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[www.hach.com/asset-get.download-en.jsa?code=61792 TURBIDITY SCIENCE Technical Information Series—Booklet No. 11 By Michael J. Sadar (Hach 1998)]
Definition of turbidity
Explanation of several measurement methods
Andrew C. Ziegler, Issues related to use of turbidity measurements as a surrogate for suspended sediment. Turbidity and Other Sediment Surrogates Workshop, April 30 – May 2, 2002, Reno, NV at http://water.usgs.gov/osw/techniques/TSS/ZieglerT.pdf
Overview of requirements according to several standards
List of problems which should be solved to make nephalometry produce comparable results.
Very relevant.
Nash, R. J. & Fisch, M. R. A computer‐controlled turbidity apparatus. Review of Scientific Instruments 60, 3051–3054 (1989).
I_t = I_0e^{-(α+τ)l}
We're looking for τ.
Aparatus for measuring turbidity as function of temperature; includes oven to place sample in. Claims 0.001/mm accuracy and 0.5% precision.
They measure transmitted light and assume no absorbtion; use a laser of polarized light with beam splitter.
Use chopper to measure ac instead of dc, claim order of magnitude better long-term stability from it.
Much improvement from simultaneous reference and measurement beam.
Development of a Precise and in Situ Turbidity Measurement System | Browse - AIP Conference Proceedings. at <http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/914/1/419_1?isAuthorized=no>
Can't get the article so far.
Basano, L., Ottonello, P. & Papa, L. LED marine beam transmittance meter. Review of Scientific Instruments 48, 528–530 (1977).
Comparable to our stuff, but analog.
2% accuracy claimed.
Goring, D. A. I. & Napier, P. G. Light Scattering Determination of the Absolute Turbidity of Water. The Journal of Chemical Physics 22, 147–147 (1954).
Report of some measurements; low-NTU values needs 90° measurement, not transmission.
Light Transmittance of Solid Polymeric Film including Spherulites | Browse - AIP Conference Proceedings. at <http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/708/1/771_1?isAuthorized=no>
Not available at this moment.
Fessenden, R. W. & Stein, R. S. On the Absolute Turbidity of Water. The Journal of Chemical Physics 22, 1778–1779 (1954).
Another measurement report.
Hefele, J. R., Lundberg, J. L. & Salovey, R. Simple Ratio Photometer. Review of Scientific Instruments 33, 1256–1258 (1962).
Analog instrument using photomultipliers and a mercury lamp.
Taking a reference while measuring (instead of before or after) allows for a less stable light source.
Krebs, R. P., Perkins, P., Tytell, A. A. & Kersten, H. A Turbidity Comparator. Review of Scientific Instruments 13, 229–232 (1942).
Article from 1942; old aparatus, old electronics setup; not really useful.
Wright, W. F. Comparison Type Nephelometer. Review of Scientific Instruments 28, 129–134 (1957).
Measure transmitted and scattered light with an integrating sphere each, and direct intensity, all three at once.
Polarized, old style (1952), not really useful.
Mavromatakis, F. & Franghiadakis, Y. Direct and indirect determination of the Linke turbidity coefficient. Solar Energy 81, 896–903 (2007).
Not relevant for us; it's about air turbidity.
Bueche, F., Debye, P. & Cashin, W. M. Expressions for Turbidities. The Journal of Chemical Physics 19, 803–804 (1951).
Note how to compute turbidity with only tabulated functions. Irrelevant now we have computers.
Inverted turbidity versus concentration dependence for aqueous polynucleotide–protein mixtures: Visible turbidity at low concentrations | Browse - Journal of Chemical Physics. at <http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v65/i7/p2913_s1?isAuthorized=no>
Not about measurement method.
Simple reusable hermetically‐sealed spectrophotometer cuvette for turbidity studies near binary liquid critical points | Rev. Sci. Instrum. - Review of Scientific Instruments. at <http://rsi.aip.org/resource/1/rsinak/v53/i1/p105_s1?isAuthorized=no>
Cuvettes for measurements that take long (months).
Probably not relevant for us.
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