Sonic anemometer literature review

• Sonic anemometer
• Open source sonic anemometer
• DIY sonic anemometer
• Sonic Anemometer design

E.W. Barrett; V.E. Suomi, "PRELIMINARY REPORT ON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BY SONIC MEANS", J. Meteor., Volume (6) Issue (4), Pages 273-276, 1949

• Basic theory for measurement
• Practical considerations

J. C. Kaimal; J. A. Businger, "A Continuous Wave Sonic Anemometer-Thermometer", J. Appl. Meteor., Volume (2) Issue (1), Pages 156–164, 1963

Yasushi Mitsuta, "Sonic Anemometer-Thermometer for General Use", Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, Volume (44) Issue (1), Pages 12-24, 1966

• Single axis setup w/ sound head and preamp box

A. Cuerva; A. Sanz-Adres, "On sonic anemometer measurement theory", Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Volume (88) Issue (1), Pages 25-55, 2000

• Mathematical model for design of sonic anemometers
• To understand effects from outside variables

A. Wieser; F. Fiedler; U. Corsmeier, "The Influence of the Sensor Design on Wind Measurements with Sonic Anemometer Systems", J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., Volume (18) Issue (10), Pages 1585-1608, 2001

• Compares five industry sonic anemometers
• Describes how errors can be minimized during lab and field testing

Loescher H.W. et al., "Comparison of temperature and wind statistics in contrasting environments among different sonic anemometer–thermometers", Agricultural And Forest Meteorology, Volume (133), Pages 119-139, 2005

• Eight industry sonic anemometer-thermometers compared in lab and field
• May be useful for preliminary design decisions

K. Kudo et al, "A Simple Technique for Realizing an Ultrasonic Anemometer Using a Loudspeaker", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Volume (44), 2005

• Single sound source with reflector
• Turbulence from reflector caused wide inaccuracies

D. Banfield; R. Dissly, "A Martian sonic anemometer" IEE, 2005

• Common orthogonal design
• Alternative transducers are considered due to different air impedance on Mars

H.W. Loescher et al, "Comparison of temperature and wind statistics in contrasting environments among different sonic anemometer–thermometers", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Volume (133) Issues (1-4), Pages 119-139, 2005

M.P. del Valle, "Low Cost Ultrasonic Anemometer", IEEE, 2007

• $150
• 0-50 m/s wind speed range
• 0.1 m/s resolution

J. Higuera; J. Polo, "Tiny and autonomous IEEE1451 Sonic Anemometer to deploy in environmental Wireless Sensor Network", IEEE, 2010

• "Off grid", battery powered sonic anemometer
• Results mainly considered with power modes and consumption

T. Choon; C. Prakash; L. Aik; T. Hin, "Development of Low Wind Speed Anemometer", Int. Journal on Advanced Science Engineering Information Technology, Volume (2) No. (3), 2012

• Cup type anemometer
• Speed range: 2-6 m/s

C. Yu et al, "Ultrasonic Wind Velocity Measurement Based on Phase Discrimination Technique", Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volume (10), 2012

• triangle config. w/ one emission sensor + two receiving sensors

J.C. Kaimal, "Advances in meteorology and the evolution of sonic anemometery", 2013

• History of sonic anemometer designs

T. Nakai; H. Iwata; Y. Harazono; M. Ueyama, "An inter-comparison between Gill and Campbell sonic anemometers", Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Volumes (195-196), Pages 123-131, 2014

• Inter-comparison of data from orthogonal and nonorthogonal sonic anemometers in similar conditions
• Corrections presented to relate data between different types

J.M. Frank, "All Sonic Anemometers Need to Correct for Transducer and Structural Shadowing in Their Velocity Measurements", J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., Volume (33) Issue (1), Pages 149-167, 2016

• Comparison of orthogonal and nonorthogonal sonic anemometer performance
• Transducer shadowing correction

B. Allotta et al, "Design and calibration of an innovative ultrasonic, arduino based anemometer", IEEE, 2017

• 0-13.9 m/s wind speed range
• Accuracy < 0.56 m/s wind speed, < 2 deg. wind direction
• Aluminum Frame

A. Tong-on et al, "Simple Harmonics Motion experiment based on LabVIEW interface for Arduino", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume (901), 2017

• Sonic measurements of simple mass-spring system
• Arduino hardware with LABVIEW interface

A.G. Yakunin; "3D Ultrasonic Anemometer with tetrahedral arrangement of sensors", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume (881), 2017

M. Thepnurat; P. Saphet; A. Tong-on, "Low-Cost DIY Vane Anemometer based on LabVIEW interface for Arduino", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume (1144), 2018

• Low cost materials
• Vane anemometer
• LabVIEW interface for Arduino

M. Liess, "A two dimensional ionic anemometer for very low flow rates", Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume (276), Pages 111-117, 2018

• 0-1.6 m/s wind speed range

E. Arens et al., "Measuring 3D indoor air velocity via an inexpensive low-power ultrasonic anemometer", Energy and Buildings, Volume (211), 2020

• 3-dimensional air velocity profile
• Res.: 0.01 m/s
• $100 USD

• Quote Request Sent

• $2,892.00+

• $7,600.00

Wind speed measurement specs:

• Range: 0-45 m/s
• Exactness: ±0.3 m/s rms or ±2% rms
• Resolution: 0.05 m/s

• Resolution: 0.277 m/s
• PVC Pipe

• Project is not yet fully developed