Citation List[edit | edit source]
Andreas Poullikkas, George Kourtis, and Ioannis Hadjipaschalis, "A review of net metering mechanism for electricity renewable energy sources". International Journal of Energy and Environment, 4(6), 975-1002, 2013.
- Misconception that distributed energy impacts utilities; the current market is small and does not affect a percentage point on a bottom line of any utility
- Utilities benefit from implement net metering in terms of reducing cost of energy and strengthening the grid and customers benefit from low utility bills
- Canada, the US, and other countries currently use net metering in different ways; the public American utilities are required to offer net metering upon request
Bernadette Fina, Hans Auer, Werner Friedl, "Profitability of PV sharing in energy communities: Use cases for different settlement patterns", Energy, 189(116148), 1-19, 2019.
- Investigates optimal installation of PVs in energy communities (EC) versus individual buildings and finds its more profitable to create an EC
- ECs have differing load profiles that allows more synergies in ECs
- ECs are most optimal for single-family homes in rural areas
Carsten Herbes, Vasco Brummer, Judith Rognli, Susanne Blazejewski, Naomi Gericke, "Responding to policy change: New business models for renewable energy cooperatives – Barriers perceived by cooperatives’ members", Energy Policy, 109, 82-95, 2017.
- Applying "business model" analysis to renewable energy cooperatives (REC)
- REC members in Germany identified barriers of changing business model to be lack of resources, lack of profitability, ethical concerns, and cognitive barriers
- Should employ a salaried management or merge with other RECs
Chol Hyun Park, Ivanrey Mejia Barlongo, and Yoohwan Kim, "A Market Place Solution for Energy Transaction on Ethereum Blockchain" 2019 IEEE 10th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 1-5, 2019.
- Power Ledger provides services to do peer-to-peer transactions which use two tokens to transfer (one monetary token and one electricity credit token)
- Explores usage of using one token (E-coin) to reduce gas fees and efficiency of transactions - combines two tokens into one
- Can use Ethereum for larger cities and a smaller ledger like HyperLedger for rural areas to reduce transaction fees
- Ledger tech mentioned: Power Ledger (company), using E-Ledger and Ethereum, Hyperledger (open source)
- developed a theoretical simulation with homes, PV models, a database, but no application'
- Created a model but can't seem to find it
Damian Shaw-Williams and Connie Susilawati, "A techno-economic evaluation of Virtual Net Metering for the Australian community housing sector", Applied Energy, 261(114271), 1-13, 2020.
- Evaluates virtual net metering for Australian households
- VNM allows sharing of existing roof space of community housing and billing software
- Could create savings of up to 18%
- Ledger tech mentioned: Power Ledger, Reposit Power (company), Allume Energy (company)
Debora Coll-Mayor and Antonio Notholt, "Development and test of distributed ledger technologies applications in a microgrid distributed control", Renewable energy & power quality journal: RE&PQJ, 17(4), 573-577, 2019.
- Combines decentralized P2P trading with autonomous grid management
- Making the migrogrid autonomous makes it easier to scale the microgrid and interact with different businesses and players
- Next steps: solution will be tested in real environment in off-grids systems in India
- Ledger tech mentioned: Tangle (open source but not used much in energy industry)
- not DLT, but directed acyclic graph (DAC) technology
- Created a model here
Dhananjaya, R. A. D., Edirisinghe, E. A. T. H., Madushan, W. W. I., Ekanayake, J. B., & Muthukkumarasamy, V, "Blockchain Assisted Business Model for Rooftop PV Energy Trading", National Energy Symposium 2019, 75-85, 2019.
- Continuous double auction - method to create highest profit for prosumers and consumers in a decentralized ledger
- Bids and offers are sorted from min to max price, and after the trading time in the day ends, the bids and offers are matched
Erica Svetec, Lucija Nađ, Robert Pašičko, and Boris Pavlin, "Blockchain application in renewable energy microgrids: an overview of existing technology towards creating climate - resilient and energy independent communities", 2019 16th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), 1-7, 2019.
- Overview of existing technology in blockchain application of virtual net metering in microgrids
- Amsterdam: Alliander, a Dutch energy network company, is collaborating with a Spectral Energy; ToBlockChain created energy exchange called PowerToShare
- USA: BrooklynMicrogrid run by Transactive Grid, blockchain can automate transactions on the grid based on the smart contracts
- Ledger tech mentioned: BrooklynMicrogrid (not open source), Lower Ledger, Jouliette at De Ceuvel (not open source), ToBlockChain (company), Conjoule GmbH (company)
Erik Funkhouser, Griselda Blackburn, Clare Magee, and Varun Rai, "Business model innovations for deploying distributed generation: The emerging landscape of community solar in the U.S.", Energy Research & Social Science, 10, 90-101, 2015.
- Analysis of how political and market factors impact the installation of community solar (CS) in the US
- As customers are shifting to distributed energy, those still on the grid will take on more costs of maintaining the grid
- Utilities should be motivated to develop CS to not only meet regulations on sustainability but also decrease revenue losses on residents installing PVs
Francesco Demetrio Minuto and Andrea Lanzini, "Energy-sharing mechanisms for energy community members under different asset ownership schemes and user demand profiles", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168(112859), 1-19, 2022.
- Evaluates existing and offers new sharing mechanisms for distributing profit amongst net-metering community members dependent on energy-level usage
- Includes literature review
- Information on what the regulation of energy communities should entail
- Blockchain allows for better regulation of internal billing mechanism
Iasonas Kouveliotis-Lysikatos, Isidoros Kokos, Ilias Lamprinos and Nikos Hatziargyriou, "Blockchain-Powered Applications for Smart Transactive Grids", IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe), 1-5, 2019.
- Costs of decentralized application were satisfactory
- Analyzed costs using Ethereum blockchain with its smart contracts
- Used Solidity for coding smart contracts and Truffle for deployment
- Ledger tech mentioned: Pylon (open source), Energy Web (open source)
Johannes Radl, Andreas Fleischhacker, Frida Huglen Revheim, Georg Lettner, and Hans Auer, "Comparison of Profitability of PV Electricity Sharing in Renewable Energy Communities in Selected European Countries", Energies, 13(19), 1-24, 2020.
- RECs (renewable energy communities) can reduce costs by load aggregation (can be achieved by ledger tech), power aggregation, and economies of scale
- PV systems are already profitable in countries that have high full-load hours (Germany, Spain, Italy, Portugal)
- Developed a linear optimization model that calculates ideal PV investments based on grid fees, solar irradiance and local consumption
Kevin Joshi, Gargi Trivedi, and Pratyaksh Maru, "Research-ready, Technology-set, Deployment-go: the role of blockchain in peer-to-peer energy trading", 2020 IEEE Bombay Section Signature Conference, 140-145, 2020.
- Blockchain improves peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading; P2P trading minimizes costs and reduces electricity demand by 17% in India
- Some challenges of using ledger technology for P2P trading include scalability, cost of infrastructure, and regulatory constraints
- Ledger tech mentioned: SolarCoin (company that provides solar companies with solar energy crypto offerings to customers)
Lin Herenčić, Mislav Kirac, Hrvoje Keko, Igor Kuzle, Ivan Rajšl, "Automated energy sharing in MV and LV distribution grids within an energy community: A case for Croatian city of Križevci with a hybrid renewable system", Renewable Energy, 191, 176-194, 2022.
- Feasibility of energy sharing is impacted by the regulatory framework in that area (EU)
- Provides framework for determining feasibility based on regulations
- If regulations are favourable, this can have positive impacts on energy and reduce investment required in the grid
Merlinda Andoni, Valentin Robu, David Flynn, Simone Abram, Dale Geach, David Jenkins, Peter McCallum, Andrew Peacock, "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100, 143-174, 2019.
- Summarizes 140 research projects on the use of blockchain tech in the energy sector
- Blockchain can decide optimal bidding strategies for exchanging PV energy
- In P2P electricity trading, revenue for prosumers goes up and costs for consumers goes down with use of blockchain
- Ledger tech mentioned: L03 Energy (developed BrooklynMicrogrid project; a company), EnLedger (company), OMEGAGrid (company)
Mikko Nykyri, Tommi J. Kärkkäinen, Saku Levikari, Samuli Honkapuro, Salla Annala, Pertti Silventoinen, "Blockchain-based balance settlement ledger for energy communities in open electricity markets", Energy, 253(124180), 1-11, 2022.
- Using blockchain makes sure PV energy is shared equitably and there is no central entity that matches financial investment to energy
- Using blockchain makes efficient use of the PV energy generated, avoiding tarriffs when selling to the grid
- Enables higher self-sufficiency
- To decide what to do with excess energy generated, a contract can be signed between residents in a given apartment building based on ownership of the PV installation
Nan Wang, Sid Chi-Kin Chau, and Yue Zhou, "Privacy-Preserving Energy Storage Sharing with Blockchain", e-Energy '21: In Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems,185-198, 2021.
- Improving cost-effectiveness of sustainable energy by sharing information
- However, sharing energy demand data on a ledger may compromise privacy
- Solution is using a privacy-preserving blockchain and secure multi-party computation using a smart contract on Ethereum platform to reveal the minimum information required to schedule energy storage
Pierluigi Siano, Giuseppe De Marco, Alejandro Rolán, and Vincenzo Loia, "A Survey and Evaluation of the Potentials of Distributed Ledger Technology for Peer-to-Peer Transactive Energy Exchanges in Local Energy Markets", IEEE Systems Journal, 13(3), 3454-3466, 2019.
- Combining ledger tech and exchanges on the ledger with a demand response algorithm to determine best times to transfer energy on the decentralized ledger
Timothy Capper, Anna Gorbatcheva, Mustafa A. Mustafa, et al., "Peer-to-peer, community self-consumption, and transactive energy: A systematic literature review of local energy market models", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 162(112403), 2022.
- Identifies gaps in application of P2P energy trading from previous literature - scaling, security, physical constraints
- Addresses the different types of local energy markets (LEMS): P2P markets, CSC (collective self-consumption), and TE (transactive energy)
- Explains 6 market designs and their pricing, participation, and resources
Yuekuan Zhou and Peter D. Lund, "Peer-to-peer energy sharing and trading of renewable energy in smart communities ─ trading pricing models, decision-making and agent-based collaboration", Renewable Energy, 207, 177-193, 2023.
- Focuses on internal trading prices and fair distribution of energy and fair economic gains from all parties - these things have not been addressed in other papers
- Applying blockchain makes settlements quicker and improves automation
- Reviews models of other papers and provides own model - other models do not include renewable energy depreciation and energy transmission losses
Searches[edit | edit source]
- Google Scholar for "ledger "virtual net metering""
- Google Scholar for ""PV" and renewable energy communities"
- Google Scholar for ""PV" and renewable energy cooperatives"
- Google Scholar for ""PV" and "ledger""
- Google Scholar for "blockchain "virtual net metering""
- Google for "combining ledger tech with virtual net metering"
- Google Scholar for ""Power Ledger" "PV""
Definitions and Acronyms[edit | edit source]
- Ledger technology: digital system for recording transactions where details are approved by multiple parties and recorded in multiple places
- Net metering: sending excess renewable power back to the grid
- Virtual net metering: crediting system for solar that is not used where it is generated, but fed into the grid for credits to be shared amongst subscribers
- Energy community: association that generates renewable energy
- Power Ledger: an Australian blockchain used for energy trading that uses its own tokens called POWR ERC-20 and Sparkz and tracks energy generation and payments
- POWR: an Ethereum-based token
- Sparkz: an Ecochain token that is tethered to the local currency at time of purchase and is only redeemable on the Power Ledger blockchain
- DLT: distributed ledger technology
