Democide Review
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| Cite as | Uzairjamil (2026). "Democide Review". Appropedia. Retrieved June 4, 2026. |
Search Strategy
[edit | edit source]Searched on Google Scholar on January 26th, 2026. Breakdown of results and the total articles retrieved.
Total results 709
Journal articles 126
Inaccessible 79
Not journal article 380
Not in English 68
Citations 56
Keyword Term
[edit | edit source]Democide
Articles for In-depth Analysis
[edit | edit source]Of the 126 articles, all were reviewed for the abstract. Based on any mention of mass killing, democide, repression, assassinations, and violence, 47 articles were concluded for in-depth analysis and review.
Research Articles
[edit | edit source]Way to quantify # of Deaths: Does not count as such - just mentions the numbers.
# of Deaths: More than 1 million; 500,000-2million at another place (many due to starvation); 100,000 army personnel from both sides
Geographic Location: Nigeria/Biafra
Time Period: 1967-1970 (two and a half years)
Main Research Point of Article: Analyzing fratricide and genocide, what were the reasons for the war, dimensionality of gratricide/genocide during the war.
Discipline of Author: Department of History and International Studies
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF AFRICAN STUDIES (NJAS)
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: Not mentioned
Year: 2024
- Fratricide: War or conflict in which people of the same community kill their own people - literal meaning is killer of a brother.
- Genocide: Killing of a complete tribe or race or ethnic group. Not only killing, but instead, destroying life conditions or factors of the group on economic, political, territorial, cultural, and other levels. Genos means race and tribe. The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) suggests that both psychical and physical elements should be present for a crime to be designated as genocide.
- Genocide phases - two - destruction of the oppressed group and imposition of national pattern on the oppressed group from the oppressor
- Both fratricide and genocide committed against Biafrans from any definition.
- More than one million people dead.
- Origin of war: How Nigeria was created by the Britishers where they merged different group without taking into account the differences among them. Various other reason of war, political, ethnic, power dynamics etc.
- 30 May, 1967, Ojukwu declared indpendence for Biafra - resulting in civil war in Nigera.
- Questionable if Nigerian government orchestrated it - but govt. failed to stop the riots.
- Most war by Nigeria's army was directed towards civilian population
- U.N. disregarded it as a fratricide or a genocide as opposed to Holocaust or Rwanda's genocide. UN team arrived to see if it was a genocide, declared that it was not. Although it seemed that there was ample evidence to declare it a genocide.
2. A Brief History of 20th Century Genocide: Is Secular Natural Law Integral to the Punishment and Prevention of the 'Crime of Crimes'?
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: Armenian genocide - 1.2 million deaths, 6 million in the Holocaust, Cambodia - 1.5 to 3 million people deaths, Rwanda - 800,000
Geographic Location: Armenia, Nazi
Germany, Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
Time Period: 20th Century
Main Research Point of Article: Review 5 worst genocides of 20th century; what are the challenges of preventing the genocide (primarily because of understanding the crime), and forward looking as to how these challenges affect our ability to prevent this crime in occurring in the future. Should natural law be the main thing in combating genocide?
Discipline of Author:
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Plassey Law Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
- How to address genocide - looks at two theories: legal positivism and natural. Suggests natural law is integral to combat genocide - legal positivism cannot.
Introduction:
- Genocide background - 1951 when it became a legal norm after adoption by UN
- Five genocides: Armenia, Nazi
- Germany, Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
Factual Norm:
- Turkey contests Armenian genocide - 1.2 million deaths - 1915
- World War II - Until 1945 - 6 million in the Holocaust
- 1975 - Cambodia - In three years eight months 1.5 to 3 million people deaths
- Yugoslavia, in the early 1990s - ethnic cleansing in different pockets of the country
- Rwanda - 1994 - 800,000 people died
Legal Norm:
- Defines genocide from UN definition
- Many countries have their own definition of genocide - different from UN
- ICTY and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) have limited success in prosecution of genocide cases
Interpretation:
- Genocide convention purpose - prevention and punishment
- Retrospective law on genocide have been implemented previously
- International could not defined and act upon genocide - future versions we might not be able to understand with our current definitions too
- Genocide convention aimed to stop genocide even by compromising sovereignty
- A dilemma - if you wait for evidence, it might be too late, and if you act before, it can be used in a negative manner
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 1.5 million Armenians, one million Greek Orthodox Christians, and at least half a million Syriacs; 6 million deaths of holocaust; 120,000 Ottoman forces
Geographic Location: Armenia
Time Period: 20th century
Main Research Point of Article: Examining the relationship of b/w genocide and war - Armenian genocide
Discipline of Author: In the paper mentioned as Independent Scholar (scholar of Armenian studies and sociology, PhD, research scholar at the Free University of Berlin - Google)
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Armenological Issues
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2024
Genocide in Colonial War:
- First genocide of 20th century: in Namibia (then Germany) against Herero - 100,000 deaths
Genocide during World Wars:
- 6 million of 11 million Jews in Europe dead
- 120,000 Ottoman forces
- In genocide research - domestic and foreign are differentiated
- Armenians were considered to be domestic enemies who sided with Russia and Britain
Ottoman Genocide(s) during Invasions and the Liberation War (1919-1922)
- 100,000 deaths in Republic of Armenia
Blockades during Wars
- First World War
- Imposed by Entente states on Central Powers
- Ottoman Empire suffered from British Naval blockade - half a million people died
- 630,000 Armenians died
- Second World War
- 1.1 million people dead in Leningrad
Blockades after the War
- German blockade by Britain, France, US and Soviet
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Discusses different terminologies used for mass killings; compares ethnic cleansing and genocide, and suggests that terms like war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide are better instead of ethnic cleaning
Discipline of Author: Royal Military College of Canada (Not written in the paper - Professor - War Studies Post Graduate Degree Programme)
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Armenian Folia Anglistika
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: orphan of the 1915 Armenian Genocide; The author declares no ethical issues or conflict of interests in this research
Year: 2025
- Four main terminologies: war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and ethnic cleansing
- Describe other terms like, democide, politicide, ethnocide, autogenocide, urbicide, gendercide, omnicide
- Discussion about terminologies, and what they mean, and what should be used
5. POLICE BRUTALITY AS DEMOCIDE IN THE UNITED STATES: THE SUPREME COURT'S ACQUIESCENCE TO POLICE-CIVILIAN VIOLENCE
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: Nigeria and US
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Argue in favor of recognizing policy brutality as democide in US by drawing parallels with Nigeria
Discipline of Author: J.D. Candidate, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, 2025; B.A. in Criminology with Minors in Spanish and Sociology, University of Florida, 2022.
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Cardozo International & Comparative Law Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
Introduction
- Democide can happen in democratic societies (regime type alone is not sufficient) - 1232 American citizens killed in 2023 by police
- Police brutality not applied to Democide in US - in Nigeria, it has
- Supreme Court in US have not done much to improve the situation, instead worsened it (Section 1983)
- Police brutality = democide ---> for resolution
Background
- RJ Rummel coined the term democide - intentional killing of people by government, excludes any deaths of people with weapon
- RJ Rummel also suggests that democracies have lower democide rates
- US police kills 1000 people every year - more than any other democratic country
- Section 298 in Nigeria similar to Section 1983 in US
Mostly legal discussion, judicial cases
6. LITIGATING THE GAZA CRISIS: LEGAL AND POLITICAL STRATEGIES IN SOUTH AFRICA V ISRAEL
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:40,000
Geographic Location: Palestine
Time Period: 2023-2024
Main Research Point of Article: Evaluate efficacy of International Court of Justice's measures/decisions in Gaza conflict (South Africa vs Israel) - broadly its role in armed conflicts
Discipline of Author: The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) - Faculty of Law
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Cardozo International and Comparative Law Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
Introduction
- SA said Israel committed genocide against Palestinians
- 75-year-long apartheid, its 56-year-long belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory and its 16-year-long blockade of Gaza
- 23,210 verified dead at the point of the hearing since Oct 7th
- Israel avoided the ICJ - delegitimize the ruling
- August 2024 - 40,000 people dead
7. THE GENOCIDE OF ARMENIANS: A VIEW FROM INSIDE AND OUTSIDE
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Not ways to quantify but uses Gregory Stanton's stages of genocide theory and travel memoirs 1890-1916 by European and American missionaries as well as linguistic materials
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: Armenia
Time Period: 1915
Main Research Point of Article: Fresh perspective on Armenian genocide - this also provides novelty by examining old and new viewpoints which improves genocide education and helps prevention;
Discipline of Author: Chair of English Philology, Associate professor, Yerevan State University, Armenia
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Armenian Folia Anglistika
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Careful evaluation of perpetrator-victim-oriented narratives
- Gregory Stanton provides reasons as to why UN failed to prevent genocides - suggests to make genocide part of school curriculum
- Provides historical counts on Armenian genocide, memoirs, news etc.
8. THE DENIAL OF DISPLACED PALESTINIANS’ RIGHT OF RETURN: BETWEEN ICC JURISPRUDENCE & ZIONIST IDEOLOGY
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: Palestine
Time Period: 1948-present
Main Research Point of Article: Investigate where does the Zionist ideology of suppressing/displacing Palestinians come from; as well as denial of right to return; role of international community to do justice
Discipline of Author: Ph.D. candidate in International Law, Faculty of Law, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara/ Turkiye
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Accounts of Israeli government supporting displacement of Palestinians
- 8 million displaced - out of 15 million total Palestinians worldwide
9. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE, CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND U.S. RECOGNITION
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 1.5 million
Geographic Location: Anatolia region (modern-day Turkey) and parts of Syria, Iraq, and Greece
Time Period: 1915-1923
Main Research Point of Article: What legal theories made US recognize the Armenian genocide (most likely under customary international law theory), and what could be its implications
Discipline of Author: Juris Doctorate Candidate, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Intercultural Human Rights Law Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
- 4 parts to the paper - Part 1: Describes Armenian genocide, Part 2: explanation of genocide, Part 3: US recognition. Part 4: Application of this exercise
- 1.5 million total deaths between 1915-1923
- Turkey contests the deaths as a consequence of war with the umber around 600,000
- US did not recognize it as a genocide until 2019 - in total 31 countries recognize it as a genocide
- Describes theories for genocide i) Natural law, ii) Retroactive Treaty, iii) Customary international law - and also relates how these theories inform Armenian genocide
- Describe 31 countries that recognize it as a genocide
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Not to quantify deaths, but for the study, relevant reports, books, articles and cases have been considered to discuss the core issues
# of Deaths: 300,000-500,000 and maxima 3 million deaths; according to CIA, 200,000; Pak military says 26,000
Geographic Location: Bangladesh
Time Period: 1971
Main Research Point of Article: Strategies of Pak military in 1971 war, post-war experiences of Bengalis and how justice was delayed to be served to the victims
Discipline of Author: Senior Lecturer in Law at East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of International Law and Islamic Law
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2021
Discusses the atrocities committed by Pak military, how it contests those allegations as well as the trials conducted of the collaborators in Bangladesh
11. GUNS KILL PEOPLE, AND TYRANTS WITH GUN MONOPOLIES KILL THE MOST
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 87.1 million in Europe - firearm homicides against civilians by govt.; 745,162n firearm homicide in US; 200 million government murders globally excluding combat deaths from wars
Geographic Location: US and Europe
Time Period: 20th century
Main Research Point of Article: Relative risks of not having guns in Europe vs having guns in the US
Discipline of Author: American author, attorney, gun rights advocate; Research Director Independence Institute
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Gonzaga Journal of International Law
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- Pat 1: UN and EU documents legitimize resistance to tyranny but at the same time see gun controls that make it impossible
- Part 2: Homicide in the US and Europe
- Part 3: Totalitarian govts. more dangerous and likely for mass murder - US is no exception either
- Part 4: Govts. prioritize disarmament; otherwise it will become an impediment to their tyranny
- Part 5: Citizens arms are effective against mass murdering; more balanced approach is needed regarding gun control laws
- People must defend themselves against tyranny and genocide - EU and UN acknowledge it
- The principles laid out by EU make home defense not possible and make it easy for governments to to carry out tyranny/genocide
- US homicide rate 5.06 per 100,000 people vs 1.35 in Europe annually
- 745162 US dying in the 20th century (does not include government deaths) vs 87.1 million in Europe by their governments is far less
Table 1: Over 1 million victims (Mega-Murders)
| Regime | Years | Democide (millions) | Sumary |
|---|---|---|---|
| People's Republic of China | 1949-87 | 87.6 | Mao et al. regime |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | 1917-87 | 61.9 | Communist regime - Stalin ruled b/w 1929-53 accounts for 43 million |
| Germany | 1933-45 | 20.9 | Include Hitler regime - does not include WWII battle deaths |
| China | 1928-49 | 10.1 | Kuomintang party |
| Japan | 1936-45 | 6.0 | Warm crimes of Japanese army against civilians of China or Phillipines |
| China | 1923-49 | 3.5 | Communist revolutionary army before 1949 |
| Cambodia | 1975-79 | 1.5 | Khumer Rouge communist regime. Per capita largest democide |
| Turkey | 1909-18 | 1.9 | Young Turks |
| Vietnam | 1945-87 | 1.7 | Communist regime. Does not include battle deaths |
| Poland | 1945-48 | 1.6 | Communist regime. Against Germans. |
| Pakistan | 1970-71 | 1.5 | Military dictatorship. |
| Yugoslavia | 1944-63 | 1.1 | Josip Broz Tito communist regime. |
| Suspected megamurders | |||
| North Korea | 1948-87 | 1.7 | Sung family's communist regime. |
| Mexico | 1900-20 | 1.4 | Porfiro Diaz authoritarian regime |
| Russia | 1900-17 | 1.1 | Czarist regime |
| Total | 203.5 |
Table 2: Domestic mass murders in Europe
| Regime | Years | Democide | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 1944-87 | 100,000 | Communist |
| Balkan Christians | 1912-13 | 10,000 | Various governments |
| Bulgaria | 1944-87 | 222,000 | Communist |
| Czechoslavakia | 1945-48 | 197,000 | Against German-speakers |
| East Germany | 1945-87 | 70,000 | Communist |
| Hungary | 1919-44 | 138,000 | Authoritarian |
| Rumania | 1941-87 | 919,000 | Fascist/communist |
| Spain | 1936-75 | 452,000 | Francisco Franco dictatorship |
| Total | 2,108,000 |
Table 3: Over 100,000 deaths
| Regime | Years | Democide | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 1978-87 | 483,000 | - |
| Angola | 1975-87 | 125,000 | By communist regime |
| Burundi | 1964-87 | 175,000 | Tutsis vs Hutus |
| China | 1917-49 | 910,000 | Warlords |
| Ethiopia | 1941-74 | 148,000 | Haile Selaisse monarchy |
| Ethiopia | 1974-87 | 725,000 | Communist |
| Guatemala | 1956-87 | 122,000 | Military |
| Indonesia | 1965-66 | 509,000 | Killing of communists |
| Indonesia | 1965-87 | 729,000 | Against East Timor |
| Iraq | 1968-87 | 187,000 | Ba'ath party |
| Mongolia | 1916-87 | 100,000 | Communist |
| Mozambique | 1975-87 | 323,000 | Multiple regimes |
| Nigeria | 1967-70 | 777,000 | By government and Biafran forces |
| Sudan | 1956-87 | 627,000 | Military dictatorship |
| Turkey | 1919-23 | 878,000 | Ataturk regime |
| Uganda | 1971-79 | 300,000 | Military regime |
| Uganda | 1979-87 | 255,000 | Multiple regimes |
| Total | 7,373,000 |
- In the long run risk of dying in US is much lower than in Europe
- Likelihood of mass murder dependent on the government
- More democratic government less democide at least domestically
- A country will have independence and free government cannot be guaranteed - in the entire twentieth century only countries could achieve it Aus, Canada, Iceland, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and US
- Discusses how oppressors have used gun control and disarmament to carry out democide - however, not always
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Analysis of media reports, especially book titled "Sikh Genocide 84", along with interviews analyzed by QDA data miner software
# of Deaths: 2000, at another point it is written thousands of Sikhs
Geographic Location: India
Time Period: 1984
Main Research Point of Article: No prior literature on Sikh genocide - hence wrote this article. What did this genocide do to the desire of self-determination of Punjab? How did the genocide affect security of India?
Discipline of Author: From google: served as a High Court Justice in Uganda; PhD candidate at Kampala International University (KIU)
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Technium Social Sciences Journal
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- 2002-03 war in Sudan resulted in the deaths of 400,000 people
- Describes the concept of genocide, the history of Sikhs, and various other genocides
- Genocide causes insecurity and leads to immigration
- Started after massacre of Sikh Shrine which led to calls for independence "Khalistan" and further led to death of PM Mrs. Gandhi
- Sikh genocide 1984 contributed significantly to the call for self-determination - Indian states still lives fear
13. Genocide Accusations and the Logic of Genocide
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Introduces concept of tribocide which looks at genocide from victims perspective - hence claims to be easier to substantiate; provides multiple definitions of various terminologies
Discipline of Author: 1) Informatics Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2) Institute for Philosophy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Transmathematica
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Discusses accusation theory and accusations of genocide
- Logic of genocide; then coins the term tribocide
- Tribocide vs democide
- 50,000 threshold for calling killings as democide
- Genocide involves a tribocide but not necessarily the other way round
- Defines tribocide - multiple definitions given
- Goes on defining various terms
14. Bleeding Forms (Beyond the Intifada)
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: Palestine
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: War in Gaza from resistance point of view; how resistance disrupts the existing order; decomposes colonial order
Discipline of Author: Assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy and Cultural Studies at Birzeit University
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Critical Times
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2024
- 7th October military action against Israel - formless; aims for decomposition of colonial form
- Describes first and second intifada and the epistemology of the word intifada
- Describes how the actions surprised the colonial master
Way to quantify # of Deaths: International legal instruments and documents, cases, international principles, scholarly articles and books, as well as various organisational reports
# of Deaths: 3 million
Geographic Location: Bangladesh
Time Period: 1971
Main Research Point of Article: Massacre of intellectuals during 1971 war - analysis according to 1948 genocide convention - argues that the killings of intellectuals should be considered a genocide
Discipline of Author: 1) Research Volunteer, ANTAR - a national level organisation of Bangladesh; 2) Senior Lecturer in Law and Criminology, East West University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Contemporary Challenges: The Global Crime, Justice and Security Journal
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- Previous genocides have seen similar targeting of intellectuals
- 3 million deaths
- Many intellectuals were killed, kidnapped etc. - 1111 in total
- 991 academics, 13 journalists, 49 physicians, 42 lawyers and 16 writers
- Recently updated - 1222 individuals
- Discusses the groups targeted in apparent genocide - four groups mentioned in the definition of genocide - national, religious, ethnical and racial - no definition of these groups however
- Elitocide - a termed coined for killing of educated or leadership of any ethnic group
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: USSR
Time Period: Stalin
Main Research Point of Article: Stalin-era atrocities against Volga Germans and Crimean Tatars; reviews oppression of ethnic minorities which are legitimized in legal terms; situates the actions in genocidal context
Discipline of Author: 1) Ph.D. European History, Sapienza University of Rome, 2) Associate Professor of History of International Relations, Sapienza University of Rome
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Nuovi Autoritarismi e Democrazie: Diritto, Istituzioni, Società (NAD-DIS)
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2024
- Initial examples of genocide - Aghet (Armenian) and Shoah (Holocaust); Aghet may be more likely be an ethnocide
- Ethnic cleansing by USSR and laws used for the same
- Discussion on GULAG camps
- Soviet policies were suppression but not broad genocide - can be seen as localized genocide
17. THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE AND POTENTIAL NEW INTERNATIONAL CRIMES
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Evaluates genocide in context of other criminal offenses, how there is an inclination of expanding genocide to other crimes, and considers potential new international criminal offenses.
Discipline of Author: PhD, Full Professor, Faculty of Business and Law, "MB" University, Belgrade, Serbia & Samara Law School, Samara National University, Samara, Russia
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Strani pravni život
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Genocide is not the crime of crimes as sometimes expressed
- Various countries tweaked the definition of genocide to adopt it - various other crimes also included; other groups included as well addition to the four mentioned in the original definition
- Even killing of a single person can be considered genocide (local genocide) according to some judgements of international tribunals; rape and sexual violence as well
- Suggest such crimes to be referred under new categories - distinguishes it from genocide
- Rape and other sexual crimes
- Ethnic cleansing
- Ethnocide
- Democide
- 1.7 million Cambodia - 21% of populatoin - 1975-79 - Khumer Rouge regime
- 170-360 million deaths at the hands of own governments - greater than 4 times the causalities in civil and international wars
- When a state kills portion of complete population - democide; when minorities - genocide; democide limited in context that it only includes murders not other forms available in the genocide and only the pop of the state itself; broader in the context that the groups not protected by genocide convention are also included
- auto-genocide sometimes interchangeably used
- Massacre
- Ecocide and Biocide
- Humanicide
- Mentions calls for reducing world population - to 1 billion
- Such a magnitude not covered under genocide - hence coined the term humanicide
18. African International Relations, Genocidal Histories and the Emancipatory Project
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Genocide in Africa; political and economic philosophies discussed
Discipline of Author: Professor, Political Science Department; Professor, African American Studies, Syracuse University
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Vestnik RUDN. International Relations
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2020
- Genocide in Africa - not discussing genocide in IR is form of denials which gives rise to future genocide
- How anti apartheid struggles shape the discourse after Bundang Project
- Discusses international relations in Africa - and economics (capitalism)
- Discusses atrocities committed against Africans
- 60 to 80 million Indians died in warfare and democide in Central and South America as well as the Caribbean as they were invaded by Europeans
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 169,198,000
Geographic Location:
Time Period: 20th century
Main Research Point of Article: Revising the concept of Democide
Discipline of Author: Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology, Università di Torino,Italia
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: International Journal of Arts and Social Science
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2024
- Democide means intentional killing of unarmed people by government to fulfill political goals
- Rummel analysis overlooked the paths that formed such states which carried out such atrocities
- Macro-dimension of mass murders in millions and tens of millions
- Rummel defines democide as murder of any person or people by a government - includes genocide, politicide, and mass murder (goes deep)
- 169,198,000 death by states are six times the number of victims of all wars during the same period - 20th century
- Through democide, states exercise their sovereignty over peoples and territories
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: What are the theoretical and practical aspects of genocide; historical and latest understanding of the concept; concludes that further development is required
Discipline of Author: Abylai Khan Kazakh University of International Relations and International Languages, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Law Series”
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
Analyse the meaning of genocide in scientific and legal context - how it can be used in cases of violence
Results
- Indian Americans reduced from 12 million (1500) to 237 thousand (1900)
- 1788 to 19th century - aboriginal genocide in Australia by European
- B/w 1932/33, in Ukraine 2 to 7 million while 3 million in Kazakhstan deaths
- Genocides also occurred in China, the Philippines, Korea, and other Southeast Asian countries
- Discusses Nuremberg trials - and other cases
21. Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and Theories of Crime: Unlocking Criminology’s Potential
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Assess the potential of criminological theories to explain mass killings and genocide - apply these theories to such atrocities as well
Discipline of Author:
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Annual Review of Criminology
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: Unaware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review.
Year: 2021
- Application of criminological theories to study genocide and mass atrocities have been missing
- Defines genocide and mass atrocity
- Institutional anomie theory, control balance theory, social disorganization theory, social learning theory
- Desistance, reentry and reentry of individuals who committed genocide is discussed
- Theorizes victimhood
Overall looks at genocide and mass atrocities from a criminal lens, reviews and apply theories in this regards and relevant literature
22. Introducing the Targeted Mass Killing Data Set for the Study and Forecasting of Mass Atrocities
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Analyzing datasets of OSV, SSMK, Major Episodes of Political Violence, other literature and experts
Coded to identify TMKs from the dataset, then further coded to ascertain whether it qualifies as genocide/politicide or mass atrocity etc.
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period: 1946-2017
Main Research Point of Article: A new dataset of targeted mass killing (TMK) is introduced for the years 1946 to 2017
Discipline of Author: 1. Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
2. School of Politics & International Relations, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
3. Department of Government and International Relations, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
4. School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
5. Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Conflict Resolution
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship,
and/or publication of this article.
Year: 2020
- TMK data set targetting ethnic, religious, political groups is assembled
- 84 million civilian deaths in genocide, 36 million war deaths of combatants, 250,000 deaths due to terrorism since 1900 - not much emphasis on genocide however in literature
- The dataset can be used for prediction of genocides and mass atrocities
- Politicide - killing politically defined group; genocide (communal group most likely ethnicity)
- Previous datasets like political instability task force (PITF) have shortcomings arising from the definitions of genocide with words like "intent" or "in whole or part". Similar limitations with State-sponsored mass killings (SSMK), one side violence (OSV)
- One definition of MK - at least 1000 non combatants dead
- Rummels democide data set does not include nonstate perpetrators
- For this paper, TMK are 25 deaths per annum of a political/religious/ethnic group (noncombatant) with the intent to destroy or intimidate
- more inclusive than genocide but more restrictive than state-led mass killing, repression, or terrorism
- TMKs peaked in 1992 , dropped then, and 2011 peaked again
- Eight point ordinal scale for TMK developed
- Differences in count of events/deaths between other datasets and TMK
23. “Ignorantly Arrogant Souls”1: Looking Back at U.S./UN Control Over North Korea in the Autumn of 1950
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Not to quantify deaths but basically review of literature
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period: 12 October 1950 to 16 December 1950
Main Research Point of Article: Review literature related to US-led occupation of North Korea; which mistakes could have been circumvented
Discipline of Author: Not in paper, from google
1) Associate Professor of East Asian History at the University of Leeds; 2) PhD student in History at the University of Nottingham
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: North Korean Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
US/UN occupation of N Korea - failure - three main reasons 1) failure to establish clear authority, 2) inhumane behavior of conquerors, and 3) harness influence among North Koreans
Failures were rooted in Allied forces tactics and not North Koreans
24. Stopping state repression: An examination of spells
Way to quantify # of Deaths: not death but LSSR - 5 point ordinal scale based on severity and scope - 3 and above termed as LSSR; response variable is duration of LSSR; explanatory variables include democratization, economic sanctions etc.
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: What stops violence/repressive spell; 239 large-scale repression spells are reviewed from 1976-2006
Discipline of Author: 1) Department of Political Science, University of Michigan & Peace Research Institute Oslo; 2) Department of Political Science, UC San Diego
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Peace Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- LSSR - large-scale state sponsored repression
- Various agencies that can resist repression - economic sanctions, military interventions, international law and courts, democratization etc.
- Discussion on repression - suggests democratization can stop repression
25. Estimating one-sided-killings from a robust measurement model of human rights
Way to quantify # of Deaths: uses latent variable modelling technique to improve existing models and remove biases
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: A model that estimates repression levels (one-sided-killing), probability of a state engaging in it and the predicted numbers
Discipline of Author: 1) Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan; 2) Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at Rutgers University, New Brunswick; 3) Associate Professor Political Science, Center for Analytics and Data Science, Miami University
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Peace Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2020
The existing model limitation - at least 25 deaths; also starts from year 1989. The study starts from 1946
During the cold war - more than a million one-sided killings each year, in 1990s high thousands and recently to below 1000 not including extra judicial killings
We can extract data from graphs if needed.
26. The various facets of eliminationist politics: Conflict, nation-building, and forced migration
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Proposing eliminationist politics
Discipline of Author: 1) Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, USA; 2) Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: International Political Science Review
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Concept of eliminationist policies
- Intent vs method; target identity and group-selective violence; group ontology and methodological groupism
- Operation of eliminationist policies
- Threshold of inclusion; coverage and coding timespans
Not much on democide numbers etc. - mostly theoretical
27. Death toll among the Bangladeshi refugees of the 1971 war
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Newspapers and peer reviewed journals numbers extrapolated to determine the deaths among refugees in India; using binomial distribution
# of Deaths: These are excess deaths due to poor conditions in refugee camps 562,915 (CI: 323,562, 802,268) compared to natural deaths in peacetime - these are conservative estimates
Total deaths: low 50,000–100,000 and 300,000, high 3 million (from Bangladesh)
Geographic Location: Bangladesh
Time Period: 1971 (Mar-Dec)
Main Research Point of Article: Determine the number of deaths in refugee camps Bangladeshi refugees who flew to India during the 1971 war of independence
Discipline of Author: 1) Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom; 2) Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 3) Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., Boxborough, Massachusetts, United States of America; 4) Center for Bangladesh Genocide Research, McKinney, Texas, United States of America
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: PLOS ONE
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- 9.9 milion Bangladeshis migrated to India to avoid violence
- From official statements, newspapers and peer reviewed journals, the deaths in camps is ascertained, which is extrapolated to deaths of all refugees
- Total deaths: low 50,000–100,000 and 300,000, high 3 million (from Bangladesh) among 70 million - but non-violent mortalities are ignored
- The article assesses mortalities among 9.9 million Bangladeshi refugees
- 825 refugee camps, 9,899,305 refugees
- Uses binomial distribution model for modelling death rates; baseline death rate 17 person per 1000 people per year
- The estimated total death toll among the refugees 649,249.40; natural deaths 86,334.46
- Upper bound estimates 742,398.95 deaths, excess 656,065 deaths (CI: 378,674 - 933,455)
28. External intelligence assistance and the recipient government’s violence against civilians
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: External intelligence assistance reduces government violence against civilians
Discipline of Author: Osaka School of International Public Policy, Osaka University, Japan
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Conflict Management and Peace Science
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
- External intelligence improve the capacity of government and adopts winning-hearts-and-minds strategy (this part is controversial)
- Also external assistance does not help violence against civilians by rebel groups
29. Mass Death, Population Decline, and Deprivation: A Capability Approach
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Capability approach
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Give Capability Approach to account for mass deaths
Discipline of Author: Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Genocide Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author
Year: 2025
- Scholars have tried to become more inclusive when defining mass violence but still fall short
- The article capability based approach - incorporates far broader range of violence's consequences including starvation, etc. These consequences indirect consequences other than physical are even more severe
- The Great Leap Famine (1958-62) - 45 million deaths - no evidence to suggest Mao or other leaders deliberately did it - unintended. targeted killings dataset only has 2.5 million number because the others were not targeted but starved
- Total intentional killing and mass murders under Mao 4.5 to 9 million
- Capability approach is basically a victim-based approach rather than a perpetrator-based approach - not restricted by intent or asymmetry; investigates excess deaths outside atrocity literature
- 3.9 million excess deaths from disease and malnutrition in India
- B/w 1950-1980 China had the most rapid increase in life expectancy in documented global history
- Political factors were more significant factors than economic, resulting in 88-93% of the total estimate famine deaths in 20th century which were 70.1-80.4 million
Colonial violence and depopulation as deprivation
- Colonial times - millions of deaths due to famine
- 1890-1920 - Uganda - population decline of 10-19%
- German colony of Namibia declines in population 23-35% from 1904-1908
- Central African Republic - half of the population dead due to famines, epidemics, migration influx from neighbouring countries, slavery
- CAR annual deaths are 100,000 - highest nationwide mortality in the world in 2009-23
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Not strictly deaths. To ascertain severity an ordered probit model is used, while for occurrence probit model is used
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Study the impact of cold war on genocide/politicide occurrence and severity. Genocide and politicide trends have changed (less frequent) after cold war if considered it ended in 1991 (not if considered 1989), there severity has increased
Discipline of Author: Political Science, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Terrorism and Political Violence
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Year: 2022
With the end of cold war, more emphasis on democracy - for instance, economic aid linked to democracy, civil rights etc.
Analysis done on Political Instability Task Force State Failure dataset for years 1955-2010
Genocides/politicides occurred in 5 continents other than Australia and Antarctica
Severity scale based on number of deaths - 1-5
31. POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN OCCUPIED KRALJEVO IN 1941
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 2000-6000
Geographic Location: Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Time Period: 1941
Main Research Point of Article: Massacre in Yugoslavia
Discipline of Author:
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Science and Society
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Political violence - achieve political interest adopting actions beyond legal/democratic means
- Basic concepts of political violence
- Power - impose ones will over another
- Force - physical application of coercion
- Authority - legitimate power
- Violence - use of force or power resulting in death/harm/social injustice or discrimination
- Situation of the country after the war was described
- Strategic importance of Kraljevo was described
32. Predicting Genocide and Mass Killing
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Seeing how accurate are the risk assessments that predict genocide and mass killings
Discipline of Author: School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, Australia
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Genocide Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2021
- Multiple models available - Peoples Under Threat risk assessment, Risks of New Onsets of Genocide and Politicide (RNOGP), Countries at Risk of Genocide, Politicide, or Mass Atrocities (CRG) risk assessment, Countries at Risk for Mass Killing” (CRMK) risk assessments, The Atrocity Forecasting Project (AFP)
- Four provide a quantitative approach to risk rankings for countries, while one qualitative
- Forecast genocide/mass killings in different countries
- Higher risk levels - accurate; moderate levels - less reliable
33. From Tyrannical Personality to Mass Tyranny: An Adlerian Perspective
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Review Alfred Adler's views on war, pacifism, nationalism and patriotism; discusses the concept of tyranny
Discipline of Author: Professor, Director of the Center for Adlerian Practice and Scholarship at Adler University, Chicago, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: The Journal of Individual Psychology
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
34. The Contextual Relation between Ideology and Political Violence: Khmer Rouge
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Literature review, qualitative methods, secondary source, field research doing interviews "elite interviewing approach"
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Massacre of the Vietnamese people by the Communist regime; relationship between ideologies and pol. violence. How communism builds its own tyrants in the face of atrocities it commits - case study Khumer Rouge regime in Cambodia
Discipline of Author: 1) Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; 2) International Relations, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66100, Turkey; 3) International Relations, Cankiri Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Turkey
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Southeast Asia Development Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Year: 2025
- Katyn massacre in Stalins regime killed 14700 Poles in 1940
- Discusses political violence in Asia
- Political history of Cambodia is discussed
- history goes back to 4200 BC
- Challenges between China and Cambodia
- 50,000 people died during the war b/w Kingdom of Vietnam and Cambodia - Cambodia invaded Vietnam
- Mongol invasion of China led to tensions with Thailand and Chinese which led to migration of Thai to Cambodia resulting in tension b/w Thailand and Cambodia. French assistance sought by Cambodians, guerilla warfare, resulting in power of different regime supported by French
| Country | Regime | Period | Estimates Deaths | (Genocide or Democide) | % of Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cambodia | Khumer Rouge | 1975-79 | 1.5-2million | Genocide/Democide | 20-25 |
| Germany | Nazi | 1939-45 | 11 million | Genocide | 67% of European Jews (6 million) |
| Soviet Union | Stalin | 1929-53 | 6-9 million (non war) | Democide | 3-5% |
| China | Mao Zedong | 1958-62 | 15-45 million (Great Leap Forward) | Democide | 3-7% |
| Rwanda | 1994 | 0.8-1 million | Genocide | 70% of Tutsi population | |
| Bosnia (Yugoslavia) | 1992-95 | 100,000 (8,000 Srebrenica) | Genocide | 3% (in affected regions) |
35. Strategic Denial of Rohingya Identity and Their Right to Internal Self-Determination
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Denying Rohingya identity and its link to the ethnic cleansing of them
Discipline of Author: Department of Law, Feni University, Feni, Bangladesh
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: International Studies
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. No funding.
Year: 2022
- Total refugees in the world - 22.5 million, 10 million stateless people
- Political Instability Task Force suggested 43 genocides during 1955-2016 - 50 million killed; same number displaced
- Rohingyas persecuted by rulers of Myanmar, Buddhists, colonial Englishmen - the most persecuted ethnicity since the beginning of colonial era
- Internal rifts rose - after second world war, 100,000 Rohingyas killed by The Rakhine Communalist and Burma Independence Army
- Revoking citizenship, taxation
- UNs right to self determination discussed; links to ethnic cleansing, democide discussed
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 1.5 million
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: To show relationship in ISIS executions for ethnic cleansing and Nazi execution squads
Discipline of Author: Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2024
- More than 1.5 million people death Nazi mobile killing squads
- ISIS and Nazi similar in terms of tactics - Jews in Europe and religious/ethnic minorities of Levant
- Discusses the steps of killings by Nazis and ISIS
37. Does Police Militarization Increase Repression?
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: 102 countries
Time Period: 1994-2010
Main Research Point of Article: Does police militarization increase repression? Yes it does.
Discipline of Author: Political Science and International Studies, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Conflict Resolution
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Year: 2024
States Security Forces dataset used with statistical models for answering the question
Reasons for government repression are discussed
38. The Emancipatory Praxis of Peace and Conflict Studies: The Field of Genocide Studies
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Phronesis research on peace and conflict studies
Discipline of Author: 1) Professor of conflict analysis and resolution at the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution, George Mason University; 2) worked in the field of genocide studies and mass atrocity prevention in DR Congo, Burundi, Cambodia, Myanmar, Ukraine, and Argentina. Senior Fellow with the Alliance for Peacebuilding, a Board Member of the Institute for the Study of Genocide
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Peace and Conflict Studies
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
- Discusses positivist, constructivist, critical social theory, and emancipatory praxis
- Mentions civilian deaths in Dafur primarily by the government - 300,000
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: 11500
Geographic Location:
Time Period: 1919-1922
Main Research Point of Article: Investigate rebellions against the government in Anatolia during Turkish War of Independence
Discipline of Author: 2) Department of International Relations, Turkish National Defence University, Turkish Military Academy, Ankara, Turkiye; 2) Department of History, Turkish Military Academy, Turkish National Defense University, Ankara, Turkiye
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: War & Society
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Year: 2024
- Discusses history of Kemal Ataturks resistance against the Ottoman empire, and the emergence of modern day Turkey
- 11000 rebels died until 1922 + additional 500 during TWI
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths: one million
Geographic Location: Romania
Time Period: 1945-1989 (article says 42 years but this is 44 years)
Main Research Point of Article: Criticism of the narrow definition of genocide mentioned in the UN taking the case study of Romania
Discipline of Author: Faculty of Law, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Problems of Post-Communism
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2025
- Perspectives on the narrowness of the definition of genocide
- Communist regime ended in Romania in 1989 - no genocide charges could be proven from 1990 onwards
- Questions narrowness of the definition of genocide in terms of transition towards democracy from communism, its implications
- 1104 deaths during the revolution to overthrow communist regime which started in 1945 and ended in 1989
- Estimated one million political prisoners died during the communist regime
- discusses the charges of genocides against individuals, Romanian law etc.
41. The Politics of Hindutva: Indian Democracy at the Crossroads
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Reviews three books to discuss the transformation of Indian politics in the light of Hindutva philosophy by BJP
Discipline of Author: Department of Social Sciences, FLAME University, Pune, India
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Contemporary Asia
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Year: 2024
- Three books reviewed: 1) To Kill a Democracy: India’s Passage to Despotism by Debasish Roy Chowdhury and John Keane (2021), 2) The Law of Force: The Violent Heart of Indian Politics by Thomas Blom Hansen (2021), and 3) Republic of Hindutva: How the Sangh Is Reshaping Indian Democracy by Badri Narayan (2021)
- To Kill a Democracy projects that this sort of politics paves a way for democide
42. The Problematic Return of Intent
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article:
Discipline of Author: The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Genocide Research
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Year: 2024
- Discusses intent in the definition of genocide, holocaust and Gaza war, Armenian genocide
- Nakba - ethnic cleansing occurred in 1948 of Palestinians with similar ideological share as of Nazis (world without Jews)
- Lawyers and historians view genocide differently
- Gaza is a genocide according to the author
43. The Baptist Hospital in Gaza. Current ruins for future archaeologists?
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Devastation of Gaza Strip by Israel - multiple questions: when does democide become genocide, what should be done about the ruins, can archaeology occur without any place, ethical questions etc.?
Discipline of Author:
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Archaeological Dialogues
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2023
- Srebrenica genocide of 1995 resulted in 8,372 Muslim victims
Way to quantify # of Deaths: Not for deaths, but basically a qualitative study
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location: Vietnam, Singapore, and Taiwan
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Explores measures taken by governments to address the conflicts in Vietnam, Taiwan and Singapore as well as reasons for those conflicts
Discipline of Author: Philippine Christian University, Manila, Philippines and Philippine National Police Academy, Cavite, Philippines
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: Author sole financier to ensure independent analysis. No conflict of interest.
Year: 2024
- B/w 1968-70, 6500 civilians killed in Vietnam by US troops
- Discusses armed conflicts in the three countries, factors resulting in the issues, what governments did to address the conflicts, its best practices and lessons learned
45. Genocide, Politicide, and the Prospects of Democratization since 1900
Way to quantify # of Deaths: No deaths. 125 non-democracies analysed
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period: 1900-2009
Main Research Point of Article: Genocide and politicide circumvent adoption of democratization
Discipline of Author: 1) Department of Political Science & International Relations, Korea University, Seoul 02481, Republic of Korea. These are not available in the paper - only universities were available, so googled: 2) Department of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 3) Department of Social Sciences at the U.S. Military Academy, 4) Assistant Professor of Political Science, Rockefeller College, SUNY Albany
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Journal of Conflict Resolution
Risk of Bias: funding/coi: Supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020S1A3A2A02092791) and a Korea University Grant (K2002251).
Year: 2021
- Genocide/politicide causes higher rate of civilian deaths than civil wars w/o these genocide/politicide
- Uses data from Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) for identifying democracies, Political Instability Task Force/Rummel for atrocities
- Examples: Non-democracy in Syria following 1982 Hama massacres - 20-40000 people dead; Rwanda following 1994 genocide
- Germany and Spain democratized examples; Ger lost to democratic US
46. What Restrains Military from Targeting Civilians in Civil Wars?
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Independent judiciary, trained officers and reduced military involvement in politics reduced civilian killings
Discipline of Author: 1) Center for Homeland Security, DeSales University, Center Valley, PA, USA; 2) Department of Security Studies & International Affairs, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Civil Wars
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- Uppsala Conflict Data Project (UCDP)’s one-sided violence dataset used along with International Military Education and Training (IMET) programme and Counterterrorism Fellowship Program (CTFP) education, Military Participation in Government (MPG) and International Country Risk Guide’s (ICRG), Heinz's measure of independent judiciary as well as rule of law index
47. Intersectionality and Genocide: Contributions from Catholic Social Teaching
Way to quantify # of Deaths:
# of Deaths:
Geographic Location:
Time Period:
Main Research Point of Article: Three point action plan to address genocide issue in the world; also Catholic teachings to address it
Discipline of Author: Graduate from Boston College with a B.A. in Political Science
Bibliographic: e.g. which journals, publishers: Mystērion: The Theology Journal of Boston College
Risk of Bias: funding/coi:
Year: 2022
- Between 1975-79 - 1.5-2 million people died in Cambodia by the regime
- In 1995 - more than 8000 Bosnian Muslims (mostly men/boys) killed by Republic of Srpska