Kamusi la nishati hai/A - C

A[edit | edit source]

ABSORBENT

(refrig). The less VOLATILE of the two working FLUIDS used in an absorption cooling device.

F - absorbant

S - absorbente

ABSORBENT OIL

(refrig). A type of oil used in an absorption cooling device.

F - huile absorbante

S - aceite absorbente

ABSORBER PLATE

(sol). A dark surface that absorbs SOLAR RADIATION and converts it into heat; a component of a FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR.

F - plaque d'absorption

S - placa de absorcion

ABSORPTANCE

(sol) (meas). The ratio between the SOLAR RADIATION absorbed by a surface and the total amount of solar radiation that strikes it.

F - taux d'absorptivite

S - coeficiente de absorcion

ABSORPTION AIR CONDITIONER

(sol). An air conditioner designed to use a SOLAR HEATED liquid. Such a system provides space cooling through use of ABSORBER PLATES, VOLATILE FLUIDS, HEAT EXCHANGERS, and CONDENSERS.

F - climatiseur a absorption

S - aire acondicionado por absorcion

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION

(refrig). A cooling system that uses heated liquid to activate the chilling process.

F - refrigeration par absorption

S - refrigeracion por absorcion

AC

(elec). Kifupi cha UMEME USIO MKONDO MNYOOFU.

F - CA

S - C.A.

ACCELERATOR

(impl). A mechanism that controls the speed of a vehicle or other device.

F - accelerateur

S - acelerador

ACCUMULATION

(gen) (elec). The action of collecting or gathering. In electricity, the charging of a BATTERY or the storage of electric POWER.

F - accumulation

S - acumulacion

ACCUMULATOR

(gen). A CELL, SOLAR POND, THERMAL MASS, or other device to store ENERGY. :F - accumulateur

S - acumulador

AC-DC

(elec). Pertaining to a device that will operate on either ALTERNATING CURRENT or DIRECT CURRENT.

F - CA-CC

S - CA-CC

ACETATE

(chem) (sol). A compound composed of the SALTS of ACETIC ACID or the acetylation products of acetic acid, such as CELLULOSE acetate. Certain acetates can be used as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.

F - acetate

S - acetato

ACETIC ACID

(chem). An important raw material in the chemical industry. It is a by-product of the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION of wood. It can also be obtained by oxidizing ALCOHOL. The chemical make-up of acetic acid is CH₃COOH.

F - acide acetique

S - acido acetico

ACID

(bio) (biocon). A compound that dissociates or separates in a water solution to provide hydrogen ions. Acid forms a SALT when mixed with ALKALI, and is important in ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.

F - acide

S - acido

ACID DIGESTION

(biocon). The "first phase" of BIOGAS production, in which complex molecules are broken down into smaller ones.

F - digestion acide

S - digestion de acido

ACID HYDROLYSIS

(chem) (alc). A chemical process that uses ACID to convert STARCH to sugar. This is the "first phase" in ETHANOL production.

F - hydrolysation acide

S - hidrolisis de acido

ACROMETER

(gen) (meas). An instrument used to measure the density of gases.

F - acrometre

S - acrometro

ACTINOMETER

(sol) (meas). An instrument used to measure DIRECT RADIATION from the sun.

F - actinometre

S - actinometro

ACTIVE DRIED YEAST

(alc). YEAST that has been dried, but in which the yeast cells still can be activated.

F - levure seche active

S - levadura activa secada

ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING

(sol). Warming an interior space with heat collected mechanically through SOLAR COLLECTORS. The collection and distribution of this warm air requires additional external ENERGY to operate pumps, motors, valves, etc.

F - chauffage solaire actif

S - calefaccion solar activa

ADAPTED SEED

(biocon). INOCULUM used during the START-UP of a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been obtained from another digester with similar FEEDSTOCK composition and operating under similar conditions.

F - germe adapte

S - semilla adaptada

ADOBE

(constr) (sol). Sun-dried brick of clay and straw. Also the clay and soil used for making such bricks. Adobe is high in THERMAL MASS and is useful in low-cost building construction.

F - adobe

S - adobe

ADSORPTION

(chem). The process through which carbonaceous materials are able to compress and hold on their surfaces large quantities of gas. Also, the physical adhesion of molecules to the surfaces of solids without causing a chemical reaction.

F - adsorption

S - adsorcion

AEOLIAN

(wind). (See: EOLIAN)

F - eolien, - ienne

S - eolico

AEROBIC

(bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that require FREE OXYGEN to live.

F - aerobie

S - aerobio

AEROBIC BACTERIA

(bio) (biocon). BACTERIA living on FREE OXYGEN that is derived from the air. Aerobic bacteria break down ORGANIC MATTER during COMPOSTING.

F - bacteries aerobies

S - bacteria aerobia

AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION

(biocon). (See: AEROBIC BACTERIA)

F - decomposition aerobie

S - descomposicion aerobia

AFFORESTATION

(gen). Forest crops established by purposeful planting on land previously not used for tree crops.

F - boisement

S - conversion en bosque

AFTERBURNER

(gen). An air pollution abatement device that removes undesirable organic gases through incineration.

F - postcombustion

S - quemador auxiliar

AIR BRAKES

(wind) (arc). Longitudinal SHUTTERS that are sometimes incorporated in PATENT SAILS to reduce the speed of SAIL rotation in strong winds.

F - freins d'ailes

S - frenos de aire

AIR DIFFUSER

(gen). A device that delivers air into a room to mix with the room air.

F - diffuseur d'air

S - difusor de aire

AIRFOIL

(wind). A curved surface designed to create aerodynamic LIFT forces when air flows around it.

F - voilure d'aile

S - plano aerodinamico

AIR-GAS RATIO

(chem). The ratio of the air volume to the gas volume. It can be adjusted to change the character of combustion.

F - rapport air-gaz

S - relacion de aire-gas

AIR HEATING SYSTEM

(sol). A SOLAR HEATING system, which heats air in a SOLAR COLLECTOR and uses the heated air as the HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM to the rest of the system.

F - chauffage d'air, systeme de

S - sistema de calefaccion del aire

AIR-TYPE COLLECTOR

(sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR designed to use air as its HEAT-TRANSFER MEDIUM.

F - capteur a air

S - colector solar tipo aire

AIR VELOCITY

(wind). (See: WIND VELOCITY)

F - vitesse d'ecoulement de l'air

S - velocidad del aire

ALBEDO

(sol) (meas). The ratio of the amount of light reflected by a surface to the light falling onto it.

F - albedo

S - albedo

ALCOHOL

(chem). A class of compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which occurs widely in nature and is used in solvents, antifreezes, chemical manufacture, and as a fuel. Alcohol commonly is obtained by FERMENTATION. (See also: BUTYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, and METHYL ALCOHOL)

F - alcool

S - alcohol

ALCOHOL CONDENSER

(alc). (See: CONDENSER)

F - condenseur d'alcool

S - condensador de alcohol

ALCOHOL STILL

(alc). (See: STILL)

F - alambic de distillation

S - alambique de alcohol

ALCOHOL VAPOR

(alc). ALCOHOL in its gaseous state.

F - vapeur d'alcool

S - vapor de alcohol

ALGAE

(bio) (biocon) (gen). Fresh and saltwater aquatic plants, usually microscopic in size, but including seaweed. They are valuable in waste treatment, as a protein source for humans, as animal feed, and as a FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS DIGESTERS.

F - algues

S - algas

ALKALI

(chem) (biocon). Any of various BASES, which neutralize ACIDS to form SALTS. Bases are important in maintaining the chemical balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.

F - alcali

S - alcali

ALKALINE BATTERY

(elec). A BATTERY that uses sodium or potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, and nickel-oxide flakes and powdered iron or nickel-cadmium for its active plates.

F - accumulateur alcalin

S - pila alcalina

ALKANE

(chem). A general name for hydrocarbons of the METHANE series.

F - paraffine

S - alcano

ALTERNATING CURRENT

(elec). An electric current that periodically reverses its direction. Generally abbreviated as ac.

F - courant alternatif

S - courriente continua

ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINES

(auto). Alternatives to the spark ignition and the diesel combustion engines. Among the more developed designs are the GAS TURBINE and STIRLING ENGINES.

F - substituts aux moteurs a combustion

S - motores de combustion alterna

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

(gen). Sources of ENERGY different from those generally employed by a user. The term usually refers to RENEWABLE ENERGY sources such as SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL POWER, HYDROPOWER, etc. The use of alternative energy sources is attractive because of the [1] high price and limited availability of petroleum-based fuels; [2] the pollution that is associated with the burning of FOSSIL FUELS; and [3] the expense and dangers of nuclear power.

F - sources d'energie de substitution

S - fuentes alternas de energia

ALTERNATOR

(elec). A GENERATOR that changes mechanical ENERGY into electrical energy (ALTERNATING CURRENT) by the rotation of its ROTOR. Alternators are used in motor vehicles to recharge and minimize the drain on the BATTERY. They are also commonly adapted to be driven by WINDMILLS or by STEAM TURBINES and WATER TURBINES.

F - alternateur

S - alternador

ALUMINIZED MYLAR

(constr) (sol). A very strong, thin sheet of plastic material coated with aluminum. Used as a reflective surface for SOLAR COOKERS.

F - Mylar aluminise

S - Milar aluminizado

AMBIENT

(gen). Referring to undisturbed environmental surroundings, particularly to air and temperature.

F - ambiant

S - ambiente

ANAEROBES

(bio). (See: ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)

F - anaerobies

S - anaerobes

ANAEROBIC

(bio). Pertaining to micro-organisms that can live in an airless environment.

F - anaerobie

S - anaerobio

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

(bio) (biocon). BACTERIA, known as ANAEROBES, that can live in an airless environment by obtaining oxygen through the DECOMPOSITION of compounds.

F - bacteries anaerobies

S - bacteria anaerobia

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER

(biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)

F - digesteur anaerobie

S - digestor anaerobio

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

(bio) (biocon). The DECOMPOSITION of ORGANIC MATTER by ANAEROBIC BACTERIA. This process involves ACID-forming BACTERIA and METHANE-forming bacteria.

F - digestion anaerobie

S - digestion anaerobia

ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION

(bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC DIGESTION)

F - fermentation anaerobie

S - fermentacion anaerobia

ANAEROBIC ORGANISMS

(bio) (biocon). (See: ANAEROBIC BACTERIA)

F - organismes anaerobies

S - organismos anaerobios

ANCHOR

(wind) (impl). A rod or stake driven into the ground, to which GUY WIRES for a WINDMILL TOWER are attached.

F - ancrage

S - ancla

ANDIRON

(impl). Raised metal bars placed on a fireplace hearth to support firewood for burning. Andirons allow air to pass under the burning wood for more EFFICIENT combustion.

F - chenets

S - morillo

ANEMOMETER

(wind) (meas). An instrument for measuring WIND SPEED.

F - anenometre

S - anemometro

ANGLE OF ATTACK

(wind). The angle between the CHORD of an AIRFOIL and the wind. It is considered in WINDMILL ROTOR design.

F - angle d'attaque

S - angulo de ataque

ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

(sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)

F - angle incident

S - angulo de incidencia

ANGLE OF REFLECTION

(sol). (See: INCIDENT ANGLE)

F - angle de reflexion

S - angulo de reflexion

ANHYDROUS

(alc) (biocon). Free from moisture. The term applies to oxides, SALTS, and other substances that do not contain water.

F - anhydre

S - anhidro

ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL

(alc). ALCOHOL that is almost completely free from water. Alcohol must be ANHYDROUS to be mixed with gasoline to form GASAHOL. Alcohol and water cannot be separated beyond 199.99 PROOF. At that CONCENTRATION, they form an AZEOTROPE and vaporize at the same temperature.

F - alcool anhydre

S - alcohol etilico anhidro

ANIMAL-DRAWN

(ani). (See: ANIMAL-POWERED)

F - animal de trait

S - traccion animal

ANIMAL-POWERED

(ani). Driven or impelled by animals.

F - traction animale

S - impulsado por animales

ANIMAL WASTE CONVERSION

(biocon). The process of directly burning or obtaining ENERGY PRODUCTS from animal wastes.

F - conversion des dechets animaux

S - conversion de los desechos animales

ANNUAL LOAD FRACTION

(sol) (meas). That portion of annual heating that is supplied to a building by SOLAR ENERGY.

F - part de la charge annuelle

S - fraccion de la carga anual

ANNULAR SAIL

(wind) (arc). A ring-like SAIL with radial SHUTTERS.

F - aile annulaire

S - aspa circular

ANTICLOCK SAIL

(wind) (arc). A SAIL ROTOR that runs counterclockwise when observed from the front of the WINDMILL.

F - aile a rotation positive

S - aspa sinistrorsa

AQUATIC BIOMASS

(biocon). BIOMASS grown in fresh or saltwater, including ALGAE, seaweed, etc.

F - biomasse aquatique

S - biomasa acuatica

AQUEDUCT

(hydr). A CHANNEL or trough built to convey water For irrigation, to operate a HYDROPOWER plant, or for household use. The water in aqueducts generally flows by means of gravity, although pumps may also be used.

F - aqueduc

S - acueducto

AQUIFER

(hydr). Any geological formation containing water, especially one that supplies the water for wells, springs, etc.

F - aquifere

S - acuifera

ARTICULATED WINDMILL

(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL constructed to provide maximum EFFICIENCY in winds of various speeds and from different directions.

F - eolienne articulee

S - molino de viento articulado

ASH BOX

(heat). A removable box below the [[#GRATE]] in a [[#WOOD STOVE]] or a [[#PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR]] that collects ash residue from combustion.

F - cendrier

S - caja de cenizas

ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

(elec) (wind). An electrical GENERATOR that produces ALTERNATING CURRENT, matching an existing POWER source so the two sources can be combined to power one LOAD. These generators are often used with WINDMILLS to provide power to buildings that already receive power from an electric utility.

F - generateur asynchrone

S - generador asincronico

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

(gen). The pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at any given point, generally measured on a scale based on the pressure of air at sea level.

F - pression atmospherique

S - presion atmosferica

ATRIUM

(sol). An unroofed, partially roofed, or fully roofed courtyard or room in a dwelling, which allows sunlight to reach adjoining rooms. It is often used for PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.

F - atrium

S - atrio

ATTENUATION

(alc). The fall in SPECIFIC GRAVITY of the WORT during FERMENTATION. This is caused by the weakening of BACTERIA or FUNGI in a CULTURE.

F - attenuation

S - atenuacion

AUGER

(impl) (alc). A rotating, screw-type device that moves material through a tube. In ALCOHOL production, it is used to transfer grains from storage to the grinding site, and from the grinding site to the COOKER.

F - vrille d'alimentation

S - barrena

AUTOMATIC DAMPER

(impl). A device that automatically maintains the FLOW of hot or cold air into a room.

F - registre automatique

S - regulador de tiro automatico

AUTOMATIC TRACKING

(sol). The use of a device that allows SOLAR COLLECTORS to "track" or follow the sun during the day without manual adjustment.

F - poursuite automatique

S - aparato de seguimiento automatico

AUXILIARY GENERATOR

(gen) (elec). A small, engine-driven GENERATOR that supplements a RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER source.

F - generateur auxiliaire

S - generador auxiliar

AVAILABLE ENERGY

(gen) (meas). That part of the total ENERGY produced by a system that can be applied usefully. EFFICIENCY is a measure oF available energy.

F - energie disponible

S - energia disponible

AVERAGE WIND SPEED

(wind) (meas). The most common WIND VELOCITY over a specified period of time.

F - vitesse moyenne du vent

S - velocidad promedio del viento

AXIS

(gen). An imaginary line passing through the center of a body, about which the body rotates. (Plural: axes)

F - axe de rotation

S - axis

AXLE

(gen). A supporting member that carries a wheel. It either rotates with the wheel to transmit mechanical POWER, or allows the wheel to rotate freely on it.

F - essieu

S - eje

AZEOTROPE

(chem) (alc). The chemical term for two liquids that, at a certain CONCENTRATION, boil at the same temperature. For example, ETHANOL and water cannot be separated further than 199.9 PROOF because at this concentration they form an azeotrope and vaporize together.

F - azeotrope

S - azeotrope

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S LAW

(biocon). A law stating that the VAPOR PRESSURE of a liquid is lowered when a non-VOLATILE substance is dissolved in it. The pressure is lowered by an amount proportional to the CONCENTRATION of the solution.

F - loi de von Babo

S - ley de Babo

BACKPUFFING

(gen). The emission of smoke through cooking holes or other openings in a wood-burning or CHARCOAL stove. It occurs when poor DRAFT in the CHIMNEY causes air to pass back down into the stove.

F - retour de fumee

S - contracorriente de humo

BACK STAYS (wind) (arc). Support bars across the back of the SAILS of a WINDMILL.

F - galhaubans

S - soporte posterior

BACK WATERING

(hydr). The braking effect caused by the immersion in water of the lowest BLADES of an OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.

F - frein d'immersion

S - remanso

BACTERIA

(bio). Any of numerous single-celled micro-organisms occurring in a wide variety of forms, existing either as free-living organisms or as parasites, having a wide range of biochemical properties. Bacteria are necessary for DIGESTION and FERMENTATION. (Singular: bacterium)

F - bacteries

S - bacteria

BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION

(biocon). The chemical breakdown of ORGANIC MATTER by micro-organisms.

F - decomposition bacterienne

S - descomposicion bacteriana

BAFFLE

(gen). A metal plate or other artificial obstruction used to check or deflect the FLOW of FLUIDS.

F - deflecteur

S - desviador

BAGASSE

(biocon). The fibrous residue remaining after the extraction of the juice from sugar cane. It may be used as a fuel.

F - bagasse

S - bagazo

BANCO

(biocon). (See: LORENA STOVE)

F - banco

S - banco

BANKI TURBINE

(hydr). A WATER TURBINE with curved BLADES, GUIDE VANES, and a hallow interior. Water passing through it propels the RUNNER both on entering and leaving. This turbine operates well under a wide HEAD range and FLOW rates.

F - turbine de Banki

S - turbina de Banki

BAROMETER

(meas). A device used to measure ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

F - barometre

S - barometro

BASES

(alc) (chem). Compounds that dissociate in water solution to form HYDROXYL ions. Bases react with ACIDS to form SALTS, and can be used to maintain the proper pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) balance in an ALCOHOL STILL.

F - bases

S - bases

BATCH DIGESTION

(biocon). A process of BIOGAS production in which the material to be digested is loaded into the DIGESTER at the start of the process. A SEED may also be added at this time. The digester is then sealed and the contents left to FERMENT. At completion, the digested SLUDGE is removed and the tank reloaded. Daily gas production varies during the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of the DIGESTION cycle.

F - digestion a charge initiale

S - digestion por tandas

BATCH DISTILLATION

(alc). A batch DISTILLATION process of ALCOHOL production in which the material to be distilled is loaded into a STILL at the start of the process. The entire volume is heated and left to distill. At completion, the distilled MASH is removed and the still reloaded. Daily alcohol production varies during the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of the distillation cycle.

F - distillation a charge initiale

S - destilacion intermitente

BATCH FEED

(gen). A DIGESTER or STILL in which ORGANIC MATTER is loaded, allowed to generate gas or FERMENT, and then removed. The digester or still then is cleaned and prepared for a fresh load of BIOMASS.

F - alimentation initiale unique

S - alimentacion por tandas

BATCH-LOADING DIGESTER

(biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)

F - digesteur a chargement unique

S - digestor de carga intermitente

BATCH PROCESSING

(biocon). (See: BATCH FEED)

F - traitement de charges uniques

S - elaboracion por tandas

Batteries|BATTERY

(elec). A group of two or more CELLS or ACCUMULATORS electrically connected in series or parallel. Batteries are used to store electrical ENERGY.

F - batterie

S - bateria

BATTERY CUT-OUT

(wind) (impl). An automatic switch that disconnects a BATTERY during its charge if the voltage of the wind charger falls below or rises above that of the battery, within certain limits. A battery cut-out is a battery protection device.

F - coupe-circuit de batterie

S - interruptor de bateria

BEARING

(gen). A machine part that supports and guides a shaft, pivot, or wheel that slides, rotates, or oscillates in or on it.

F - palier

S - cojinete

BEARING ANGLE

(sol). (See: SOLAR AZIMUTH)

F - azimut

S - marcacion

BEAUFORT SCALE

(meas) (wind). A scale of WIND VELOCITIES ranging from 0 to 12 as follows:

+	Code Number	(mph)	Description
0	less than 1	calm
1	1-3	light air
2	4-7	light breeze
3	8-12	gentle breeze
4	13-18	moderate breeze
5	19-24	fresh breeze
6	25-31	strong breeze
7	32-38	moderate gale; near gale
8	39-46	gale
9	47-54	strong gale
10	55-63	whole gale (or storm)
11	64-74	violent storm
12	over 74	hurricane

F - Beaufort, echelle de

S - escala de Beaufort

BEER COLUMN

(alc). (See: STRIPPING COLUMN)

F - colonne a biere

S - columna de cerveza

BERM

(constr). A manmade mound or small hill of earth built up against a house to stop the INFILTRATION of hot or cold air.

F - banquette

S - monticulo

BEVEL GEAR

(gen). One of a pair of gears used to connect two shafts whose AXES intersect.

F - engrenage conique

S - engranaje biselado

BICYCLE ADAPTER

(gen) (impl). A device that can be attached to a bicycle to supply POWER to pump water, generate electricity, etc.

F - adaptateur de bicyclette

S - adaptador de bicicleta

Pedal power|BICYCLE GENERATOR

(elec). A small GENERATOR that produces DIRECT CURRENT (dc) electricity through PEDAL POWER.

F - generateur a pedalier

S - generador accionado por bicicleta

BIOCONVERSION

(chem) (gen). The conversion of ORGANIC WASTE into ENERGY PRODUCTS through the action of micro-organisms. Chemically, this is the reduction of complex organic compounds into simpler, more stable forms.

F - bioconversion

S - bioconversion

Biofuel|BIOGAS

(biocon). The gaseous mixture produced during ANAEROBIC DIGESTION, composed chiefly of METHANE and carbon dioxide.

F - bio-gaz

S - biogas

BIOGAS DIGESTER

(biocon). An airtight vessel in which ANAEROBIC DIGESTION takes place and from which METHANE may be drawn off.

F - digesteur de bio-gaz

S - digestor de biogas

BIOGAS GENERATOR

(biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)

F - generateur de bio-gaz

S - generador de biogas

BIOGAS PLANT

(biocon). (See: BIOGAS DIGESTER)

F - reacteur de bio-gaz

S - planta de biogas

BIOLOGICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

(biocon). The use of BIOMASS to convert one form of ENERGY into another.

F - conversion biologique de l'energie

S - conversion biologica de energia

BIOMASS

(bio). Plants and plant materials, trees, crop residues, wood and bark residues, and animal manures. Any ORGANIC MATTER that can be used in BIOCONVERSION processes.

F - biomasse

S - biomasa

BIOMASS ENERGY

(biocon). The ENERGY that is released from BIOMASS when it is eaten, burned, or otherwise used as or converted into fuel.

F - energie de la biomasse

S - energia de biomasa

BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK

(biocon). The ORGANIC MATTER used to produce ENERGY PRODUCTS through BIOCONVERSION.

F - biomasse d'alimentation

S - alimento seco de la biomasa

BIOMASS FUELS

(biocon). Fuels, such as METHANE, produced from BIOMASS.

F - combustibles de la biomasse

S - combustibles de biomasa

BIOMASS YIELD

(biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS that can be produced in a given areA. It usually is expressed in weight units per area measurement per unit of time.

F - production de biomasse

S - produccion de biomasa

BIOMONITORING

(biocon (meas). A pollution-control method in which living organisms are used to test the EFFLUENT from a DIGESTER to determine whether it is safe to discharge the effluent into a body of water. It may also be used to test the quality of waters downstream from a digester discharge point.

F - controle biologique

S - biocontrol

BITUMEN

(fos). Any naturally-occurring hydrocarbon, especially solid hydrocarbons such as asphalt, wax, pitch, and Gilsonite.

F - bitume

S - bitumen

BLACKBODY

(sol). A surface that completely absorbs all SOLAR RADIATION that strikes it.

F - corps noir

S - cuerpo negro

BLADE

(hydr) (impl) (wind). [1] The curved surface of certain types of WATER TURBINES (i.e., CROSS-FLOW TURBINES). Water striking the blades causes the turbine to rotate. Some turbines, such as the PELTON WHEEL, have cups instead of blades. [2] A single, extended surface of a WINDMILL ROTOR.

F - [1] aube; [2] pale

S - [1] paleta; [2] aspa

BLADE ANGLE]] [1]

(wind). The angle of a CHORD of a WINDMILL BLADE with the ROTOR plane of rotation. [2] (hydr). The INCIDENT ANGLE of a TURBINE BLADE.

F - [1] angle de pale; [2] angle d'aube

S - [1] angulo del aspa; [2] angulo de la paleta

BORE HOLE

(gen). A deep, vertical hole in the earth. Usually used to describe a well.

F - trou de sondage

S - pozo de sondeo

BRACE SOLAR STEAM COOKER

(sol). (See: INSULATED STEAM COOKER)

F - rechaud a vapeur solaire Brace

S - portahornillo de vapor solar Brace

BRAKE

(gen). A device used to slow or stop motion, especially by contact friction.

F - frein

S - freno

Brazing|BRAZING

(gen). A process by which two pieces of metal are joined using a nonferrous alloy with a lower melting point than either of the two metals being joined.

F - brasage

S - soldadura con laton

BREAST BEAM

(wind) (arc). The main lateral beam below the WIND SHAFT.

F - poutrelle maitresse

S - viga de costado

BREAST WHEEL

(hydr). A sophisticated type of WATER WHEEL into which water enters below the top of the wheel and is kept in the BUCKETS until being discharged at or near the lowest point on the wheel. Breast wheels generally operate best with HEADS amounting to less than the diameter of the wheel. High breast wheels (where the water enters above the center shaft) can approach 65 percent ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY. (Syn: breast-shot wheel)

F - roue de poitrine

S - rueda de costado

BREEZE

(wind). In general, any light to moderate wind. (See also: BEAUFORT SCALE)

F - brise

S - brisa

S DRIED GRAIN

(alc). (See: DISTILLER'S GRAIN).

F - grains secs de brasserie

S - grano seco de destilacion

BREWING MASH

(alc). Crushed or ground FEEDSTOCK mixed with warm water in preparation for FERMENTATION during the production of ETHANOL.

F - mout de brassage

S - mosto

BRINE

(refrig). A heavy SALT solution used in REFRIGERATION.

F - saumure

S - salmuera

BRIQUETTE

(fos). A type of fuel that has been finely ground and compressed in pressure molds. It is usually made from low-grade coal, coke, CHARCOAL, or BIOMASS, and is mixed with a binder such as STARCH, tar, cement, pitch, or asphalt.

F - briquette

S - briqueta

' BRITISH THERMAL UNIT

(heat) (meas). The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree FAHRENHEIT under stated conditions of temperature and pressure. It is a standard unit for measuring quantity of HEAT ENERGY. Generally abbreviated as BTU.

F - British thermal unit

S - unidad termica britanica

BUBBLE CAP

(alc). A perforated cap on the plates of a DISTILLATION COLUMN, used to ensure that the vapor and condensed liquid mix thoroughly.

F - cloche de barbotage

S - casquete de burbujeo

BUBBLE CHAMBER

(biocon). A safety device attached to a BIOGAS DIGESTER to ensure that the gas is free of air, since an air and gas mixture would be explosive. The gas is "bubbled" through a container of water before being used or stored. If LIMEWATER is used instead of water, the bubble chamber can also be used to SCRUB the gas. In addition, the bubble chamber serves as a SPARK ARRESTER.

F - chambre a bulles

S - camara de burbujas

BUCKET

(hydr). Cup-shaped containers or BLADES attached to a WATER WHEEL.

F - auget

S - cangilon

BUCKET ANGLE

(hydr). The INCIDENT ANGLE of BUCKETS on a WATER WHEEL.

F - angle d'auget

S - angulo de los cangilones

BUCKET CHAIN

(hydr). A chain loop with BUCKETS attached to it at regular intervals. The chain runs over sprocket wheels. As each bucket passes by a water source, water fills the bucket, providing POWER and propelling the chain further along.

F - noria a godets

S - transportador de cangilones

' BUFFER CAPACITY

(biocon) (chem). The capacity of a solution to resist pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) changes when small amounts of ACID or ALKALI are added. In the case of DIGESTED SLUDGE, the ammonium and bicarbonate ions are mainly responsible for buffering.

F - pouvoir tampon

S - capacidad amortiguadora

BUTANOL

(alc). (See: BUTYL ALCOHOL).

F - butanol

S - butanol

BUTYL ALCOHOL

(alc) (chem). An ALCOHOL obtained by the FERMENTATION of sugar or cornstarch. The chemical equivalent of butyl alcohol is C₄H₉OH. (Syn: butanol)

F - alcool butylique

S - alcohol butilico

C[edit | edit source]

C

(meas). Abbreviation for CELSIUS.

F - C

S - C

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

(biocon) (chem). A solution that is often used in BUBBLE CHAMBERS to SCRUB BIOGAS. It is commonly known as LIMEWATER.

F - hydrate de calcium

S - hidroxido de calcio

CALORIE

(gen). The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree CELSIUS at ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.

F - calorie [1]

S - caloria

CAM

(gen). An eccentric projection on a revolving shaft, shaped to produce variable or reciprocating motion in another contacted or engaged part.

F - came

S - leva

CANAL

(gen) (hydr). An artificial watercourse uniting rivers, lakes, or seas for purposes of inland navigation, irrigation, or conveyance of water to a HYDROPOWER device.

F - canal

S - canal

CANISTER

(wind) (arc). A piece of metal placed at the outer end of a ROTOR SPAR to hold the SAIL in place.

F - douille

S - chapa de fijacion

CAP

(wind) (arc). The revolving top of a TOWER MILL or SMOCK MILL.

F - calotte

S - cumbrera

CAPACITY FACTOR

(elec) (meas). The total KILOWATT HOURS of ENERGY consumed divided by the total KILOWATTS produced by an electricity-generating plant. Generally calculated on an annual basis.

F - facteur de capacite

S - factor de capacidad

CAPACITY OF THE WIND

(wind) (meas). The total amount of dirt and dust particles of a given kind that can be sustained per unit volume of air by a wind of a given velocity.

F - capacite du vent

S - capacidad del viento

CARBOHYDRATE

(alc) (chem). Sugars, STARCHES, CELLULOSE, and other similar compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only. Carbohydrates are excellent FEEDSTOCK for an ALCOHOL STILL.

F - hydrates de carbone

S - carbohidrato

CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATIO

(biocon). The proportion of carbon to nitrogen in the material being placed in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. This ratio is important for maintaining biogas production. 25:1 is the optimal C/N ratio.

+	Material	Nitrogen	Carbon-Nitrogen	+	Name	Content	Ratio
Cow dung	1.7%	25 to 1
Poultry manure	6.3%	No carbon
Grass	4.0%	12 to 1
Sheep manure	3.75%	No carbon
Urine	15-18%	8 to 1
Wheat straw	0.3%	128 to 1
Potato tops	1.5%	25 to 1
Tomato	3.3%	128 to 1

F - rapport carbone-azote

S - proporcion de carbon a nitrogeno

CARBURETOR

(auto). A device for mixing and controlling the amount of air and fuel supplied to a gasoline engine.

F - carburateur

S - carburador

CASING

(sol). The framework housing the components of a FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR. It is generally made of metal and lined with material for THERMAL insulation. Inlet and outlet openings are provided.

F - enveloppe

S - envoltura

CATCHMENT APRON

(hydr). A projecting slope on the downstream side of a SLUICE or dam, which is provided to withstand the force of falling water.

F - pente de captage

S - plataforma colectora

CELL

(elec). A device that generates electricity, traditionally consisting of two plates or conducting surfaces placed in an electrolytic FLUID.

F - element

S - celula

CELLULASE

(bio) (alc). Any of several ENZYMES found in FUNGI, BACTERIA, and lower animals that cause CELLULOSE to break down in water. These enzymes are needed for ALCOHOL DISTILLATION.

F - cellulase

S - celulase

CELLULOSE

(chem) (alc). The main POLYSACCHARIDE in living plants. Cellulose forms the skeletal structure of plant cell walls and can be HYDROLYZED to form GLUCOSE.

F - cellulose

S - celulosa

CELLULOSIC BIOMASS

(biocon). BIOMASS that contains vegetable matter.

F - biomasse cellulosique

S - biomasa celulosica

CELSIUS

(meas). The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 [degrees] and boils at 100 [degrees]. To convert from degrees Celsius to degrees FAHRENHEIT, multiply the temperature in degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add 32. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature and then multiply by 5/9. Abbreviated as C. (Syn: centigrade)

F - Celsius

S - Celsio

CENTIGRADE

(meas). (See: CELSIUS).

F - centigrade

S - centigrado

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

(gen). The inertial force repelling a body away from the center of the curvature of a curved path along which it is moving, or away from the AXIS around which it rotates. The opposite of CENTRIPETAL FORCE.

F - force centrifuge

S - centrifuga, fuerza

CENTRIPETAL FORCE

(gen). A force attracting a body toward the center of the curvature of a curved path along which it is moving, or toward the AXIS around which it rotates. The apposite of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.

F - force centripete

S - centripeta , fuerza

CHALK ADOBE

(constr). A method of making ADOBE bricks in which chalk is added to the clay, straw, and water. Chalk adobe is useful as a THERMAL MASS.

F - adobe a la chaux

S - mezcla de adobe y creta

CHANNEL

(hydr). The bed of a stream or waterway. (See also: CANAL)

F - chenal [1]

S - cauce

CHARCOAL

(fos) (gen). A dark-colored or black porous form of CARBON made from vegetable or animal substances. Charcoal commonly is made by charring wood in a KILN or RETORT from which air is partially excluded. It is used for FUEL, and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes. By using DISTILLATION and retorts to produce charcoal, several valuable products can be collected that would otherwise be lost, including COMBUSTIBLE GASES, CREOSOTE OIL, METHANOL, soluble tar, and combustible pitch.

F - charbon de bois

S - carbon

CHARCOAL GAS

(prod). (See: PRODUCER GAS)

F - gaz de charbon de bois

S - gas de carbon

CHIMNEY

(constr). A vertical passage or FLUE through which smoke and gases escape from a stove or fireplace.

F - cheminee

S - chimenea

CHIMNEY CAP

(constr). A cone, usually made of sheet metal, placed pointed end up slightly above the top of a CHIMNEY. It prevents rain and debris from falling into the chimney.

F - mitre

S - sombrerete de chimenea

CHINESE-TYPE DIGESTER

(biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER that is primarily designed to produce fertilizer. Usually a FIXED-DOME DIGESTER.

F - digesteur type chinois

S - digestor de tipo chino

CHORD

(wind). The distance from the LEADING EDGE to the TRAILING EDGE of an AIRFOIL. The term refers to WINDMILL BLADE design.

F - profondeur de l'aile

S - profundidad del aspa

CHULA

(biocon). A small, wood-burning stove, usually made of mud, clay, brick, or metal. The term is widely used in South Asia.

F - chula

S - chula

CIRCULAR FOCUSING COLLECTOR

(sol). (See: COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTOR)

F - capteur circulaire a concentration

S - colector circular de enfoque

CISTERN

(hydr). An artificial reservoir or watertight tank for storing water or other liquids.

F - citerne

S - cisterna

CLAMPS

(wind) (arc). Wooden splints bolted to the sides of the STOCKS, locking the SAIL assembly in the POLL END.

F - eclisses

S - prensas

CLEARNESS INDEX

(sol) (meas). A SOLAR ENERGY concept introduced to express the ratio of a particular hour, day, or month's SOLAR RADIATION on a horizontal surface to the EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION on that same surface for the same period of time. It is useful in calculating DIFFUSE RADIATION and RADIATION falling on a tilted surface.

F - indice de clarte

S - indice de claridad

CLERESTORY

(sol). A vertical window that is placed high in a wall near the eaves for light, HEAT GAIN, and ventilation.

F - lanterneau

S - claraboya

CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM

(sol). A SOLAR HEATING system in which distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors are circulated through the COLLECTORS and storage tanks in a closed loop. Heat picked up from the collectors by the circulating FLUIDS is transferred to the water in the storage tanks through the closed loop or other HEAT EXCHANGERS.

F - circuit ferme, systeme de

S - sistema de ciclo cerrado

C/N

(biocon). (See: CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO)

F - C/N

S - C/N

COAL GASIFICATION

(prod). The combustion of coal to form a gas suitable for use as a fuel. This is usually done in a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.

F - gazeification du charbon

S - gasificacion del carbon

COB ADOBE

(constr). A type of ADOBE in which corn cobs are added to clay, water, and straw. Adobe bricks are reinforced by this addition of cobs during the brick-making process. Cob adobe is a useful THERMAL MASS.

F - adobe a la rafle de mais

S - mezcla de paja, arcilla, agua y mazorcas

COLLECTION

(sol). The act of trapping SOLAR RADIATION.

F - captation

S - captacion

COLLECTOR

(sol). A device to trap SOLAR RADIATION and convert it into usable heat. The term collector frequently refers to an insulated frame containing a panel made from an ABSORBER PLATE and GLAZING. More broadly, a well-designed building with windows facing the equator may also be considered a collector, as can other solar devices that capture SOLAR RADIATION in the form of heat.

F - capteur

S - colector

COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY

(sol) (meas). The ratio of SOLAR ENERGY absorbed by a COLLECTOR to the RADIANT ENERGY falling on the collector.

F - rendement d'un collecteur

S - eficiencia del colector

HEAT-EXCHANGER CORRECTION FACTOR

(sol) (meas). An index that indicates how much useful SOLAR ENERGY is lost during the exchange of heat from the COLLECTOR to the storage tank in LIQUID-BASED SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS.

F - coefficient de correction capteur-echangeur de chaleur

S - factor de correccion del colector/termopermutador

COLLECTOR-HEAT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY FACTOR

(sol) (meas). The ratio of actual useful HEAT GAIN of a FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR to the heat gain if the entire COLLECTOR PLATE were at the same temperature as the inlet FLUID.

F - coefficient de rendement capteur-echangeur de chaleur

S - factor de eficiencia del colector-termoextractor

COLLECTOR PLATE

(sol). A metal sheet in a SOLAR COLLECTOR whose primary function is to absorb as much as possible of the SOLAR RADIATION reaching it through the GLAZING, while losing as little heat as possible as it transfers the retained heat to the HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.

F - plaque collectrice

S - placa colectora

COLLECTOR TILT ANGLE

(sol) (meas). The angle between the plane of the horizon and the surface of a SOLAR COLLECTOR, generally used to maximize the COLLECTION of SOLAR RADIATION.

F - inclinaison d'un capteur

S - angulo de inclinacion del colector

COMBUSTIBLE GAS

(biocon) (prod). Gas that will burn. This includes BIOGAS, PRODUCER GAS, and other VOLATILE FLUIDS.

F - gaz combustible

S - gas combustible

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

(heat). The place in a stove where fuel is burned.

F - chambre de combustion

S - camara de combustion

COMBUSTION ZONE

(prod). The section in a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR in which the FEEDSTOCK is burned.

F - zone de combustion

S - zona de combustion

COMMON SAIL

(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL SAIL that is covered with a canvas cloth.

F - aile de moulin

S - aspa comun

COMPOSTED SLUDGE

(biocon). SLUDGE that has been rendered relatively PATHOGEN-free through COMPOSTING. It generally can be used safely as fertilizer.

F - boues compostees

S - composte de lodos cloacales

COMPOSTING

(biocon). AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION of ORGANIC MATTER. The resulting material is used as a fertilizer.

F - compostage

S - composte

COMPOUND PARABOLIC COLLECTOR

(sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR using parabolic REFLECTORS.

F - capteur parabolique compose

S - colector parabolico compuesto

CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR

(sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that uses REFLECTORS to concentrate DIRECT RADIATION from the sun onto a narrow ABSORBER PLATE to produce intense heat.

F - capteur a concentration

S - colector concentrador

CONCENTRATING PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY

(sol). A series of lenses or mirrors used to concentrate SOLAR RADIATION onto PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, which convert the sunlight into electricity. The concentrated sunlight increases the output of each cell, thus reducing the total number of cells required to produce a given amount of electricity. (See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY)

F - groupe photovoltaique de concentration

S - conjunto concentrador fotovoltaico

CONCENTRATING THERMAL COLLECTOR

(sol). (See: CONCENTRATING COLLECTOR)

F - capteur thermique a concentration

S - colector termico concentrador

CONCENTRATION

(gen). The amount of a substance contained in a FLUID per unit volume.

F - concentration

S - concentracion

CONDENSER

(gen) (impl). A device used to change a vapor into a liquid. This can be done either by exposing to air a tube that contains vapor, or by passing the tube through a WATER JACKET.

F - condenseur

S - condensador

CONDUCTION

(heat). Heat transfer from direct contact between a hot body and a cold body.

F - conduction

S - conduccion

CONING

(wind). The practice of tilting up the WIND SHAFT of a WIND MACHINE at a small angle.

F - fuseler

S - movimiento de la pala

CONTINUOUS DIGESTION

(biocon). The continuous feeding of BIOMASS into a BIOGAS DIGESTER, with the removal of an equivalent volume of EFFLUENT. The process is usually started with the addition of a SEED. It may take several DETENTION TIMES before the process becomes steady. For many purposes, this is a more EFFICIENT and convenient process than BATCH DIGESTION. Processes involving daily addition and removal are more properly described as semi-continuous.

F - digestion en continu

S - digestion continua

CONTINUOUS FLOW DIGESTER

(biocon). A DIGESTER into which BIOMASS may be loaded and gas and EFFLUENT recovered without discontinuing digestion.

F - digesteur a flux continu

S - digestor de circulacion continua

CONTINUOUS PROCESSING

(biocon). (See: CONTINUOUS DIGESTION)

F - traitement en continu

S - proceso continuo

CONTINUOUS STILL

(alc). An ALCOHOL STILL into which MASH may be loaded and ALCOHOL recovered without discontinuing alcohol production.

F - alambic a distillation continue

S - alambique continuo

CONTROLLED BURNING ATMOSPHERE

(fos). An atmosphere in which oil or natural gas is burned with just enough oxygen to prevent all the carbon from being consumed. The recovered carbon may be used as a fuel.

F - atmosphere a combustion controlee

S - atmosfera de combustion controlada

CONVECTION

(heat). The transfer of heat between one location or surface and another by the motion of a heat-carrying FLUID. Also, the transfer of heat within a fluid by movements within the fluid.

F - convection

S - conveccion

CONVECTION AIR COOLER

(refrig). A non-electric cooler that depends on the natural circulation of air.

F - refroidisseur par convection d'air

S - enfriador de aire por conveccion

CONVERSION PROCESS

(gen). A process through which ENERGY is converted from one form to another, such as RADIANT ENERGY into heat or electric energy.

F - conversion

S - proceso de conversion

COOKER

(alc). A heated tank with an AGITATOR that heats the MASH as part of the ALCOHOL production process.

F - chaudiere de cuisson

S - caldera de coccion

COOKING

(alc). A heating and stirring process that breaks down STARCH granules, thus making the starch available for the liquefaction and SACCHARIFICATION steps of the ALCOHOL manufacturing process.

F - cuisson

S - coccion

COOK STOVE

(biocon). An apparatus in which fuel is burned to produce heat for cooking.

F - cuisiniere

S - estufa

CO-PRODUCT

(alc). Substances resulting from the production of ETHANOL by FERMENTATION.

F - coproduit

S - coproducto

CORRUGATED METAL SOLAR COLLECTOR

(sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR that uses a corrugated metal as its ABSORBER PLATE. The metal is usually painted with FLAT BLACK PAINT.

F - capteur solaire en tole ondulee

S - colector solar de metal corrugado

COVER

(sol). (See: GLAZING)

F - revetement

S - revestimiento

COVER PLATE

(sol). The transparent material placed over a COLLECTOR-ABSORBER PLATE so that heat loss to the atmosphere is reduced and a greater fraction of the SOLAR RADIATION is collected as useable heat.

F - plaque de couverture

S - placa revestidora

CREOSOTE OIL

(gen). A by-product from CHARCOAL production by DISTILLATION. It may be used as a preservative to protect wood from termites, moisture, etc.

F - huile de creosote

S - aceite de creosota

CRETAN SAIL WINDMILL

(wind). (See: CRETAN WINDMILL)

F - moulin a ailes cretois

S - molino de viento con aspas cretanas

CRETAN WINDMILL

(wind). A type of HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL generally having four fixed, triangular SAILS. Cretan windmills are used primarily for low-lift water pumping.

F - moulin a vent cretois

S - molino de viento cretano

CROSS

(wind) (arc). A cruciform iron support for the sail assembly, used as an alternative to the POLL END.

F - croix

S - aspa de hierro

CROSS-FLOW TURBINE

(hydr). (See: BANKI TURBINE)

F - turbine a ecoulement radial

S - turbina con rodete de tambor

CROSSWIND

(wind). Winds blowing crosswise to the direction of the wind stream.

F - vent de travers

S - viento de costado

CULTURE

(bio). A preparation containing micro-organisms that are growing on a medium.

F - bouillon de culture

S - cultivo

CUP ANEMOMETER

(wind) (meas). An ANEMOMETER with three or four cups that rotate with the wind to measure wind speed.

F - anemometre a coquilles

S - anemometro de tazas

CUPS

(hydr). Bowl shaped BLADES found on PELTON WHEELS and other types of IMPULSE TURBINES.

F - godets

S - tazas

CURB

(wind) (arc). In SMOCK MILLS and TOWER MILLS, the circular timber rim or wall plate supporting the revolving cap.

F - chemin de glissement

S - apoyo circular

CURRENT

(elec). The FLOW of electrons through a conductor.

F - courant

S - corriente

CUT-IN SPEED

(wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND MACHINE is activated.

F - vitesse d'enclenchement

S - velocidad de accionamiento

CUT-OUT SPEED

(wind). The WIND VELOCITY at which a WIND MACHINE turns out of the wind. (See also: BATTERY CUT-OUT)

F - vitesse de disjonction

S - velocidad de interrupcion

CYLINDER

(hydr). In hydraulic systems, a short, hollow metal tube containing a piston, piston rod, and end seals, and fitted with a system to allow the entrance and exit of FLUIDS.

F - cylindre

S - cilindro