تستهلك الأسرة النموذجية التي لديها مرحاض يتدفق بالماء ما لا يقل عن 100000 لتر من الماء سنويًا للتنظيف. يتطلب شطف المرحاض القياسي في الولايات المتحدة كمية من الماء أكثر مما يستخدمه معظم الأفراد والعديد من العائلات في العالم لتلبية جميع احتياجاتهم في يوم كامل. [1] </ref>
يوجد اليوم تحرك كبير نحو استخدام كميات أقل من المياه لغسل المراحيض المتدفقة. يمكن تحسين استدامة مياه المرحاض في المنزل بإحدى طريقتين: تحسين المرحاض الحالي أو تركيب مرحاض أكثر كفاءة. لتحسين المرحاض الحالي ، تتمثل إحدى الطرق الممكنة في وضع الزجاجات البلاستيكية أو الطوب في خزان المرحاض. أيضًا ، هناك بنوك دبابات غير مكلفة أو معزز تعويم متاح للشراء. بنك الخزان عبارة عن كيس بلاستيكي يُملأ بالماء ويُعلق في خزان المرحاض. معزز تعويمتعلق تحت الكرة العائمة لمراحيض ما قبل عام 1986 سعة ثلاثة جالون ونصف جالون. إنها تسمح لهذه المراحيض بالعمل في نفس إعداد الصمام والطفو ، ولكنها تقلل بشكل كبير من مستوى المياه ، مما يوفر ما بين جالون وجالون وثالث من الماء لكل تدفق. يعتبر التسرب من النفايات الرئيسية للمياه في المراحيض الموجودة. التسرب البطيء في المرحاض لا يمكن اكتشافه للعين ، ولكن يمكن أن يضيع مئات الجالونات كل شهر. تتمثل إحدى طرق التحقق من ذلك في وضع صبغة الطعام في الخزان ، ومعرفة ما إذا كان الماء الموجود في وعاء المرحاض يتحول إلى نفس اللون. في حالة تسريب الزعنفة ، يمكن استبدالها بزعانف مرحاض قابل للتعديل ، مما يسمح بالتعديل الذاتي لكمية الماء في كل شطف.
If installing a new toilet there are a number of options to obtain the most water efficient model. A low flush toiletW uses one to two gallons per flush. Traditionally, toilets use three to five gallons per flush. If an eighteen liter per flush toilet is removed and a six liter per flush toilet is put in its place, 70% of the water flushed will be saved while the overall indoor water usage by will be reduced by 30%.[2] It is possible to have a toilet that uses no water.
Other modifications are often done on the water system itself; i.e. by using greywater, or a system that pollutes the water more gradually, more efficient use of the water is accomplished.
Additionally, one can reduce toilet water sustainability by limiting total toilet flushing. For instance, instead of flushing small wastes, such as tissues, one can dispose of these items using alternate measures.
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The following contains information ported from Akvopedia
The Cistern Flush Toilet is usually porcelain and is a mass-produced, factory made User Interface. The Flush Toilet consists of a water tank that supplies the water for flushing the excreta and a bowl into which the excreta are deposited.
The attractive feature of the Flush Toilet is that it incorporates a sophisticated water seal to prevent odours from coming back up through the plumbing. Depending on the age and design of the toilet, approximately 3 to 20L of water may be used per flush. Water that is stored in the cistern above the toilet bowl is released by pushing or pulling a lever. This allows the water to run into the bowl, mix with the excreta and carrying them away. There are different low-volume Flush Toilets currently available that use as little as 3L of water per flush. In some cases, the volume of water used per flush is not sufficient to empty the bowl and consequently the user is forced to use two or more flushes to adequately clean the bowl, which negates the intended water saving. A good plumber is required to install a Flush Toilet. The plumber will ensure that all valves are connected and sealed properly, therefore minimizing leakage.
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محتويات
قدرة
A Cistern Flush Toilet should not be considered unless all of the connections and hardware accessories are available locally. The Cistern Flush Toilet must be connected to both a constant source of water for flushing and a Collection and Storage/Treatment or Conveyance technology to receive the blackwater. The Cistern Flush Toilet is suitable for both public and private applications and can be used in every climate.
الجوانب الصحية / القبول
It is a safe and comfortable toilet to use provided it is kept clean.
اعمال صيانة
Although flushwater continuously rinses the bowl, the toilet should be scrubbed clean regularly. Maintenance is required for the replacement or repair of some mechanical parts or fittings.
مراجع
- ↑ Hawken, Paul, Amory Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. New York City: Little, Brown and Company, 1999. Print.
- ↑ Green Building Health and Environmental Considerations in Building and Renovating Today Urban Builders Group. Urban Builders Group LTD. Web. 10 Nov. 2010.
- Maki, B. (2005). Assembling and Installing a New Toilet. Describes how to install a toilet with full colour photos and step-by-step instructions.
- Vandervort, D. (2007). Toilets: Installation and Repair. HomeTips.com. Describes each part of the toilet in detail as well as providing links to other tools such as how to install a toilet, how to fix a leaking toilet and other toilet essentials.
شكر وتقدير
Tilley, E. et al. (2008). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
The publication is available in English, French, and will be made available in Spanish. Available in the IRC Digital Library
أنظر أيضا
مراجعة ومناقشة الأدب
Stenström [1] et al conducted a risk assessment of many common components used in WASH systems. They concluded that the flush toilet (as a 'user interface technology') represents a high risk of daily infection for users where the toilets were dirty, much reduced if cleaner and handwashing is practiced. There is a regular medium risk of infection for workers who clean the toilets even after an incidence of diarrhea.
Given that all toilets must be connected to some kind of latrine or disposal system, this cannot be considered to be the total risk associated with a flush toilet system.
مراجع