Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! width="220" |Material | ! width="220" |Material | ||
! width="180" |Embodied Energy (MJ/kg) | ! width="180" |Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)<ref name="[5]"/> <ref name="[6]"> Hammond, Geoff, and Craig Jones. "Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE V2.0) Embodied Energy & Carbon." University of Bath. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/sert/embodied/>.</ref> | ||
! width="240" |Embodied CO<sub>2</sub> (kg CO<sub>2</sub>/kg) | |||
! width="220" |Notes | ! width="220" |Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| ABS | | align="center"| ABS | ||
| align="center"| 111 | | align="center"| 77.8-111 | ||
| align="center"| 3.05 | | align="center"| 3.05 | ||
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.<ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.<ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| HDPE | | align="center"| HDPE | ||
| align="center"| | | align="center"| 79.7-103 | ||
| align="center"|1.57(resin)-2.02(pipe) | | align="center"|1.57(resin)-2.02(pipe) | ||
| align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| LDPE | | align="center"| LDPE | ||
| align="center"| | | align="center"| 77-103 | ||
| align="center"|1.69(resin)-2.13(film) | | align="center"|1.69(resin)-2.13(film) | ||
| align="center"| From Lawson. 1994.<ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From Lawson. 1994.<ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Polyester | | align="center"| Polyester | ||
| align="center"| 53.7 | | align="center"| 53.7-58 | ||
| align="center"| | | align="center"| | ||
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Polypropylene | | align="center"| Polypropylene | ||
| align="center"| 64 | | align="center"| 64-94 | ||
| align="center"| 2.97-3.93 | | align="center"| 2.97-3.93 | ||
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Polystyrene | | align="center"| Polystyrene | ||
| align="center"| 117 | | align="center"| 100-117 | ||
| align="center"| 2.55-3.45 | | align="center"| 2.55-3.45 | ||
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. <ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| Polyurethane | | align="center"| Polyurethane | ||
| align="center"| 72.2-74 | | align="center"| 72.2-74 | ||
| align="center"| 3.48-4.06 | | align="center"| 3.48-4.06 | ||
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. <ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| PVC | | align="center"| PVC | ||
| align="center"| 38.6-189 | | align="center"| 38.6-189 | ||
| align="center"| 2.56-2.61 | | align="center"| 2.56-2.61 | ||
| align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer. Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.<ref name="[5]"/> | | align="center"| From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer. Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.<ref name="[5]"/> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center"| PET | | align="center"| PET | ||
| align="center"| 77<ref name="[4]"/> | | align="center"| 77-90<ref name="[4]"/> | ||
| align="center"| 2.73 | | align="center"| 2.73 | ||
| align="center"| From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. <ref name="[4]"/> | | align="center"| From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. <ref name="[4]"/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note: CO<sub>2</sub> values are cradle to gate. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> |
Revision as of 03:45, 18 October 2011
This literature review supports the following project: Life cycle analysis of distributed polymer recycling
Kuczensk, Brandon, and Roland Geyer. "LCA and Recycling Policy — a Case Study in Plastic." 1 Oct. 2001. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. [6].
- 11 states have bottle bills (MI included)
- producing 1 kg PET requires 206 g Natural Gas for ethylene, 588 g crude oil for xylene, Liquid oxygen, and water
- 1kg diverted from land fill saves 1kg disposal +.78kg primary production
- buy back centers/source separated processors: .044MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
- curbside collection: .65-.8 MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
- materials recovery center: .38 MJ primary energy per 1kg PET
- each additional kg recycled reduced primary energy 46.2-56.3 MJ
NOTES: good diagrams/flowcharts, necessary info for CA only [1]
Lofti, Ahmad. "Plastic / Polymer Recycling." Web. 11 Oct. 2011. [7].
- 1:PET (highly recyclable)
- 2:HDPE (highly recyclable)
- 3:PVC (not recycled)
- 4:LDPE
- 5:Polypropylene (not recycled)
- 6:Polystyrene (not recycled)
- 7:Other/mixed (no recycling)
- usually a single re-use
- can't mix PET and PVC in recycling
- steps: collection, sorting/seperating, processing, manufacturing
NOTES: outdated [2]
The ImpEE Project: Recycling of Plastics. The Cambridge-MIT Institute. 11 Oct 2011. [8]
- embodied energy analysis via input/output instead of thermo
- energy in/kg PET out
- energy in/bottles out
- LCA preformed on milk carton
- comparison of different materials (PET, glass, aluminum, steel)
- LCA of recycling PET into fleece
- chart of embodied energies and prices of polymers
- embodied energy and price of recycled material is half of virgin material (lower quality)
- "Transport does not have a great impact on the energy life cycle of this product."-slide 8
NOTES: great diagrams, equations [3]
Britz, David, Yohsi Hamaoka, and Jessica Mazorson. "Recology: Value in Recycling Materials." MIT Sloan Sustainability Lab, 13 May 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [9].
- studied virgin material market, environmental impact, and recycling of virgin material
- used LCA databases
- materials flow and embodied energy
- energy input=energy stored product+energy stored in waste+energy released
- recycled material uses 80% less energy than virgin material
- producing 1 kg recycled PET uses 42-55 MJ/ 1kg virgin PET uses >77 MJ
NOTES:check sources 12-14 [4]
"Embodied Energy Coefficients." Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [10].
- coefficients in MJ/kg and MJ3
- ABS, HDPE,LDPE, polyester, pp, ps, polyurethane, PVC
- compares local data to worldwide data
- sourced
Embodied Energy Table
Table 1: Embodied Energy per kg material
Material | Embodied Energy (MJ/kg)[5] [6] | Embodied CO2 (kg CO2/kg) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
ABS | 77.8-111 | 3.05 | From Franklin Associates Ltd. 1991.[5] |
HDPE | 79.7-103 | 1.57(resin)-2.02(pipe) | From Franklin Associates Ltd. and manufacturer. 1994. [5] |
LDPE | 77-103 | 1.69(resin)-2.13(film) | From Lawson. 1994.[5] |
Polyester | 53.7-58 | From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1991. [5] | |
Polypropylene | 64-94 | 2.97-3.93 | From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. [5] |
Polystyrene | 100-117 | 2.55-3.45 | From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide. 1994. [5] |
Polyurethane | 72.2-74 | 3.48-4.06 | From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide and manufacturer. 1991. [5] |
PVC | 38.6-189 | 2.56-2.61 | From American Institute of Architects, Environmental Resource Guide, Sheltair Scientific Ltd, and manufacturer. Best guess is 70 MJ/kg. 1992.[5] |
PET | 77-90[4] | 2.73 | From international journal of Life Cycle Assessment. [4] |
Note: CO2 values are cradle to gate.
References
- ↑ Kuczensk, Brandon, and Roland Geyer. "LCA and Recycling Policy — a Case Study in Plastic." 1 Oct. 2001. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. [1].
- ↑ Lofti, Ahmad. "Plastic / Polymer Recycling." Web. 11 Oct. 2011. [2].
- ↑ The ImpEE Project: Recycling of Plastics. The Cambridge-MIT Institute. 11 Oct 2011. [3]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Britz, David, Yohsi Hamaoka, and Jessica Mazorson. "Recology: Value in Recycling Materials." MIT Sloan Sustainability Lab, 13 May 2010. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [4].
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 "Embodied Energy Coefficients." Web. 13 Oct. 2011. [5].
- ↑ Hammond, Geoff, and Craig Jones. "Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE V2.0) Embodied Energy & Carbon." University of Bath. Web. 17 Oct. 2011. <http://www.bath.ac.uk/mech-eng/sert/embodied/>.