# Hydraulic ram pumps

DIY hydraulic ram pump

The Hydraulic Ram Pump, Hydram, or simply Ram Pump is an automatic pumping device that is capable of pumping water higher than its original source without using electricity or any other power source. It uses just two moving parts, and it is therefore mechanically very simple. This gives it very high reliability, minimal maintenance requirements and a long operation life.

Fig 1: Hydraulic Ram Pump [1] LifewaterInternational

The Hydraulic Ram Pump, Hydram, or simply a Ram Pump is a pump that uses the water hammerW effect from built up water pressure. Using this pressure that has been created by a water source above the pump, it is able to lift water to an elevation higher than the pump. Using just two moving parts, simple fluid mechanics and the energy within the water the Hydraulic Ram Pump is able to run without electricity or any other power source.

• No Electricity or External Power Source
• Continual Operation
• Easy to Maintain
• Long Life
• Reliable

• Only suitable for certain sites
• Large amount of excess water runoff (though normally this would be piped or ducted back to the source)
• Typically low exit flow rates per pump
• May need to address sedimentation issues

## History

John Whitehurst is credited with the idea of the Hydraulic Ram in 1772, though it did not become a practical machine until the French inventor Joseph Montgolfier made an automatic RAM in 1796. James Easton purchased Montgolfier's patent and the hydraulic RAM business of Whitehurst in the 1800's and introducted the machine to England. In 1929 Green & Carter acquired the patent and Easton's business and have been manufacturing and installing the Vulcan and Vacher RAMS since.[1](The Mongolfier brothers of France in 1796 are better remembered for their pioneering work with hot-air balloons).[1]

In 1996 an English engineer, Frederick Philip Selwyn, patented a ‘fluid pressure amplifier' which differed in many ways to the contemporary ram technology by the development of a venturi effectW waste valve.[2]

The Papa ram pump utilises the low pressure generated by high velocity water flow around a curve-shaped elastomericW valve (with low pressure loss) to allow a valve design that enables rapid closure and with a relatively small cross sectional area and low weight. This venturi valve is configured as a ring section positioned around the supply inlet of the pump with the delivery outlet of the pump being directly in line. This allowed the pump structure to be concentric and therefore inherently strong and upon closure of the valve, permits efficient water delivery by acting in line with the supply via a second smaller venturi effect delivery non return valve. The elastomeric material and operation of these valves also allows them to self-return without weight or spring assistance.

A pressure vesselW installed on a tee connected to the delivery port of the pump provides the pulsed flow accumulation means. This unique technology and design dramatically reduced the weight, manufacturing cost and number of components required - as well as providing an overall improvement in efficiency. Additional patents granted to Selwyn have since been developed by UK companies Papa Ltd and Water Powered Technologies Ltd[3] of BudeW, Cornwall, further enhancing the technology to include a composite materialW injection-mouldedW pump allowing for relatively low cost mass productionW whilst maintaining high strength, low weight and high performance previously only attainable with metal units.

Other novel developments include:

• An automatic regulator valve which can be simply installed to the pump to allow the maximum utilisation of water supply from low or seasonally variable water sources without the need to manually adjust the pump.
• Larger pump versions with 500mm and 1 metre diameter inlets for large river, marine tidal and flood applications.

Systems have also been developed and utilised for rainwater harvesting, water treatment and other water utilityW applications.

The new scalableW technology, manufacturing processes and materials and the ability to integrate with other systems should allow the 21st century ram pump to regain its recognition as a world leader in energy efficient water supply as well as new roles in energy generation, irrigation and flood support networks.

## Theory

### How does it work?

Figure 2. Hydraulic ram pump system

In order to build a hydram it is necessary to have an abundant water source such as a stream or spring (pumps often waste 90%, but in the case of a flowing water source, it is often possible to duct or pipe the excess water back to the source). The pump must be located at an elevation lower than the water source. The kinetic energy of the water running downhill through the drive pipe builds up pressure and uses the water hammerW effect from built up water pressure. The pump is then able to use this built up pressure to pump the water through a smaller diameter delivery pipe over a greater distance or an elevation even higher than the original water source. More than 50% of the energy of the driving flow can be transferred to the delivery flow.

Figure 1 illustrates the hydraulic ram; initially the impulse valve (or waste valve since it is the nonpumped water exit) will be open under gravity (or in some designs it is held open by a light spring). The water will then flow down the drive pipe (through a strainer) from the water source. As the flow accelerates, the hydraulic pressure under the impulse valve and the static pressure in the body of the hydram will increase(Figure 1B) until the resulting forces overcome the weight of the impulse valve and start to close it. As soon as the valve aperture decreases, the water pressure in the hydram body builds up rapidly and slams the impulse valve shut. The moving column of water in the drive pipe is no longer able to exit via the impulse valve so its velocity must suddenly decrease; this continues to cause a considerable rise of pressure which forces open the delivery valve to the air-chamber.

Once the pressure exceeds the static delivery head, water will be forced up the delivery pipe. Air trapped in the air chamber is simultaneously compressed to a pressure exceeding the delivery pressure. Eventually the column of water in the drive pipe comes to a halt and the static pressure in the casing then falls to near the supply head pressure. The delivery valve will then close, when the pressure in the air chamber exceeds that in the casing. Water will continue to be delivered after the delivery valve has closed until the compressed air in the air chamber has expanded to a pressure equal to the delivery head. A check valve is included in the delivery pipe to prevent return flow. When the delivery valve closes, the reduced pressure in the hydram body will allow the impulse valve to drop under its own weight, thereby letting the cycle start all over again. Most hydrams operate at 30-100 cycles a minute.

The air chamber is a vital component. It may improve the efficiency of the process by allowing delivery to continue after the delivery valve has closed. It is also essential to cushion the shocks that would otherwise occur due to the incompressible nature of water. If the air chamber fills with water completely, not only does performance suffer, but the hydram body, the drive pipe or the air chamber itself can be fractured by the resulting water hammer. Since water can dissolve air, especially under pressure, there is a tendency for the air in the chamber to be depleted by being carried away with the delivery flow. Different hydram designs overcome this problem in different ways. The most simple solution requires the user to stop the hydram occasionally and drain the air chamber by opening two taps, one to admit air and the other to release water. Another method on more sophisticated hydrams is to include a snifting valve which automatically allows air to be drawn into the base of the air chamber when the water pressure momentarily drops below atmospheric pressure. It is important with such units to make an occasional check to see that the snifting valve has not become clogged with dirt and is working properly.

### Engineering equations

Bernoulli's Equation[4]

where

• p = pressure
• gamma = specific weight of water
• v = velocity
• z = height

Equation2: Flow in a Pipe[4]

$Q=v*A$

where:

• Q = Flow Rate (m3/s)
• v = Average water velocity in channel (m/s)
• A = Cross-sectional area of water in channel (m2)

$h_f=\frac{16f*LQ^2}{2g*\pi^2*D^5}$

where:

• hf = head loss (m)
• f = friction factor
• g = gravity
• Q = Flow Rate (m3/s)
• L = Length of Pipe
• D = Diameter of Pipe

$h_L(minor)=16K*(Q^2)/(2g*\pi^2*D^4)$

where:

• K = Minor Loss Coefficient
• g = gravity
• Q = Flow Rate (m3/s)
• D = Diameter of Pipe

Equation 5:

$Q_\mathrm{out} = (Q_\mathrm{in} \times \mathrm{vertical\ fall} \times \mathrm{pump\ efficiency\ constant})/\mathrm{vertical\ lift}$

## Implementation

### Construction

Fig 1: Hydraulic Ram Pump[5] LifewaterInternational

Necessary Data: Once this data is collected a Ram Pump may be ordered or constructed.

1. Elevation change between source and pump (vertical fall or Supply Head)
2. Elevation change between pump and delivery site (vertical lift or Delivery Head)
3. Amount of available water at source (Q input)
4. Minimum daily water needed at delivery site (Q outlet)
5. Distance from source to pump (drive pipe length)
6. Distance from pump to delivery site (delivery pipe length)

1. Drive Pipe - Heavy gauge galvanised steel or cast iron is best. Burying prevents tampering by animals or people.[7]Normally the length of the drive pipe should be around three to seven times the supply head. Ideally the drive pipe should have a length of at least 100 times its own diameter. The drive pipe must generally be straight; any bends will not only cause losses of efficiency, but will result in strong fluctuating sideways forces on the pipe which can cause it to break loose.

2. Excess Water Valve - The cycling of the hydram is timed by the characteristic of the waste valve. Normally it can be weighted or pre-tensioned by an adjustable spring, and an adjustable screwed stop is generally provided which will allow the maximum opening to be varied. The efficiency, which dictates how much water will be delivered from a given drive flow, is critically influenced by the valve setting. This is because if the waste valve stays open too long, a smaller proportion of the throughput water is pumped, so the efficiency is reduced, but if it closes too readily, then the pressure will not build up for long enough in the hydram body, so again less water will be delivered. There is often an adjustable bolt which limits the opening of the valve to a predetermined amount which allows the device to be turned to optimize its performance. A skilled installer should be able to adjust the waste valve on site to obtain optimum performance.

3. Delivery Pipe - The delivery pipe can be made from any material capable of carrying the pressure of water leading to the delivery tank. In all except very high head applications, plastic pipe can be considered; with high heads, the lower end of the delivery line might be better as steel pipe. The diameter of the delivery line needs to allow for avoiding excessive pipe friction in relation to the flow rates envisaged and the distance the water is to be conveyed. It is recommended that a hand-valve or check-valve (non-return valve) should be fitted in the delivery line near the outlet from the hydram, so that the delivery line does not have to be drained if the hydram is stopped for adjustment or any other reason. This will also minimise any back flow past the delivery valve in the air chamber and improve efficiency.

4. Impulse Valve - There are a number of types impulse valves that may be used. The weighted-bolt-impulse valve is durable, easy to maintain, and the principles are easy enough for anyone to understand. Less weight means there will be a quicker stroke and less water pumped. More weight means slower strokes and more water pumped.

5. Delivery Valve - Also known as a check valveW. Only allows fluid to travel one direction. Types of check valves include: ball, swinging, diaphragm, lift-check.

6. Pressure Vessel - A large surge in pressue from the water compresses the air inside the Pressue Vessel. This surge in pressure is known as the known as the water hammer effectW[8]

Water Source - Typically stream or spring. Must have adequate flow rate. Higher elevation is better(more head). Must be able to measure flow rate. For smaller flows one may contain water using a dam or containment area.[7]For larger flows a weirW may be used. It is necessary to prevent dirt and debris from entering the pump and drive pipe. Grates, Filters and often times a supply tank or sediment tank is used.

Ram Housing - A security cover or housing may be prefered to prevent exterior damage or theft. The hydram body requires to be firmly bolted to a concrete foundation, as the beats of its action apply a significant shock load. The hydram should be located so that the waste valve is always located above flood water level, as the device will cease to function if the waste valve becomes submerged.

Reservoir Tank - A storage tank is usually included at the top of the delivery pipe to allow water to be drawn in variable amounts as needed.

Multiple Hydrams - Where greater capacity is needed, it is common practice to install several hydrams in parallel. This allows a choice of how many to operate at any one time so it can cater for variable supply flows or variable demand. The size and length of the drive pipe must be in proportion to the working head from which the ram operates. Also, the drive pipe carries severe internal shock loads due to water hammer, and therefore normally should be constructed from good quality steel water pipe.

### Design considerations

Hydrams are mostly intended for water supply duties, in hilly or mountainous areas, requiring small flow rates delivered to high heads. They are less commonly used for irrigation purposes, where the higher flow rates required will usually demand the use of larger sizes of hydram having 6-inch or 4-inch drive pipes.[9] Manufacturers usually describe the size of a hydram by the supply and delivery pipe diameters (generally given in inches even in metric countries because of the common use of inch sizes for pipe diameters); eg a 6 x 3 hydram has a 6-inch diameter drive pipe and a 3-inch diameter delivery pipe.

Traditional hydram designs, such as in Figure 3, developed a century ago in Europe, are extremely robust. They tend to be made from heavy castings and have been known to function reliably for 50 years or more. However, although a number of such designs are still manufactured in Europe and the USA in small numbers, they are relatively expensive, although generally speaking the drive-pipe, delivery pipe and civil workings will be significantly more expensive than even the heaviest types of hydram.

Lighter designs, fabricated using a welded sheet steel construction, were developed first in Japan and are now in production in other parts of SE Asia including Taiwan and Thailand. These are cheaper, but only likely to last a decade or so as they are made from thinner material which will eventually corrode. Nevertheless they offer good value for money and are likely to perform reliably.

The 2" Papa ram pump, manufactured from a high-spec engineering composite, weighs only 2kg compared to a traditional 2" hydram which weighs in the region of 96kg

Figure 4: A ram pump made from standard pipe fittings

Some simple designs that can be improvised from pipe fittings have also been developed by aid agencies (Figure 4), and some interesting versions have also been quite crudely improvised using scrap materials, such as a unit which is being produced in some numbers in southern Laos from materials salvaged from bombed bridges and using old propane cylinders for the air chamber. Needless to say, such devices are very low in cost but the pipes in the end cost considerably more than the hydram. They are not always as reliable as traditional designs, but are usually acceptably reliable with failures separated by many months rather than days, and are easy to repair when they fail.

### Cost

The costs of hydrams can range from under $100 for small "do it yourself" using local materials or close to$60,000 for larger commercial pumps. While the commercial pumps are more expensive they can handle the constant abuse associated with the hammer effect and high pressures. While the initial investment for a pump and the corresponding system may be seem high there are no fuel costs and low maintenance costs associated with hydrams.

$120 Homemade Hydraulic ram pump by Clemson Cooperative Extension [10] A ram pump to supply a community of 300 people in the Philippines costs between$4,000-$5,000[11] Ram Pumps by Green & Carter with RAM sizes varying from 1-1/4 - 8 cost between$2,658 - $58,679 respectively. The 2" Papa ram pump costs approximately$1600 (2016 price). This includes delivery hose assembly, ball valve, pressure vessel and filtration.

### Considerations for developing communities

Reliable, easy to repair. Train local technician.

## Issues

### Maintenance

Rams Pumps are known for continuously running while having minimal maintenance. This is largely because there are only a few moving parts. The available materials and proximity of a technician should be taken into account when selecting the type of pump. If there is a local person who has the ability to make repair and check the functionality frequently it may be best to build a ram pump using cheap local materials. If there is limited availability of a technician, a commercial pump may be preferable.[Hydraulic Ram Pump Manual] If clean water is used maintenance is only required after several years.[12]

#### Symptoms and possible causes for malfunction

Adaptation from USE OF HYDRAULIC RAMS IN NEPAL - A Guide to Manufacturing and Installation' (Book available free of charge from UNICEF Box 1187 Kathmandu, Nepal)[13]

1. Loud, metallic banging from pump. No air in the chamber. Pump should be stopped and air chamber drained of water for maintenance. Check for air leaks.
2. Impulse valve does not work/Check for debris. Check impulse valve on seating, should be able to move freely.
3. Impulse valve is intermittent Often indicates air in drive pipe. Check to make sure drive pipe mouth is submerged by water. Drain any trapped air.
4. Pump is operating, but no water at delivery site. Make sure delivery gate valve is open and there is no obstruction or air blockage.
5. Impulse valve stays open. Not enough water in drive pipe, too weight on impulse valve, or delivery valve issue.
6. Uneven strokes or knocking. Leak/air in drive pipe. Not enough water above drive pipe.

## Alternatives

Other sustainable pump alternatives include:

• Gravity PumpsW
• Hand Pump W
• Animal Driven Pump
• Solar Pump
• Wind PumpW
• Rope Pump

## Performance characteristics

Table 1 indicates estimated performance for typical 2-inch x 1 inch and 4-inch x 2-inch and 6-inch x 3-inch commercial hydrams.

 Hydram size in inches 2" X 1" 4" X 2" 6" X 3" Head Ratio 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 Driven flow (litres/sec) 3.3 5.2 7.4 9.2 8.96 9.7 10 9.02 20.2 17.2 17.1 19.3 Delivery (m³/day) 55 38 22 17 94 51 35 23 216 101 69 50

Table 1: Estimated performance of hydrams

Table 2 indicates performance of the 2" Papa pump

Table 2: Performance of 2" Papa hydraulic ram pump based on flow of 1 litre/sec (60 litres/min) into pump

## Further information

### References

2. Frederick Philip Selwyn, "Fluid pressure amplifier," U.S. Patent no. 6,206,041 (filed: 2 April 1997 ; issued: 27 March 2001).
3. Water Powered Technologies – Composite Hydraulic Ram Pump inventors and patentees.
4. Mihelcic, J. R., Fry, L. M., Myre, E. A., Phillips, L. D., & Barkdoll, B. D. (2009). Field guide to environmental engineering for development workers: Water, sanitation, and indoor air. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
5. http://web.archive.org/web/20160403045002/https://lifewater.org/resources/rws4/rws4d5.htm
6. http://www.greenandcarter.com/main/service/installation.htm
7. A. Tessema, "HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION ," ESME 5th Annual Conference on Manufacturing and Process Industry, Vol. , no. , pp. , September 2000.
8. B. W. Young, "Generic design of ram pumps," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 212, pp. 117-117, 1998.
9. http://web.archive.org/web/20160817075828/http://virtual.clemson.edu:80/groups/irrig/Equip/ram.htm
10. http://web.archive.org/web/20170607192559/http://www.ashden.org/water_pumps
12. M. Silver, Use of hydraulic rams in Nepal: A guide to manufacturing and installation, Edition of book, : UNICEF, 1977,

### Other references

1. 1st Initial. Practical action, "Hydraulic ram pumps," Practical Action Technical Briefs, Vol. , no. , pp. , 02 february 2002.[]. :http://web.archive.org/web/20140929020122/http://practicalaction.org/hydraulic-ram-pumps.
2. B. W. Young, "DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP SYSTEMS," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part a-Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 209, pp. 313-322, 1995.
3. B. W. Young, "Generic design of ram pumps," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 212, pp. 117-117, 1998.
4. E. J. Schiller and P. Kahangire, "ANALYSIS AND COMPUTERIZED MODEL OF THE AUTOMATIC HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP," Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 11, pp. 743-750, 1984.
5. "High pressure ram pump development," World Pumps, vol. 1996, pp. 15-16, 1996.
6. Hofkes and Visscher 'Renewable Energy Sources for Rural Water Supply in Developing Countries' - International Reference Centre for Community Water Supply and Sanitation, The Hague, The Netherlands - 1986.
7. "Hydraulic ram pumps," Appropriate Technology, vol. 29, pp. 30-33, 2002.
8. Iversen H W 'An Analysis of the Hydraulic Ram' - Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers - June 1975.
9. J. A. Kypuros and R. G. Longoria, "Model Synthesis for Design of Switched Systems Using a Variable Structure System Formulation," Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, vol. 125, pp. 618-629, 2003.
10. Jeffery, T D, Thomas T H, Smith A V, Glover, P B, Fountain P D 'Hydraulic Ram Pumps: A guide to ram pump water supply systems' – ITDG Publishing, 1992
11. Kindel E W 'A Hydraulic Ram for Village Use' - Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Arlington, VA, USA - 1970 and 1975.
12. M. D.F, "Technical feasibility of wavepower for seawater desalination using the hydro-ram (Hydram)," Desalination, vol. 153, pp. 287-293, 2003.
13. "Ram pumps," World Pumps, vol. 1999, p. 55, 1999.
14. "Ram pumps take the drudgery out of sludge transfer," World Pumps, vol. 1999, pp. 18-19, 1999.
15. S. Watt, A manual on the hydraulic ram for pumping water, 3rd ed., London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd., 1977, p. .
16. V. Filipan, Z. Virag, and A. Bergant, "Mathematical modelling of a hydraulic ram pump system," Strojniski Vestnik-Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 49, pp. 137-149, 2003.
17. W. P. James, "Hydropower valve: a new application for an old device," Journal American Water Works Association, vol. 90, pp. 74-79, Jul 1998.
18. Y. Altintas and A. J. Lane, "Design of an electro-hydraulic CNC press brake," International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, vol. 37, pp. 45-59, Jan 1997.

### Suppliers

Note: This is a selective list of supplies and does not imply ITDG endorsement.

Green and Carter Rams
Vulcan Works
Ashbrittle
Wellington
Somerset
TA21 0LQ.
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1823 672365

John Blake Ltd.
P.O.Box 43
Royal Works
Atlas Street
Clayton Le Moors
Lancashire, BB5 5LP
United Kingdom
Tel: 01254 235441
Fax: 01254 382899
E-mail: sales@allspeeds.co.uk

Water Powered Technologies Ltd
14a Kingshill Industrial Estate
Bude, Cornwall EX23 8QN
United Kingdom
Tel: +44(0)1288 354454
email: info@wptglobal.net
website: https://www.waterpoweredtechnologies.com
Papa Pump website: https://papapump.com


Development Technology Unit (DTU)
School of Engineering
University of Warwick
Coventry CV4 7AL
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1203 522339
Fax: +44 (0)1203 418922
E-mail: dgr@eng.warwick.ac.uk
Website: http://web.archive.org/web/20080708052301/http://www.eng.warwick.ac.uk:80/dtu/


Development Technology Unit who has carried out a lot of research into simplifying the construction of hydraulic ram pumps. The DTU is a research unit within the School of Engineering at the University of Warwick in the UK. The aim of the DTU is to research and promote appropriate technologies for application in Developing Countries.

WOT - Werkgroep Ontwikkelingstechnieken
Working Group on Development Techniques
Vrijhof 205/206
P.O.Box 217
7500 AE Enschede
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 53 489 3845
Fax: +31 53 489 2671
E-mail: wot@tdg.utwente.nl
http://www.wot.utwente.nl/


WOT is a non-profit organization working in the field of small scale sustainable energy, based at the University of Twente.

Raintree-Foundation
Research and Development of MERIBAH Ram Pumps
10120 Bangkok
Thailand
E-mail:info@raintree-foundation.org
ts@meribah-ram-pump.com
http://www.raintree-foundation.org
http://www.meribah-ram-pump.com


One part from the raintree-foundation works with appropriate technologies. They cooperate with MERIBAH which provides research and development of new generation ram pump and snail pumps.