,012 km²
    • percent coverage \
      • 15% if water > 1ha
      • 40% ottherwise
    • experimental pilot study
      • 16.2 kWp / 100m²
      • mono-cSi
      • 1.2 MWp/ha
    • evap -> Penman + (60% saved by covering surface)
    • module temperature - Faiman equation
    • Software -> PVWatts
  3. Results and Discussion
    • power -> 6.3GWp - 16.6 GWp
    • energy -> 10.4 - 27.3 TWh/y
    • evap reduction -> 45 - 118 millions m³/y
    • yield increase -> 1.7%
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • algae reduction
  • water evaporation
    • Penman method
    • 45-118 millions m³/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
6.3GWp 16.6GWp mono-cSi Country wide, Chile 10.4TWh/y 27.3TWh/y

Unlocking the floating solar photovoltaic potential on hydropower reservoirs: a case study of Srisailam dam, India[101][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

India's electrical sector has witnessed a significant decline in hydropower share, leading to an increased reliance on thermal power generation, exacerbating greenhouse gas emissions, and altering rainfall patterns. To mitigate these challenges, a pioneering approach of integrating Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) plants with hydropower reservoirs emerges. This research focuses on the Srisailam hydropower reservoir, estimating FSPV potential in four scenarios and evaluating two floating structures. The results unveil a remarkable transformation: covering less than 3% of the reservoir area could double installed power capacity and boost electricity production by 81%, adding 2664 GWh annually. Additionally, implementing FSPV leads to water savings of 46.57 million cubic meters per year, generating an extra 15.01 GWh of hydropower yearly. This visionary integration offers a sustainable solution, balancing energy generation with water conservation. It urges policymakers and innovators to embrace renewable energy's coexistence with responsible resource management. By harnessing this synergy, India can pave the way toward a greener, more sustainable future, mitigating climate change's impact and securing energy for generations to come.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • estimate FSPV potential for 4 scenarios
      • 2 types of floating -> float vs pontoon
      • water evap savings + additional hydro - generation
  2. Methods
    • PV System
      • Location -> Andhra Pradesh, India
      • power potential from power density (area) -> 2.5 actres/MWp
      • coverage 1 - 10% + same capacity as hydro (ECOH -> equivalent capacity of hydro)
      • poly-cSi
      • energy calaucated by temperatire model -> considered heat coefficient
    • total water area -> 616 km²
    • water evap -> Scavo method
    • extra added hydro power -> hudro nominbal power calculation formula
  3. Results and Discussion
    • power -> 609 MW - 6092 MW
    • energy -> 980 GWH/y - 9812 GWh/y
    • water evap (pontoon-dependent)
      • 5.5 mcm -> floats (1%coverage)
      • 170.6mcm -> pontoon (10%coverage)
    • added hydro: 1.825 GWh/y - 56.57 GWh/y (corelated with water evap)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned intro
    • land use reduciton
    • CO2 emissions reduction
    • water evap reduction
  • Water evap
    • Scavo method
    • 5.5mcm/y - 170.6 mcm/y
  • added hydro
    • 1.825GWh/y
    • 56.57GWh/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
609 MW 6092 MW poly-cSi Andhra Pradesh, India 25 years 980GWh/y 9812GWh/y 16.74%

Techno-economic Comparative Analysis of Floating/On-Ground Solar PV System for Electrification of Gilgel Gibe I Auxiliary Load in Ethiopia[102][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Ethiopia is well endowed with solar energy resources with daily average radiation ranging from 4.5 to 7.5 kWh/m2/day. The significant electricity consumption of the country is reliant on hydropower. This dependence on hydropower makes the country susceptible to weather and climate changes, such as droughts, which can lead to reduced water levels in hydropower reservoir and reduced electricity generation. The application of solar floating photovoltaic (FPV) in the existing hydro reservoir would provide solar electric power to support hydropower generation especially during dry periods, and decrease evaporation losses. This implementation also has the cascading effect of increasing the solar power generation from the PV system by reducing the panel temperature through efficiency gain while saving the land requirement for installing the same PV system. Especially for countries like Ethiopia where agriculture is the key source of economy, optimal usage of land is very important. Thus, in this research, a techno-economic comparative analysis of 4MW Grid-tied FPV and ground-mounted PV system on Gilgel gibe I reservoir in Ethiopia for supplying the auxiliary load of the generation plant is done. The results showed that the proposed FPV system has 6.9% more electricity generating capacity than land-mounted PV system and saves 74,400m3 of water from evaporation annually. The FPV plant will also save the land cost burden, and results the levelized cost of energy (COE) 0.043$/kWh, which is 15.7 % less than land-mounted PV systems. In another way, the proposed FPV system indicated a positive impact on the environment by reducing 993 tons of greenhouse gas emission annually. Thus this research results will offer a clear directions for the concerned stockholders to implement FPV technology on the Ethiopian hydro reservoirs.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • techno economic comparative analysis -> GPV vs FPV
  2. Methods
    • Software -> HOMER + PVGIS
    • water evap -> simplified Penman
    • PV power -> calculated equation
      • temp model -> water cell temp model (Lupu et al.)
    • PV module
      • c-Si / 16.02%
      • inverter -> 95%
      • coverage 1 - 50% -> but used MW
    • total water surface -> 51 millions m²
  3. Results and Discussion
    • power - > 4MW
    • energy -> 6.99 GWh/y
    • water saving -> 74,400 m³/y
    • CO2 emisisons reduciton (emissions factor) -> 993 tCO2/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap reduction
  • Water saving
    • simplified Penman
    • 74,400 m³/y
  • CO2 emisisons reduction
    • emission factor method
    • 993 tCO2/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
4MW c-Si Gilgel Gib, Ethiopia 25 years 6.99GWh/y 16.02%

Technical and economic analysis of floating solar photovoltaic systems in coastal regions of India: a case study of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu[103][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Population of India is growing exponentially thereby the necessity to enhance the power generation capacity is increasing. Considering the detrimental impacts of conventional approaches to generate electricity on the environment, it is imperative to minimize the dependency on fossil fuels and make a transition towards the use of renewable sources. Harnessing energy using floating solar photovoltaic modules is one of the promising renewable alternatives that can curtail carbon-dioxide emissions while meeting the required energy demand. In this study, governing parameters obtained from ECMWF ERA5 datasets are used to evaluate techno-economic feasibility of the floatovoltaic solar system at selected locations in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The suitability of these regions for installing floatovoltaic systems is assessed by analyzing crucial parameters such as panel temperature, solar power output, Capacity Factor (CF) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Findings depict that a total of 991 and 880 TWh of electricity can be generated with a capacity factor of 26.9% and 23.8% at Gujarat and Tamil Nadu locations, respectively, with an installed capacity of 420 MW floatovoltaic system. Implementation of this alternative renewable source can curtail carbon emissions by more than 700 billion metric tons at each location, minimizing the detrimental impact on the environment. Economic analysis reveals LCOE value at the Gujarat and Tamil Nadu locations is 0.072 and 0.08 USD/kWh, respectively. Promoting the adoption and installation of floatovoltaics can help India to meet its goal of net-zero emissions by 2050 and be self-sufficient in terms of energy.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • offshore FPV potential
      • performace and CO2 analysis
  2. Methods
    • Location -> Gujarat + Tamil Nadu
    • power 420 MW per location
    • temperature model (sea surface tempertaure) for enrgy modelling
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Gujarat
      • energy -> 991.19 TWh/y
      • CO2 -> 792.9 billions tons/y
    • Tamil Nadu
      • energy -> 880.77 TWh/y
      • CO2 -> 704.62 billions tons/y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • MEntioned in Intro
    • Land savings
  • CO2 emisisons reduciotn
    • offset method - estimated
    • Gujarat -> 792.9 billions tons/y
    • Tamil Nadu -> 704.62 billiobns tons/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
420MW Gujarat 25years 991.19TWh/y
420MW Tamil Nadu 25years 880.77 TWh/y

Floating solar panels: a sustainable solution to meet energy demands and combat climate change in offshore regions[104][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The escalation in energy demand due to the rising population highlights the need for the transition toward sustainable power generation alternatives. In this context, floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) systems emerge as an innovative and environmentally friendly alternative, offering the dual benefits of energy generation and conservation of terrestrial resources. Based on ERA5 datasets, an in-depth analysis of the potential and efficiency of FPV systems, specifically within the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), is conducted in this study. Findings of this study evidence the substantial capacity of the Indian EEZ that could yield energy that is equivalent to 43 times of annual consumption by utilizing 10% of the EEZ region. A full-scale utilization of the EEZ for FPV systems could revolutionize the energy landscape, potentially generating 433 times the country's present annual energy requirements. A complete transition to such renewable energy sources within the EEZ is projected to result in an annual reduction of 595 billion metric tons in carbon emissions.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • theoretical potential of FPV in Indian EEZ region
  2. Methods
    • Software -> Python + MATLAB
    • PV power -> 2.8MW
    • energy calculated from temoperature model
    • CO2 emissions -> emisison factor offset
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Total power potential (10 - 100%)
      • 10% -> 8.5 TW
      • 100% -> 85TW
    • Energy -> 74,460 TWh/y - 744,600 TWh/y
    • Co2 reduciton -> 52 billion tons/y - 528 billiosn tons /y
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • water evap
    • algwe reeduction
  • Co2 emisisons reduciton
    • offset method
    • 52 - 528 billions tons/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
8.5TW 85TW India 74,460 TWh/y 744,600TWh/y

Techno-Economic Feasibility of the Use of Floating Solar PV Systems in Oil Platforms[105][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Offshore facilities have high energy demands commonly accomplished with local combustion-based power generators. With the increased commercialization of the marine renewable energy sector, there is still a need for research on floating photovoltaic installations on their performance and economic perspective. This paper investigates the techno-commercial feasibility of installing a battery-integrated floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) system for an offshore oil platform facility in Abu Dhabi. The performance analysis of two floating PV design schemes has been evaluated using the PVsyst design tool. The proposed system’s annual solar energy availability from the PVsyst 7.2.21 output was validated with MATLAB Simulink R2022b with a deviation of 1.85%. The optimized solution achieved the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of 261 USD/MWh with a Discounted Payback Period of 9.5 years. Also, the designed system could reduce carbon emissions by 731 tons per year. Furthermore, it was recognized that the contribution of the marine sector to the construction of floating platforms influences the success of floating PV systems. Independently authorized floating PV system designs would guarantee insurability from the viewpoints of investors and end users.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • technical + economic viability of offshore FPV on oil rig platform
  2. Methods
    • Software -> PVSyst + MATLAB
    • PV
      • power 530 kW
      • Temperature model -> FPV empirical
      • 2 scenario -> different azimuth
  3. Results and Discussion
    • energy -> 895.95 MWh/y - 905.479 MWh/y
    • Lifetime -> 25 years
    • CO2 reduction -> 18,286 tons/25years (731 tons/y)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • CO2 emissions reduciton
    • unspedcified method
    • 731 tons/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
530 kW Abu Dabi, UAE 25 years 895.95 MWh/y 905.479 MWh/y

Integration of Floating Photovoltaic Panels with an Italian Hydroelectric Power Plant[106][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

The potential of applying a floating PV (FPV) system in an Italian context (namely, Cecita dam and Mucone hydroelectric power plants) is studied. The additional PV energy production, as well as the effect of non-evaporated water on the productivity of the hydropower plant, is analyzed by varying the basin surface coverage. The simulations highlight that the amount of additional hydroelectricity is quite small if compared to the non-FPV system, reaching about 3.56% for 25% basin surface coverage. However, the annual PV energy production is noticeable even at low coverage values. The expected gain in electricity production in the case of 25% basin surface coverage with the FPV plant rises to 391% of that of the actual hydropower plant. This gain becomes even larger if a vertical axis tracking system is installed and the increase is about 436%. The economic analysis confirms that the production costs (USD/kWh) of FPV systems are comparable to those of land-based PV (LBPV) plants, becoming smaller in the case that a tracking system is installed. In particular, the best solution is the one with 15% coverage of the lake. In this case, the levelized cost of electricity for the LBPVs is 0.030 USD/kWh and for the FVPs, with and without tracking, it is equal to 0.032 and 0.029 USD/kWh, respectively.

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal:
      • assess FPV potential coupled with hydro
  2. Methods
    • evaporation reduction -> used linear regression method
    • Hudro power gain -> hydropower plant formula with escess water saved
    • FPV energy -> surface method using efficiency addd by water cooling
    • Location -> Lake Cecita
    • Coverage -> 5 - 25%
    • PV module
      • mono-cSi
      • 21.10%
      • 2.375 m²
  3. Results and Discussion
    • evaporation reduciton -> 1 mcm/y - 5.3 mcm/y
    • additional energy from saved water -> 2TWh/y - 10.2 TWh/y
    • FPV power -> 137.3 MW (652,223 m²) - 686.7 MW (3,261,118 m²)
    • energy
      • 223.022 - 1115.113 GWh/y (no tracking)
      • 248.401 - 1242.008 GWh/y (tracking)
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

  • Mentioned in Intro
    • land reduction
    • water savings
  • Water saving
    • linear regression method
    • 1mcm/y - 5.3 mcm/y
  • additional power from hydro
    • hydro equation
    • 2TWh/y - 10.2TWh/y
Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency
137.3MW 686.7MW mono-cSi Cecita, Italy 20 years 223.022 GWh/y 1242.008 GWh/y 21.10%

[Link Title][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

Key Takeaways for Review[edit | edit source]

Size Technology Location Lifetime Energy Efficiency

Agrivoltaics[edit | edit source]

[Link Title][edit | edit source]

Abstract[edit | edit source]

Key Takeaways[edit | edit source]

  1. Introduction
    • Fill in ...
    • Goal: ...
  2. Methods
    • Fill in ...
  3. Results and Discussion
    • Fill in ...
  4. Conclusions
    • Fill in ...

A Case Study of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon var. Legend) Production and Water Productivity in Agrivoltaic Systems[edit | edit source]

  • Publisher: MDPI; Publication: Sustainability; Year: 2021; Lifetime: ; PV Technology: Fixed tilt, south facing; Location: Corvallis, OR, USA; PV Power: 482kW; Energy: ; Efficiency:
  • Water Productivity
    • Quantified: Yes
    • Low or High: N/A
    • Unit: kg/m3
    • Quantification Method: Calculated
    • Implication analyzed: Yes
    • Comments: N/A
  • Introduction
    • Solar installations are on the rise - 104% rise in 2018; this may cause land use conflict
    • Agrivoltaics can solve this problem - increase land procuctivity by 60-70% instead
    • Various studies suggested different impacts on agrivoltaics on solar radiation, crop yield, relative humidity, temperature, soil moisture, water consumption etc.
    • Goal: The implications of agrivoltaic system on tomato production and water productivity
  • Methods
    • Location: Corvallis, OR, USA
    • East-west oriented; South-oriented; Tilt: 18 degrees; 0.8m above ground from the lowest height and 2.2m from highest
    • Installed capacity: 482 kW
    • Three different configurations studied; tomatoes grown on 1) control plots, 2) in between rows of PVs and 3) underneath PVs
    • Two different irrigation regimes used - full (watering started when the soil water content (SWC) reached 75% of total available capcity) and deficit (watering started when the soil water contennt reached 40% of total available capacity)
    • Inter-row spacing: 3m
    • Soil mositure sensors, installed 0.15m below the ground, were used to control irrigation
    • Water productivity is the amount of water applied to the crops during a season
    • Dry biomass measurements of tomatoes were performed to compare the yields for different configurations
  • Results and Discussion
    • Distribution Uniformity: 09 treatments below 70% and 04 above 70%; variation due to defects in emitters and tubing
    • Uniformity Coefficient: between 70% and 99.5%
    • Microclimate changes - air temperature, soil temperature and relative humidity was different barring a few configurations; mean volumetric water content was different for all configurations
    • Evapotranspiration: higher in control area than row plot area
    • The two rows for each configuration also showed different results; northern row (named a) showed higher yield, water demand and water use productivity as compared to southern row (named b)
    • Total yield:
      • Control: fully irrigated a, b (47,160 kg/ha, 36,340 kg/ha), and deficit a, b (38,690 kg/ha, 36,440 kg/ha);
      • In-between-the-rows: fully irrigated a, b (29,000 kg/ha, 19,000 kg/ha) and deficit a, b (30,000 kg/ha, 20,000 kg/ha)
      • Underneath the panels: fully irrigated a, b (19,500 kg/ha, 12,000 kg/ha) and deficit a, b (26,000 kg/ha, 22,000 kg/ha)
    • Water Treatment
      • Control: full a and b, deficit a and b, (3.15 m3, 2.94 m3, 2.02 m3, and 1.82 m3)
      • In-between-the-rows: full a and b, deficit a and b, (1.50 m3, 1.40 m3, 0.59 m3, and 0.72 m3)
      • Underneath the panels: full a and b, deficit a and b, (1.55 m3, 1.28 m3, 0.65 m3, and 0.70 m3)
    • Water productivity
      • More in panel full and deficit, and row full and deficit compared to other configurations
      • Control: full a and b, deficit a and b, ( 22 kg/m3, 33 kg/m3, 35 kg/m3, and 39 kg/m3)
      • In-between-the-rows: full a and b, deficit a and b, (40 kg/m3, 25 kg/m3, 93.11 kg/m3, and 48 kg/m3)
      • Underneath the panels: full a and b, deficit a and b, ( 23 kg/m3, 18 kg/m3, 68.90 kg/m3, and 60.31kg/m3)
      • Shading leads to additional water productivity
  • Results and Discussion
    • Water scarce areas can benefit from agrivoltaics as water requirements diminish
    • Economic anlaysis needs to be carried out to ascertain viability
    • Water productivity may further improve if distribution is more uniform
    • Air temperature found highest in control and row configuraiton and lowest underneath the panels
    • Relative humidity found highest in the row followed by control and underneath the panels
    • Soil temperatuer decreased with increased shading
    • Crop yield was highest in control followed by row and then panel - reduced with increased shading
    • Water productivity highest in shading and deficit irrigation schemes

A Cost–Benefit Analysis for Utility-Scale Agrivoltaic Implementation in Italy[edit | edit source]

  • Publisher: MDPI; Publication: Energies; Year: 2023; Lifetime: ; PV Technology: ; Location: Italy; PV Power: 1MW; Energy: ; Efficiency:
  • Cost Benefit Anlaysis
    • Quantified: Yes
    • Low or High: N/A
    • Unit: N/A
    • Quantification Method: Calculated
    • Implication analyzed: N/A
    • Comments: N/A
  • Introduction
    • One major issue with solar PV - low power-density energy source; hence large area requirements
    • This causes land-use competition; apprehensions for agricultural use
    • Goal: Carry out a cost-benefit analsysis to ascertain if agrivoltaic (AV) plant will be beneficial over ground-mounted PV (GMPV) in Italy
  • Methods
    • Price-performance Ratio (ppr): Evaltes cost-effectiveness of the agrivoltaic's electricity production by comparing the benefits gained throughout its entire operational lifespan; considers the initial capital and ongoing operational expenses, as well as the revenue generated from agricultural activities
    • LCOE: Ratio of the cost for a PV plant and the electrical energy generated in its entir life span
    • Performance Benefit: Yearly revenue acquired from preserving the land through agrivoltaics installation for cropping activity w.r.t the yearly revenue generated from cropping activity compliant with GMPV
    • Net Present Value: Sum of present value of one-yearly cash flows
  • Results & Discussion
    • Occupied area for AV = 2.5 ha; power density for AV = 40 W/m2; Occupied area for GMP = 1.25 ha; power density for GMPV = 80 W/m2
    • Regions with crops Durum Wheat, Common Wheat, Corn, Sunflower, Soybean, and Potato considered
    • Agricultural revenue is not that much to make AV favorable in comparison to ground mounted PV unless incentivized apart from regions of potato where AV can be a possible option
    • Price-performance Ratio comes out to be greater than one for all cases except for potato which too in a few regions only
    • NPV result shows that only 6% of the crops will be profitable for AV w.r.t GMPV
    • AV does not seem advantageous dueto high initial costs unless incentives such as feed-in-tariffs are provided; although it will be helpful in addressing land-abandonment issues and departure from rural areas
    • For high-reveneue cropland such as potatoes, AV can have an economic advantage with value of ppr going below 1 - this is however is higly location dependent
    • AV can be targetted on agricultural land that are abandoned or where crops are grown manually requiring less equipment
  • Conclusion
    • Due to higher installation cost, AV is not economically advantageous when compared to GMPV
    • Financial incentives should be provided for AV diffusion
    • Targetted areas should include land which may be abandoned due to lower-reveneue crops cultivation
    • Only using a few percent of such abandoned lands in Italy will be more than enough to meet the PV targets of the country for the year 2030

A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics[edit | edit source]

  • Publisher: MDPI; Publication: Agronomy; Year: 2020; Lifetime: ; PV Technology: ; Location: ; PV Power: ; Energy: ; Efficiency:
  • Perception of the Technology
    • Quantified: N/A
    • Low or High: N/A
    • Unit: N/A
    • Quantification Method: N/A
    • Implication analyzed: N/A
    • Comments: N/A
  • Introduction
    • The increase in solar PV farms have resulted in issues for land-use competition - agriculture vs energy generation
    • Diffusion of agrivoltaics will be based on economics and enivronmental factors
    • Goal: Use diffusion of innovations theory to refine agrivoltaic technology so that it becomes socially accepted which will promote its diffusion - also, what are the potential opportunities and barriers
  • Methods
    • Interviews to ascertain the perception of agriculturists for the oppportunities and barriers of agrivoltaics
    • Emails floated to introduce agrivoltaics followed by online discussions (10 interviews with 11 people)
    • Excercise continued unless saturation in data was observed i.e., no new points were highlighted by the individuals
  • Results and Discusssion
    • Main challenge is the long term viability of the land i.e., its quality being affected due to agrivotlaics employment and land productivity
      • Land-use plan or long-term plan (especially between farmers and solar industry) would be helpful in ensuring land viability and addressing this concern
    • Market uncertainty, uncertainty in productivity and security of investment is the second concern
      • Flexibility and adaptation to changing market conditions can help address this challenge
    • Just compensation when engaging agrivoltaics project is also required
    • If the benefits of the technology are visible, the participants were found willing to adopt it - observability
    • Relative advantage of the technology was deemed worthwhile
    • An opportunity for the farmers was that the technology could be integrated with current practices of farming - integration and evolution of the technology must take care of that
    • Other barrires: Life cycle impact from solar infrastructure, solar installations disrupting farming operations and hindering agricultural production, uncertainties surrounding operational procedures and planning
    • Future work should focus on the changes in perception of the technology based on geography and occupations, increased education and outreach, practical demonstrations and experiments, market perceptions, policies
  • Conclusion
    • Benefits of agrivoltaics are largely acknowledged
    • Main barriers included long-term productivity of land, market potential, financial compensation and system flexibility for integration with farming operations
    • These apprehensions can be used as opportunities to improve the technology to ensure its wide-scale adoption

A sustainable development pattern integrating data centers and pasture-based agrivoltaic systems for ecologically fragile areas[edit | edit source]

  • Publisher: Elsevier; Publication: Resources, Conservation & Recycling; Year: 2022; Lifetime: ; PV Technology: ; Location: Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Hainan), Qinghai Province, China; PV Power: ; Energy: ; Efficiency:
  • Supplement Data Centers from electricity generated via AV
    • Quantified: Yes
    • Low or High: 1.362×10E7
    • Unit: kWh
    • Quantification Method: Calculated
    • Implication analyzed: Yes
    • Comments: The same amount of energy was translated to determine equivalent CO2 reduction
  • Reduction in GHGs
    • Quantified: Yes
    • Low or High: 10,965.4 tCO2e
    • Unit: tons of CO2 equivalent
    • Quantification Method: Calculated
    • Implication analyzed: N/A
    • Comments: N/A
  • C-stock
    • Quantified: Yes
    • Low or High: 139.66 tons
    • Unit: tons
    • Quantification Method: Calculated
    • Implication analyzed: Yes
    • Comments: number was translated to CO2 equivalent reduction
  • Introduction
    • Increased use of data centers in today's world seeks new avenues for electricity supply, especially from renewable sources
    • Goal: To provide a model incorporating large-scale PV plant to power DC industries in environmentally challenged locations, thus supporting the economy and benefitting the ecology
    • Pastureland in Gobi is selected for developing the model; wlectricity from which is used to supplement the energy reqiurement for DCs
  • Methods
    • Step 1: Develop a model incorporating large unused land where pasture is grown, large PV plants, and data centers and interlink them
    • Step 2: Cost benefit analysis is also performed to identify parameters to ensure a positive NPV
      • Improved carbon performance and cost implications from dedesertification are also ascertained in financial terms
    • Step 3: Based on step 2, identify locations in China suitable for the system and run analysis for the environmental and socioeconomic potential
    • Power consumption of the DC is calcuated based on energy requirements of servers which in turn is used to calculated the capacity and locations of PV systems as well as the coverage area
    • Environmental benefits are three-fold
      • GHG reduction due to reduced cooling requirement in cold areas
      • GHG reduction as PV-based electricity replaces fossil-fuel based electricity
      • C-stock by the pastureland
    • Revenue model included the benefits to environment in monetary terms for the agrivoltaic-DC coupling
    • Input/output model used to ascertain secondary benefits of AV-DC coupling
  • Results & Disussion
    • Electricity generated by PV: 1.362×10E7 kWh; Area coverage of PV panel: 38,418 m2; Using land-use factor of 0.45; total area of PV system: 85,374 m2
    • CO2 reduction due to electricity substitution from renewable source: 10,965.4 tCO2e per annum
    • PV panel coverage was used to calculate c-stock; 1-hm2 increment in PVs can enhance C stock by 35.94 tons; for this study 139.66 tons of c-stock was increased meaning 512 tonnes of CO2 equivalent can be alleviated through pasture/grass growth
    • Technical, environmental and economic parameters that made NPV 0 were identified - these parameters indicate what are the feasible conditions for AV-DC coupling
      • Environmental revenue from pasture: 83,231.2 yuan
      • Economics of DCs depend more on rent and server utilization than the cost
      • PAsture-based PV reduced the risks of PV due to additional benefits
      • Electricity pricing, solar potential and PV tech also impacted the economics of AV
    • Minimum electricity price=0.3719 yuan/kWh, this is lower than the average electricity price for industrial uses in the region
    • Economics for AV system were rn with different scenarios such as subsidies, land use cost etc.
    • Areas with solar irradiation of more than 6000 MJ/(m2y) are feasible for AV-DC coupling systems
      • 5 regions identified
    • The Data Centers in the 5 locations can save 398,676 MWh electricity; 10,036 tons of carbon stock (36,798 tCO2e) from grassland, 9.8 million yuan of desertification control cost and alleviate 797,028 tCO2e carbon emissions per annum
    • Based on the planned DCs in the near future, 600,000 MWh of electrical energy can be saved, more than 1140 hectares of Gobi can be transformed to pastureland, 150,262 tCO2e carbon stock can be increased that can be translated to 7.5 million yuan by selling the grassland carbon sink, more than 39 million yuan can be saved through desert management and 3252,935 tCO2e emissions can be reduced through electricity substitution
  • Conclusion
    • Development of data centers in cold climate with good solar potential is feasible to address its energy requirements and impact on GHG
    • The paper proposes copuling DC with AV installation on grassland and reviews its economical, environmental and climatic condition
    • Installation of such system in areas with good solar outlook and weak environmental conditions is proven to be beneficial - both economically and environmentally
      • The price of electricity generated through AV is still high - hence, policies required to improve it

A Validated Model, Scalability, and Plant Growth Results for an Agrivoltaic Greenhouse[edit | edit source]

  • Publisher: MDPI; Publication: Sustainability; Year: 2022; Lifetime: ; PV Technology: Greenhouse PV; Location: ; PV Power: ; Energy: ; Efficiency:
  • Growing Kale during Winter Season
    • Quantified: No
    • Low or High:
      • Unit: Nil
    • Quantification Method:None
    • Implication analyzed: Yes
    • Comments:
  • Introduction
    • With increased amount of solar PV plant, there are apprehensions that farmers may start leasing the agricultural land to solar companies as it is a reliable source of income - agrivoltaics can avoid this
    • PV topologies for agrivotlaics can either be interspersed, greenhouse mounted or stilt mounted
    • The model does not consider CO2 concentration, however, considers transient heat conduction in the ground
    • Heat is trapped inside the greenhouse (referred to as test cell) due to convection and radiation
    • The inside temperatures remain above the ambient due to greenhouse effect allowing extended growing season with the requriement of external heating
  • Methods
    • Panels facing east and west; tilt: 35.5 degree
    • An 8-inch PC window on the top, placed between the two panels, allows sunlight in and helps plant grow
    • The other walls are sealed by plywood along with R-10 insulation
    • The test cell is also provided with concrete which adds thermal mass to the system
    • Pyranometers, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction sensors were installed on the system
    • Plant tested: Kale
    • Total leaf area of the palnt from the test cell and control configuration was calculated using leaf length, width measurements
    • Plant dry mass was also calculated for a normal greenhouse, test cell and control configurations
  • Results
    • Validation
      • Thermal model - daily max temp differed by 1.9oC while daily min temp differed by 1.5oC
      • Moisture transport model - relative humidity did not provide good results
      • Shadowing model - excellent synergy except late in the day when the model over-predicted
    • Experimental
      • Daytime temperatures was greater than ambient most of the time while the opposite was true for night
      • Plant growth was slow in winter in the greenhouse but better in control - however, later the plants in the greenhouse caught up
    • Numerical
      • Increasing the north-south dimension of greenhouse increased heating during the day
      • Increasing the area of PC window increased daily maximum temperatures
      • Internal maximum temperatures reduces when a load is powered from the PV
      • Removing the concrete block reduced the max temp and increased min temp - might be helpful in maintaining the avg temp of the cell
    • The center area under the PV window was found to be the most suitable for Kale - areas close to east-west received low sunlight
    • In control configuration, the temperatures remained near the ideal temperature required for Kale more than the test cell; test cell has less below 0oC hours than control
    • Shadow Model
      • The transmitted solar radiation for stilt mounted systems - 1.67m apart - 82%; 0.71m apart - 65%; test cell - 5.2%
  • Discussion
    • Plants underneath the underneath the glazing grew well but not so much adjacent to it
    • Kale remained alive during the winter
    • Growing season of plants can be increased as the temperature in the greenhouse was found higher than the ambient
    • Further shade tolerant crops can be investigated
    • Heat transport model can be improved to provide good results for relative humidity
  • Conclusion
    • Light levels can be increased in the greenhouse by widening the glazing area
    • 36% reduction in time spent below 0oC inside greenhouses when compared with outdoor conditions
    • Using electrical energy from PV will help keep the inside temperature of greenhouse to optimum - 20oC for Kale
    • Stilt mounted system allow more sunlight to pass but cannot enhance growing period

Advancement in Agriculture Approaches with Agrivoltaics Natural Cooling in Large Scale Solar PV Farms[edit |