(so much misinformation poorly written that it is hard to look at. Please, please, please stop telling people how to live without having a source for that information. Please, please, please use your excellent energy to contribute sources to pages,) |
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=32e35366f556a285253d70b5c6bb938c&prevstart=0 KVDP's water treatment plant] | * [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=32e35366f556a285253d70b5c6bb938c&prevstart=0 KVDP's water treatment plant] | ||
* [http://www.wte-ltd.co.uk/discharging_sewage_effluent.html Discharging sewage effluent - UK Rules and Regulations] | |||
[[Category:Water]] | [[Category:Water]] | ||
[[Category:Sanitation]] | [[Category:Sanitation]] | ||
[[Category:Wastewater]] | [[Category:Wastewater]] |
Revision as of 16:09, 31 October 2012
Wastewater, sewage or blackwater is water that has been polluted with human or animal feces/urine. It is different from greywater which is wastewater than has not been polluted with fecal material.
Wastewater management is an important part of sanitation. Creation of wastewater can be limited by seperating human and animal feces and urine from the ambient water reserves (e.g., rivers, sea, etc.). This can be done partially accomplished by using composting toilet instead of flush toilets.[1].
The essential components of wastewater management are the sewerage or sewage system (see sewage collection) and the actual wastewater treatment.
Industrial wastewater may also contain toxic or caustic effluent[verification needed].
The stages in wastewater treatment are:
- Primary wastewater treatment - sieving and sedimentation.
- Secondary wastewater treatment - digestion of biological matter, usually through oxidation, although anaerobic digestion is also possible.
- Tertiary wastewater treatmentW - an additional treatment stage to improve effluent quality its discharge into the environment. This covers additional removal of suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy metals and dissolved solids
- "Advanced wastewater treatment" may be considered part of tertiary treatment, or may be considered separately - this is a matter of terminology. It includes nutrient removal - i.e. biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus to avoid eutrophication of the receiving water body.
Minimizing health risks from blackwater
Sewage handling is essential for public health. Many diseases can be transmitted by blackwater, which contains pathogens, and/or harsh chemicals. It hence should be handled with great care and human exposure to greywater should be avoided.
- Wash yourself after having contact with blackwater.
- Do not allow blackwater run off your property (see drain-field systems)
- Do not allow anything that may be eaten to come into contact with blackwater (e.g. root garden crops in contact with blackwater from your neighbour's drain-field system).
References
See also
- Human defecation
- Types of toilets
- Earthship#Water
- Biogas: some wastewater plants implement anaerobic digestion (often using the Thermal_hydrolysis process) in their purification system to also create biogas, decreasing the costs of the purification
- Phosporus can be extracted from wastewater by adding magnesium, forming struvite
External links
- ↑ Or even even microwave or vacuum toilets first developed by Georgios Stefanidis, second developed by Grietje Zeeman /DeSaH