धारा प्रवाह दर को कैसे मापें

प्रवाह एक तरल पदार्थ की कुल मात्रा है जो समय के साथ नदी या धारा में एक निश्चित बिंदु से बहती है। यह उस गति से तुलनीय है जिस पर तरल पदार्थ की मात्रा यात्रा करती है जैसा कि चित्र 1 में देखा गया है। वॉल्यूमेट्रिक प्रवाह दरों को विभिन्न मात्रा/समय इकाइयों में मापा जा सकता है जैसे:

लीटर प्रति सेकंड (L/s)
घन फुट प्रति सेकंड (ft³/s)
गैलन प्रति मिनट (gal/min)
घन मीटर प्रति सेकंड (m³/s)

चित्र 1. एक बहती हुई पहाड़ी धारा।

पाइप, सीवेज सिस्टम और घरेलू उपकरणों के लिए प्रवाह दर खोजने के लिए घरेलू उपकरण या विशेष मीटर का उपयोग किया जा सकता है। लोग माइक्रोहाइड्रो सिस्टम, अपशिष्ट जल प्रणाली, वर्षा जल संचयन , जल लेखा परीक्षा , निपटान दर, जल तालिका सांख्यिकी और अन्य जल संबंधी जानकारी के लिए प्रवाह डेटा का उपयोग करते हैं। बड़े जल निकायों जैसे प्रमुख नदियों या बांधों के पीछे के प्रवाह का पता लगाने के लिए मीटर का उपयोग किया जाता है। ^[1]

यह पृष्ठ छोटी धाराओं और नदियों के प्रवाह को निर्धारित करने के लिए निम्न-तकनीकी विधियों के साथ-साथ इस उद्देश्य के लिए उपयोग किए जा सकने वाले अन्य उपकरणों का वर्णन करता है।

Measure the volume of the bucket or container. Keep in mind that a typical 5 gallon bucket is often actually less than 5 gallons.
Find a location along the stream that has a waterfall. If none can be found, a waterfall can be constructed using a weir (see Figure 4).
With a stopwatch, time how long it takes the waterfall to fill the bucket with water. Start the stopwatch simultaneously with the start of the bucket being filled and stop the stopwatch when the bucket fills. The bucket should not be filled by holding it below the surface of the stream because it is not the true flow rate.
Record the time it takes to fill the bucket.
Repeat steps two and three about six or seven times and take the average. It is a good idea to do a few trial runs before recording any data so that one can get a feel for the timing and measurements required.
Only eliminate data if major problems arise such as debris from the stream interfering with the flow.
The flow rate is the volume of the bucket divided by the average time it took to fill the bucket.^[2]

Bucket method data for flow (example)
Trial Number	Time (seconds)	Bucket Volume (gallons)
1	13.2	5
2	14	5
3	14.5	5
4	13	5
5	13.4	5
6	13.1	5

Here is an example using data found for the flow rate of the Jolly Giant Creek on Cal Poly Humboldt grounds: Using this data, the volumetric flow rate (Q) is equal to the volume of the bucket (V) divided by the average time (t).

$Q=v/t$

where $t={\frac {13.2s+14s+14.5s+13s+13.4s+13.1s}{6trials}}=13.5seconds$

so $t=13.5seconds$ and $V=5gallons$

$Q={\frac {V}{t}}={\frac {5gallons}{13.5seconds}}=0.37{\frac {gallons}{second}}$

So the flow rate is 0.37 gallons/second or Q = 0.37 gal/sec * 60 sec/min = 22.2 gallons/minute.

Therefore the flowrate (Q) is 22.2 GPM.

Method 2: Float method

Figure 3. Finding the flow rate using a float and a meter stick.

The float method (also known as the cross-sectional method) is used to measure the flow rate for larger streams and rivers. It is found by multiplying a cross sectional area of the stream by the velocity of the water. To measure the flow rate using the float method:

Locate a spot in the stream that will act as the cross section of the stream.
Using a meter stick, or some other means of measurement, measure the depth of the stream at equal intervals along the width of the stream (see Figure 3). This method is similar to hand calculating a Riemann sum for the width of the river.
Once this data is gathered, multiply each depth by the interval it was taken in and add all the amounts together. This calculation is the area of a cross section of the stream.
Decide on a length of the stream, typically longer than the width of the river, to send a floating object down (oranges work great).^[3]
Using a stopwatch, measure the time it takes the float to travel down the length of stream from step 4.
Repeat step five 5-10 times and determine the average time taken for the float to travel the stream. Throw the float into the water at different distances from the shoreline in order to gain a more accurate average.
Divide the stream length found in step 4 by the average time in step 6 to determine the average velocity of the stream.
The velocity found in step 7 must be multiplied by a friction correction factor. Since the top of a stream flows faster than the bottom due to friction against the stream bed, the friction correction factor evens out the flow. For rough or rocky bottoms, multiply the velocity by 0.85. For smooth, muddy, sandy, or smooth bedrock conditions, multiply the velocity by a correction factor of 0.9.
The corrected velocity multiplied by the cross sectional area yields the flow rate in volume/time. (Be sure to keep consistent units of length/distance when measuring the cross section and the velocity e.g. meters, feet)

Method 3: Weirs

Weirs are small dams that can be used in measuring flow rate for small to medium sized streams (a few meters or wider). They allow overflow of the stream to pour over the top of the weir, creating a waterfall, as seen in Figure 4. Weirs increase the change in elevation making the streamflow more consistent which makes flow rate measurements more precise. However, it is very important that all the water in the stream be directed into the weir for it to accurately represent the stream flow. It is also important to keep sediment from building up behind the weir. Sharp crested weirs work best. There are many different types of weirs which include broad crested weirs, sharp crested weirs, combination weirs, V-notch weirs and minimum energy loss weirs.

Figure 4: An example of a V-notch weir.

Method 4: Meters

Meters are devices that measure the stream flow by directly measuring the current. There are many different types of meters but the most common are the Pygmy meter, the vortex meter, the flow probe, and the current meter, described below:

Pygmy meter: a wheel is rotated by water flow and the rate of the rotation signifies the water velocity. It is primarily used in measuring discharge.^[4]
Vortex meter: velocity is proportional to the downstream frequency of the vortex flow and is read on a digital readout. It is used for measuring flow in pipes.^[5]
Flow probe: the flow turns a propeller that sends the water velocity data to a digital readout display in ft/s or m/s^[6]
Current meter: electronic pulses determine water velocity. Can be used in large bodies of water like oceans to measure the current.^[7]

Part of	Engr115 Intro to Engineering, Engr305 Appropriate Technology
Keywords	measurement, flow rate, water, how tos, water, microhydro
SDG Sustainable Development Goal	SDG06 Clean water and sanitation
Authors	Lonny Grafman, Monica Napoles, Andrew Collins-Anderson, Nathan Hawk
Published	2009
License	CC-BY-SA-4.0
Affiliations	Cal Poly Humboldt
Derivatives	Come misurare la portata del flusso, Como medir a vazão do fluxo, So messen Sie die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit
Impact Number of views to this page and its redirects. Updated once a month. Views by admins and bots are not counted. Multiple views during the same session are counted as one.	268,362
Issues Automatically detected page issues. Click on them to find out more. They may take some minutes to disappear after you fix them.	No main image
Cite as	Lonny Grafman, Monica Napoles, Andrew Collins-Anderson, Nathan Hawk (2009). "How to measure stream flow rate". Appropedia. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

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