TissueDB/Materials/Cloth, Knitted

Knitted Cloth is a textile made by interlocking loops of yarn (rather than crossing threads over and under), which makes it elastic — it stretches and recovers in every direction, unlike woven cloth (grain-dependent, barely stretches) and felted cloth (matted fibre with no loops). Because cotton fabric can be either woven or knit, a source that names only "cotton fabric" does not by itself specify the construction; the woven forms (muslin, calico, chambray) are described at woven cloth. Everyday forms include jersey (the single-knit fabric of a T-shirt), interlock (a thicker double-knit that lies flat), and fine knitted hosiery measured in denier (the lower the number, the sheerer — a 15-denier stocking is very fine). It is sold everywhere as T-shirt and jersey fabric, cotton socks, nylon stockings and tights, and stretch cotton fabric — by the metre or as finished garments, at fabric shops, hosiery and craft suppliers and general stores. In medical simulation its stretch and conformability make it a stand-in for distensible or membranous tissues: a stuffed cotton sock for a hollow organ such as the uterus; a stocking as a thin membrane, or spread flat and soaked in a gelatin mix to build a skin layer; a sheet of cotton fabric as a fibrous aponeurosis; and fine synthetic mesh for bowel and peritoneum. You work with it by cutting to size, stuffing (socks), wrapping or layering (stockings and fabric), or soaking a stretched piece in a gelatin–glycerine mix and letting it set.

Tissues

Tissue	Simulator	Notes
Uterus	Laparoscopic Ectopic Pregnancy Simulator	As a large cotton sock: stuff the toe to form the fundus and fold and secure the foot to form the body. The palpable tone of the stuffed knit distinguishes the uterus from the friable ectopic mass.
Mesoappendix	Appendectomy Simulator	As a stocking: cut a length, lay a strand of yarn inside it, and suture it along the glove-finger appendix — the stocking is the mesoappendix and the yarn the appendiceal vessel the learner divides to free the appendix.
Skin	Z-Plasty Simulator	As a 15-denier stocking: spread a cut stocking flat as a single layer, pour over a gelatin–glycerine mix (10:4:20 gelatin:glycerine:water with skin-tone food colouring), turn to soak evenly, and leave to set for 1 hour to form the skin layer.
Small Intestine	Intra-abdominal Bleeding Simulator (Fernandes)	As a fine synthetic-fabric mesh with a little Styrofoam (polystyrene) microsphere filling to stay soft; fixed at the ends only, without mesentery; a different colour from the large bowel (Fernandes et al. 2023).^[1]
Large Bowel	Intra-abdominal Bleeding Simulator (Fernandes)	As fine synthetic-fabric mesh with polystyrene microsphere filling; a different colour from the small intestine (Fernandes et al. 2023).^[1]
Peritoneum and Serosa	Intra-abdominal Bleeding Simulator (Fernandes)	As a fine semitransparent synthetic-fabric mesh laid over the retroperitoneal structures as the peritoneal membrane, keeping them visible (Fernandes et al. 2023).^[1]
Fascia	Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair Simulator (Kurashima)	White fabric (a white stretchy fabric) wrapped around each muscle-sponge layer to create the fascia on the disposable multilayer abdominal-wall insert. Fabric type and source not specified in the source paper (Kurashima et al. 2011).^[2] The source word is "stretchy", and stretch in every direction is the knitted construction.
Fascia (aponeurosis)	Appendectomy Simulator, Open Appendectomy Simulator (Matthews)	As cotton fabric: a sheet cut to the abdominal-wall size stands in for the fibrous aponeurosis — the external oblique aponeurosis in the Matthews eight-layer wall — layered into the abdominal-wall stack. The ASAP materials list sells it at a stock size of 12 cm × 22 cm; every layer is then cut to the vinyl template on assembly, so that is a shopping size, not a cut size. ⚠ The ASAP source describes this material as "uncolored plainweave cotton fabric" — a woven, not a knitted, construction — while the corpus files it here. The conflict is recorded, not resolved.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Fernandes CO, Rodrigues LR, Silva do Amaral MLBS, de Morais Rodrigues SJ, Marton-Filho MA. Low-cost simulator for intra-abdominal bleeding. Rev Col Bras Cir 2023;50:e20233512. DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20233512-en. PMID: 37971114. PMC: PMC10618030.
↑ Kurashima Y, Feldman L, Al-Sabah S, Kaneva P, Fried G, Vassiliou M. A novel low-cost simulator for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Surg Innov 2011;18(2):171-5. DOI: 10.1177/1553350610395949. PMID: 21307013.

At a Glance

Overview

Knitted cotton and synthetic textiles are everyday commodity items. A pack of cotton socks, a pair of nylon stockings or tights, or a metre of cotton jersey each costs only a few US dollars at general stores, hosiery shops and fabric retailers; jersey fabric runs roughly US$5–10 per metre. They are forgiving to cut (edges do not fray like a woven weave), need no special storage, and keep indefinitely when stored dry.

Synonyms

Common names: Knitted cloth, knit fabric, jersey, stretch fabric, white fabric, white stretchy fabric, T-shirt material

Forms: Jersey, interlock, rib knit, cotton sock, nylon stocking, tights, hosiery, stretch cotton fabric, fine knitted mesh

Trade/commercial names: Cotton sock, athletic sock, nylon stocking, compression stocking, T-shirt jersey

Clinical terms: Stockinette, tubular elastic bandage, compression stocking, graduated compression stocking, anti-embolism stocking, thromboembolism-deterrent (TED) hose

Regional terms: Tissu tricoté (French), Tessuto a maglia (Italian), Tela de punto (Spanish), Gewirkter Stoff (German), Gebreide stof (Dutch)

Background

Clinical Context for Simulation

Processing & Preparation

Safety Considerations

Related Materials

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Created	February 7, 2026 by Arturo Pelayo
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[fernandes2023-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Fernandes CO, Rodrigues LR, Silva do Amaral MLBS, de Morais Rodrigues SJ, Marton-Filho MA. Low-cost simulator for intra-abdominal bleeding. Rev Col Bras Cir 2023;50:e20233512. DOI: 10.1590/0100-6991e-20233512-en. PMID: 37971114. PMC: PMC10618030.

[kurashima2011-2] Kurashima Y, Feldman L, Al-Sabah S, Kaneva P, Fried G, Vassiliou M. A novel low-cost simulator for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Surg Innov 2011;18(2):171-5. DOI: 10.1177/1553350610395949. PMID: 21307013.

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