TissueDB/Materials/Evaporated Milk
License: Public domain by HV
Evaporated milk is a shelf-stable dairy product - fresh milk with roughly half its water removed - mixed into agar tissue phantoms to raise their ultrasonic attenuation. In the one open-access characterisation on file it acts as a low-scatter absorber, not as a scatterer: Menikou and Damianou introduced it "as a very low scattering material" and "the primary source of acoustic absorption", measuring its contribution at about 0.01 dB/cm-MHz per percent of milk, while a separate agent (silica dioxide) supplies the scattering at about 0.28 dB/cm-MHz per percent.[1] The same three-part agar / silica dioxide / evaporated milk gel is characterised further by Drakos et al.[2]
Provenance note. This page previously named Bude and Adler 1995 as the origin paper for this use. That paper was obtained in full on 5 Aug 2026 (3 pages, from the University of Michigan Deep Blue deposit via the Internet Archive) and read end to end: its phantom is 250 mL boiling water, 20 g unflavoured gelatin and 10 g sugar-free psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fibre. It contains no milk of any kind and no agar recipe - its single occurrence of the word "milk" is a milk carton offered as a mould. The attribution was a string match, not a subject match, and has been withdrawn. For the record, the paper itself is: Bude RO, Adler RS. An easily made, low-cost, tissue-like ultrasound phantom material. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 1995;23(4):271-273. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870230413. PMID 7797668.
Tissues
| Tissue | Visual | Tactile | Simulator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle (soft tissue equivalent) | 2% w/v agar + 2.1% w/v silica dioxide + 40% v/v evaporated milk - the source's stated muscle-tissue recipe, giving a total attenuation coefficient of 0.99 +/- 0.08 dB/cm-MHz. Its companion brain recipe is 2% agar / 1.2% silica dioxide / 25% evaporated milk at 0.59 +/- 0.05 dB/cm-MHz. The silica dioxide sets the scattering; the evaporated milk sets the absorption. Note: the paper's own abstract prints the muscle silica figure as 2%, while its Results, Table 2 and Conclusions all print 2.1%; the 2.1% figure is used here because three places carry it against the abstract's one.[1] The same gel is characterised further by Drakos et al.[2] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Menikou G, Damianou C. Acoustic and thermal characterization of agar based phantoms used for evaluating focused ultrasound exposures. Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound 2017;5:14. DOI: 10.1186/s40349-017-0093-z. PMID 28572977. PMC PMC5452295.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Drakos T, Antoniou A, Evripidou N, Alecou T, Giannakou M, Menikou G, Constantinides G, Damianou C. Ultrasonic attenuation of an agar, silicon dioxide, and evaporated milk gel phantom. Journal of Medical Ultrasound 2021;29(4):239-249. DOI: 10.4103/JMU.JMU_145_20. PMID 35127403. PMC PMC8772477.
| Authors | Arturopelayo |
|---|---|
| License | CC-BY-SA-4.0 |
| Cite as | Arturopelayo (2026). "TissueDB/Materials/Evaporated Milk". Appropedia. Retrieved August 22, 2026. |