TissueDB/Tissues/Ligament

Ligament is dense fibrous connective tissue connecting bone to bone, providing joint stability and limiting excessive motion. A tendon is the same dense fibrous tissue joining muscle to bone, and it folds in here.

Materials

Material	Simulator	Notes
Rubber, rope, and thread combinations	Heo POLISHeR Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair Simulator	Combined rubber, rope, and thread represent the inguinal ligament, the round ligament and the medial umbilical ligament as palpable anatomic landmarks for groin anatomy in a 3D-printed pediatric inguinal hernia repair trainer.^[1]
Synthetic rubber	Pires de Melo Filho HerniLap 3D	A strip of synthetic rubber fixed close to the hernial defect simulates Cooper's ligament; it is firm enough to let stapler tackers fix the laparoscopic mesh as in the real TAPP procedure.^[2]
Styrene foam	Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair Simulator (Kurashima)	One reusable piece of styrene foam forms Cooper's ligament together with the pubic bone. Being firmer than the surrounding sponge, it lets the trainee find both by feel when placing tacks.^[3]

Joint — articulation stabilised by ligaments

References

↑ Heo K, Greaney E, Haehl J, Stunden C, Lindner A, Malik PRA, Rosenbaum DG, Muensterer O, Zakani S, Jacob J, Joharifard S. Iterative Design and Manufacturing of a 3D-Printed Pediatric Open and Laparoscopic Integrated Simulator for Hernia Repair (POLISHeR). Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2025;60(5):162232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2025.162232. PMID: 40011165.
↑ Pires de Melo Filho L, Mano Almeida A, Marçal de Barros Filho E, de Oliveira Borges GC. Simulated training model in a low cost for laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty. Acta Cir Bras. 2021;36(1):e360108. DOI: 10.1590/ACB360108.
↑ Kurashima Y, Feldman L, Al-Sabah S, Kaneva P, Fried G, Vassiliou M (2011). "A novel low-cost simulator for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair." Surgical Innovation 18(2):171–175. DOI: 10.1177/1553350610395949. PMID: 21307013.

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Authors	Arturopelayo
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Language	English (en)
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Created	February 2, 2026 by Arturo Pelayo
Last edit	August 10, 2026 by Arturo Pelayo
Cite as	Arturopelayo (2026). "TissueDB/Tissues/Ligament". Appropedia. Retrieved August 23, 2026.
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[heo2025-1] Heo K, Greaney E, Haehl J, Stunden C, Lindner A, Malik PRA, Rosenbaum DG, Muensterer O, Zakani S, Jacob J, Joharifard S. Iterative Design and Manufacturing of a 3D-Printed Pediatric Open and Laparoscopic Integrated Simulator for Hernia Repair (POLISHeR). Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2025;60(5):162232. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2025.162232. PMID: 40011165.

[piresdemelofilho2021-2] Pires de Melo Filho L, Mano Almeida A, Marçal de Barros Filho E, de Oliveira Borges GC. Simulated training model in a low cost for laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty. Acta Cir Bras. 2021;36(1):e360108. DOI: 10.1590/ACB360108.

[kurashima2011-3] Kurashima Y, Feldman L, Al-Sabah S, Kaneva P, Fried G, Vassiliou M (2011). "A novel low-cost simulator for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair." Surgical Innovation 18(2):171–175. DOI: 10.1177/1553350610395949. PMID: 21307013.

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