3D printing of Carbon Cellular structures using stereolithography of acrylic based resins

Background[edit | edit source]

This literature review explains the methods by which carbon cellular structures can be obtained by pyrolysis of SLA 3D printed acryclic based resins.

Contributor[edit | edit source]

Annalisa Berti - University of Trento

Search Terms[edit | edit source]

3D printed Carbon cellular structures

3D printed carbon lattice structures

Literature[edit | edit source]

Microarchitectured Carbon Structures as Innovative Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds[edit | edit source]

Design and Manufacturing of Lattice Structures (different kinds of scaffolding geometries, as cubic, cylindrical, and toroidal lattices, systematic variations of truss thicknesses, for evaluation of the pyrolysis process)
Stereolithography
Pyrolysis ay 900°C in nitrogenenvironment
Characterization by SEM
Raman + X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Compression tests
Elastic moduls (stress-strain curve)
Finite element modeling (FEM)
Equivalent Young's moduli of different structures
Cell Culture Experiment

Macro- and Nano-Porous 3D-Hierarchical Carbon LAttices for Extraordinarily High Capacitance Supercapacitors[edit | edit source]

Stereolithography-type 3D printer
Pyrolysis at 1000°C
Carbonization of the as-printed 3D microlattices and activation under CO2 at 900 °C
Density
SEM (before and after CO_2 activation)
X-ray diffraction (XRD) before and afet CO_2 activation
Raman spectra (before and after)
Gas adsorption volume
Density functional theory (DFT)
Brunauer-Emmett_teller (BET) surface area
Electrochemical Performance (Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves, Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves (GCD), …)
MnO2-Deposited 3D Carbon Lattice (preparation + (SEM, XPS analyses, SXI image, XPS))
Electrochemical Performance (Cv curves, GCD profiles…)

3D Architected Carbon Electrodes for Energy Storage[edit | edit source]

Printed by DLP 3D printer
Pyrolysis at 300°C for 4 h, 400°C for 1 h and 1000°C for 4 h at a heating rate of 5°C min. Then the furnace was cooled down at 5°C min up to around 300°C and at a natural cooling rate up to room temperatures.
Samples were weighed and measured for diameter and thickness by a caliper
Density

Some of the 3D printed polymer samples were etched using O2 plasma for 6 h and pyrolyzed in the conditions as described above.

TG analysis (in a 99.999% nitrogen flow at a heating rate of 5 °C min−1)
SEM analysis
X-ray diffraction analysis
Raman spectroscopy
TEM analysis
Compression tests
Coin Cell Making Process (I don't understand and reported the details)
Galvanostatic Cycling Tests and Electrode Recycling(same)

Vitrous carbon micro-lattice structures[edit | edit source]

Polymer micro-lattice samples were fabricated from an interconnected pattern of self-propagating photopolymer wave-guides + submerged in acrylonitrile to penetrate the polymeration
PAN polyacrylonitrile thermal stabilis+ pyrolysis
TGA analysis
Carbon characterization
Density
X-ray diffraction
Volume and thickness
Compression tests

Compressive Response of Non-slender Octet Carbon Microlattices[edit | edit source]

Three sets (A, B, and C) of carbon octet microlattices were manufactured by pyrolyzing polymeric lattices fabricated with a DLP-SLA Autodesk Ember 3D printer
During pyrolysis, the furnace temperature was first raised to 300◦C and held constant for 4 h, then increased to 400◦C and maintained for 1 h, and finally elevated to 1,000◦C and kept constant for 4 h. All heating rates carried out at 10◦C/min.
SEM
Volume, thickness..
Density
Compression tests (compressive strength)
Stress and strain
Young's modulus
SEM

Carbon periodic cellular architectures[edit | edit source]

Geometry: Different parameters such as strut's diameter and elongation can be chosen to design a numerical model. The cell size and the struts thickness were modified.

In the present work, only carbon materials based on mesh A are described, but experiments showed that the same kind of structures can be easily prepared in the same conditions from the three others structures reported. Not only changing the strut thickness at constant cell size and geometry (and therefore changing the porosity, all other things being equal) was possible, but totally different periodic structures were also available for preparing highly ordered and porous carbons (-> from the article)

Different type of treatment:
1. direct pyrolysis of the polymer mesh in a flow of very pure nitrogen up to 1000 C at a heating rate of 1 C min.
2. Attempts were therefore made to coat the polymer lattices with a phenolic resin in hydrothermal conditions + pyrolysis at 1000°C
3. It was thus decided to proceed using a hydrothermal treatment at higher temperature + pyrolysis at 1000°C with a heating rate of 1°C min. The final temperature was held for 2 h before cooling down to room temperature. All this in a fow of nitrogen.
SEM (SE, BSE, FEI)
Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX
XRD
TEM
Raman studies
Mechanical tests (quasi-static compression, stress-stain curve, Young's modulus, maximum compressive strenght)
NO thermal or porosity studies

Cellular carbon microstructures developed by using stereolithography[edit | edit source]

Stereolithography (Rhombic dodecahedron was employed as the unit cell. The strut thickness has a more remarkable influence on the properties than other parameters in this experiment.) They then added graphite and NaCl powder.
Carbonized firstly at 600 C for 1 h at a heating rate of 2 C/min in an inert atmosphere of argon. argon. The obtained carbon structures covered with granular support were cleaned with 50% alcohol to remove NaCl and graphite, then were carbonized at 1000 C for 1 h at a heating rate of 5 C/min in argon to obtain the CCMs. Here, 50% alcohol instead of water was chosen for the removal of the granular support due to the hydrophobicity of NaCl surfaces decorated with graphite particles.
SEM
TGA Germany) from 30 C to 600 C at a heating rate of 10 C/min in a nitrogen atmosphere.
Dimension and volume, porosity
XRD
Compressions tests
Stress-strain curves, elastic moduls
Electrical conductivity

Glassy Carbon: A promising material for Micro and Nanomanufacturing[edit | edit source]

Lithographic techniques for patterning resins
pyrolysis utilized for converting polymers into carbon (900°C) + interesting valutation about pyrolysis
Characterization of Glassy Carbon (elemental purity with EDX Energy-Dispersive X-Ray, Raman spectrpscopy, TEM, Electron Enerrgy Loss Spectroscopy or EELS, physicochemical properties, SEM and AFM, XPS and contact angle measurements). Pyrolysis mechanism can be probed using Electron Paramagnetic

Nanographitic coating enables hyrophobicity in lightweight and strong microarchitected carbon[edit | edit source]

3D printing
Pyrolysis: components. The temperature was first elevated to 300 °C and kept constant for 4 h, then raised to 400 °C and held constant for 1 h, followed by the final carbonizing step at 1000 °C for 4 h, with all heating rates performed at 10 °C min−1.
Raman spectroscopy
SEM
TEM
AFM (Brucker Dmension Icon)
Contact angle measurements: by a contact angle goniometer
Nanomechanical and micromechanical characterization: Stress-strain curves, Young's modulus, compressive strenght
Elastic modulus

A 3D printed, Freestanding Carbon Lattice for Sodium Ion Batteries[edit | edit source]

LCD-SLA 3D printer
The resin was first pyrolyzed at 400 °C for 4 h and then further pyrolyzed at 1000 °C for 4 h. The ramping rate was 10 °C min−1 throughout the process
SEM
Raman spectra
Electrochemical Measurements
Temporal Ex Situ XRD Measurements

Sterolithography (SLA) 3D printing of Carbon fiber-graphine oxide (CF-GO) reinforced polymer lattices[edit | edit source]

Projection stereolithography
The 3D printed parts were annealed at 120 °C
We designed a test to visually prove that GO-coated CF has a better interaction with the polymer matrix than pure CF Two ends of a pure CF fiber.
Microstructural characterizations (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy FEITM, SEM)
Mechanical testing (Tensile strength, compression tests, strain-stress curves)