一个拥有抽水马桶的典型家庭每年至少要使用 100,000 升水进行冲水。一个标准的美国马桶冲水一次需要的水量比世界上大多数个人和许多家庭一整天所需的水还要多。[1] </参考>
如今，冲水马桶的用水量已朝着减少的方向迈进了一大步。可以通过以下两种方式之一来改善家庭的马桶水可持续性：改善现有马桶或安装更高效的马桶。为了改善目前的马桶，一种可能的方法是将加重的塑料瓶或砖块放入马桶水箱中。此外，还可以购买便宜的储罐组或浮子助推器。水箱库是一个装满水并挂在马桶水箱中的塑料袋。浮动助推器附在 1986 年之前三加仑半容量马桶的浮球下方。它允许这些马桶在相同的阀门和浮子设置下运行，但显着降低了它们的水位，每次冲洗可节省一到一到三分之一加仑的水。现有厕所的主要用水浪费是漏水。缓慢的马桶漏水是肉眼无法察觉的，但每个月可能会浪费数百加仑。检查这一点的一种方法是将食用染料放入水箱中，并查看马桶中的水是否变成相同的颜色。如果挡板漏水，可以用可调节的马桶挡板替换它，这样可以自行调节每次冲水的水量。
如果安装新马桶，有多种选择可以获得最节水的型号。低冲水马桶W每次冲水使用一到两加仑。传统上，马桶每次冲水使用三到五加仑。如果拆除一个 18 升的抽水马桶，换上一个 6 升的抽水马桶，将节省 70% 的冲水量，同时减少 30% 的室内总用水量。[2]可以有一个不用水的厕所。
通常对水系统本身进行其他修改；即通过使用灰水，或者更缓慢地污染水的系统，可以更有效地利用水。
此外，可以通过限制马桶冲水总量来降低马桶水的可持续性。例如，可以使用替代措施处理这些物品，而不是冲洗诸如纸巾之类的小废物。
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以下包含从 Akvopedia 移植的信息
水箱冲水马桶通常是瓷器，是一种大规模生产的工厂制造的用户界面。冲水马桶由一个提供冲洗排泄物用水的水箱和一个用来存放排泄物的碗组成。
抽水马桶的吸引人之处在于它采用了精密的水封，以防止异味通过管道回流。根据马桶的使用年限和设计，每次冲水可能使用大约 3 到 20 升水。储存在马桶上方的水箱中的水通过推拉杠杆释放。这允许水流入碗中，与排泄物混合并将它们带走。目前有不同的小容量抽水马桶，每次冲水只需 3 升水。在某些情况下，每次冲水使用的水量不足以清空马桶，因此用户被迫使用两次或更多次冲水才能充分清洁马桶，这否定了预期的节水效果。安装抽水马桶需要一个好的管道工。
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充分
A Cistern Flush Toilet should not be considered unless all of the connections and hardware accessories are available locally. The Cistern Flush Toilet must be connected to both a constant source of water for flushing and a Collection and Storage/Treatment or Conveyance technology to receive the blackwater. The Cistern Flush Toilet is suitable for both public and private applications and can be used in every climate.
Health Aspects/Acceptance
It is a safe and comfortable toilet to use provided it is kept clean.
Maintenance
Although flushwater continuously rinses the bowl, the toilet should be scrubbed clean regularly. Maintenance is required for the replacement or repair of some mechanical parts or fittings.
References
- ↑ Hawken, Paul, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. New York City: Little, Brown and Company, 1999. Print.
- ↑ Green Building Health and Environmental Considerations in Building and Renovating Today Urban Builders Group. Urban Builders Group LTD. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.
- Maki, B. (2005). Assembling and Installing a New Toilet. Describes how to install a toilet with full colour photos and step-by-step instructions.
- Vandervort, D. (2007). Toilets: Installation and Repair. HomeTips.com. Describes each part of the toilet in detail as well as providing links to other tools such as how to install a toilet, how to fix a leaking toilet and other toilet essentials.
Acknowledgements
Tilley, E. et al. (2008). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
The publication is available in English, French, and will be made available in Spanish. Available in the IRC Digital Library
See also
Literature review and discussion
Stenström [1] et al conducted a risk assessment of many common components used in WASH systems. They concluded that the flush toilet (as a 'user interface technology') represents a high risk of daily infection for users where the toilets were dirty, much reduced if cleaner and handwashing is practiced. There is a regular medium risk of infection for workers who clean the toilets even after an incidence of diarrhea.
Given that all toilets must be connected to some kind of latrine or disposal system, this cannot be considered to be the total risk associated with a flush toilet system.