Clearer Definitions[edit source]
I think we need to better define a lot of things. How were the different regions chosen? By biodiversity, climate, culture, ecoregion, culture?
Also, importantly, it's not clear what primary, secondary, and supplementary/tertiary really means. Perhaps we'd be better off if we just made categories like sweetener crop, herb/spice/preservative crop, cash crop, cereal crop, staple crop, feed (animal feed) crop, oil crops, and entheogenic/narcotic crops (caffeine, weed, psychedelic, alcoholic, etc).
- I agree. I would love if these definitions were based on some peer reviewed definitions! I am excited to see what you are developing here. Feel free to change it significantly, especially with some good citations. --Lonny (talk) 16:37, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
To be added[edit source]
- Momordica charantia
- Cyclanthera pedata
- Parmentiera edulis
KVDP 09:39, 23 July 2013 (UTC)
Reformatting the table[edit source]
What do you think of a format more like this? It would reduce the need for excessive explaining of what all the codes and formats mean
Region | Importance | Use | Crops |
---|---|---|---|
East Asia | Primary | Protein | soybean [1], wild Azuki bean[2][3], wild rice bean[4] |
Carbohydrate | rice, foxtail millet [5][6] | ||
Secondary | tea bush [7] | ||
Supplementary | monk fruit [8][9] | ||
Oceania | Primary | Carbohydrate | yam[10], swamp taro [11] |
Secondary | great morinda [12], common nutmeg[13] | ||
Supplementary | sugarcane [14], Arenga palm[15], Asian Palmyra Palm [16], Nypa fruticans [17], True Sago Palm (for palm sugar production)[18], New Guinea Palmyra Palm[19][20] | ||
coconut [21] | |||
Central Asia | Primary | Protein | Moringa oleifera [22], broad bean[23][24]Moth bean [25][26], Horse Gram[27][28]Guar bean, [29][30]wild Mung bean [31], Wild pigeon pea [32], Black gram[33]wild Velvet bean [34][35] |
Carbohydrate | taro [36] | ||
Secondary | black pepper [37], Hibiscus sabdariffa [38], lemon grass [39], Ceylon cinnamon [40], basil [41] | ||
Supplementary | Indian date palm (for palm sugar production)[42], Caryota urens [43] | ||
West Asia and South Europe | Primary | Protein | oat [44][45], wild pea [46], wild chickpea[47], lentil [48] |
Carbohydrate | wheat, rye [49][50], wild parsnip[51] | ||
Secondary | rosemary [52], spear mint [53], dill [54], coriander [55], saffron [56], anise [57], black and white mustard [58] | ||
Supplementary | Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) [59][60] | ||
North Africa and South Africa | Primary | Protein | wild cow pea[61][62] |
Carbohydrate | pearl millet, barley [63][64] | ||
Secondary | Kola nut [65] | ||
Supplementary | African Palmyra Palm[66], Ake Assi's Palmyra Palm[67][68] | ||
Borassus madagascariensis[69][70] | |||
Central Africa | Primary | Protein | Wild hyacinth bean[71], White Wild Musk Mallow[72][73][74], Psophocarpus grandiflorus R. Wilczek[75][76] |
Carbohydrate | Sorghum bicolor, teff [77][78] | ||
Secondary | coffee plant (coffea arabica, coffea robusta)[79] | ||
North Europe, North Asia, and North America | Primary | Protein | Amaranthus hypochondriacus[80][81][82], American groundnut[83], wild tepary bean[84][85], slimjim bean [86] |
Flatpod peavine[87] | |||
Carbohydrate | Northern wild rice [88], Wild rice[89], Texas wild rice[90], Jerusalem artichoke[91][92] | ||
buckwheat[93][94], Manchurian wild rice[95] | |||
Secondary | sassafras albidum [96], Ephedra [97] | ||
rosa canina [98], small-leaved linden [99], valerian [100], chamomile [101], garlic/Allium longicuspis [102] | |||
Supplementary | birch (Betula papyrifera var. humilis and Betula neoalaskana)[103], sugar maple[104] | ||
honey (from Apis mellifera mellifera)[105][106][107], sweet cicely root[108],licorice [109] | |||
Central America | Primary | Protein | Amaranthus cruentus [110][111][112][113],wild runner bean[114][115] |
Carbohydrate | maize [116] | ||
Secondary | vanilla [117] | ||
Supplementary | sugar pine [118], Agave salmiana, Agave tequilana [119] | ||
South America (north) | Primary | Protein | quinoa [120][121][122], Amaranthus caudatus [123][124][125][126], lima bean [127][128], peanut, Lupinus piurensis[129][130][131] |
Carbohydate | potato [132] | ||
Secondary | Capsicum annuum [133], guarana [134] | ||
Supplementary | Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and other species [135][136], yacón syrup [137] | ||
South America (central) | Primary | Carbohydrate | cassava [138] |
South America (south) | Primary | Carbohydrate | sweet potato [139][140] |
Secondary | yerba maté [141] |
—The preceding comment was added by Tr3ndyBEAR (talk • contribs) 21:10, 11 March 2019
I'm going to change the page, but here's a copy of what it used to be:
Type of crops indicated in this article[edit source]
Primary crops: divided in primary crops carbohydrates (PC_C_) and primary crops protein (PC_P_). Both abbreviations are followed by a number to indicate the region. |
Secondary crops: abbreviation SC_ followed by a number to indicate the region. These are generally herbs, spices (most widely used kitchen herbs/spices) or crops for making beverages |
Supplementary (or tertiary) crops: TC_ followed by a number to indicate the region. These crops are generally sweet crops or sweeteners |
Not indicated crops[edit source]
Fruits or "quartary crops" are not indicated on this page. Quintary crops or vegetables are also not indicated. Separate maps of both can be found via the links below.
Regions[edit source]
Region 1: East-Asia |
Region 2: Oceania |
Region 3: Central-Asia |
Region 4: West-Asia & South-Europe |
Region 5: North-Africa & South-Africa |
Region 6: Central-Africa |
Region 7: North-Europe, North-Asia & North-America |
Region 8: Central-America |
Region 9: South-America (north) |
Region 10: South-America (central) |
Region 11: South-America (south) |
Names of the native crops[edit source]
PC_C_1: rice, foxtail millet [142][143] |
PC_P_1: soybean [144], wild Azuki bean[145][146], wild rice bean[147] |
SC_1: tea bush [148] |
TC_1: monk fruit [149][150] |
PC_C_2: yam[151], swamp taro [152] |
PC_P_2: |
SC_2: great morinda [153], common nutmeg[154] |
TC_2: sugarcane [155], Arenga palm[156], Asian Palmyra Palm [157], Nypa fruticans [158], True Sago Palm (for palm sugar production)[159], New Guinea Palmyra Palm[160][161] |
TC_2-1: coconut [162] |
PC_C_3: taro [163] |
PC_P_3: Moringa oleifera [164], broad bean[165][166]Moth bean [167][168], Horse Gram[169][170]Guar bean, [171][172]wild Mung bean [173], Wild pigeon pea [174], Black gram[175]wild Velvet bean [176][177] |
SC_3: black pepper [178], Hibiscus sabdariffa [179], lemon grass [180], Ceylon cinnamon [181], basil [182] |
TC_3: Indian date palm (for palm sugar production)[183], Caryota urens [184] |
PC_C_4: wheat, rye [185][186], wild parsnip[187] |
PC_P_4: oat [188][189], wild pea [190], wild chickpea[191], lentil [192] |
SC_4: rosemary [193], spear mint [194], dill [195], coriander [196], saffron [197], anise [198], black and white mustard [199] |
TC_4: Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) [200][201] |
PC_C_5: pearl millet, barley [202][203] |
PC_P_5: wild cow pea[204][205] |
SC_5: Kola nut [206] |
TC_5: African Palmyra Palm[207], Ake Assi's Palmyra Palm[208][209] |
TC_5-2:Borassus madagascariensis[210][211] |
PC_C_6: Sorghum bicolor, teff [212][213] |
PC_P_6: Wild hyacinth bean[214], White Wild Musk Mallow[215][216][217], Psophocarpus grandiflorus R. Wilczek[218][219] |
SC_6: coffee plant (coffea arabica, coffea robusta)[220] |
TC_6: |
PC_C_7: Northern wild rice [221], Wild rice[222], Texas wild rice[223], Jerusalem artichoke[224][225] |
PC_P_7: Amaranthus hypochondriacus[226][227][228], American groundnut[229], wild tepary bean[230][231], slimjim bean [232] |
SC_7: sassafras albidum [233], Ephedra [234] |
PC_C_7-2: buckwheat[235][236], Manchurian wild rice[237] |
PC_P_7-2: Flatpod peavine[238], |
SC_7-2: rosa canina [239], small-leaved linden [240], valerian [241], chamomile [242], garlic/Allium longicuspis [243] |
TC_7: birch (Betula papyrifera var. humilis and Betula neoalaskana)[244], sugar maple[245] |
TC_7-2: honey (from Apis mellifera mellifera)[246][247][248], sweet cicely root[249],licorice [250] |
PC_C_8: maize [251] |
PC_P_8: Amaranthus cruentus [252][253][254][255],wild runner bean[256][257] |
SC_8: vanilla [258] |
TC_8: sugar pine [259], Agave salmiana, Agave tequilana [260] |
PC_C_9: potato [261] |
PC_P_9: quinoa [262][263][264], Amaranthus caudatus [265][266][267][268], lima bean [269][270], peanut, Lupinus piurensis[271][272][273] |
SC_9: Capsicum annuum [274], guarana [275] |
TC_9: Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni and other species [276][277], yacón syrup [278] |
PC_C_10: cassava [279] |
PC_P_10: |
SC_10: |
TC_10: |
PC_C_11: sweet potato [280][281] |
PC_P_11: |
SC_11: yerba maté [282] |
TC_11: |
- ↑ Soybean's origin=Korea
- ↑ Vigna angularis var. nipponensis ancestor to Azuki bean
- ↑ Wild azuki bean native to Japan
- ↑ Vigna umbellata var.gracilis native to Southern China, near Vietnam
- ↑ Rice's origin= China, 3 locations along Yangtsekiang
- ↑ Foxtail millet origin=China (though somewhat more north than indicated)
- ↑ Tea bush (var. sinensis) native to western Yunnan, while C. sinensis var. assamica is native to the warmer parts of Assam (India)
- ↑ Monk fruit native to china, near taiwan
- ↑ Luo han guo
- ↑ Yam's origin=Indonesia
- ↑ Swamp taro origin=melanesia
- ↑ Great morinda native to Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Australia
- ↑ Common nutmeg native to the Banda Islands of Indonesia
- ↑ Sugarcane encompassing 37 species, indigenous to tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. Different species likely originated in different locations, with S. barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea
- ↑ Arenga pinnata palm native to tropical Asia, from eastern India east to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines in the east.
- ↑ Borassus flabellifer native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea, yet more dominant in region between Indonesia and Pakistan
- ↑ Nypa fruticans native within the Indomalaya ecozone -in southern Asia, Indochina, the Malesian region, and northern Australia-
- ↑ Metroxylon sagu native to western New Guinea
- ↑ Borassus heineanus native to New Guinea
- ↑ Borassus heineanus used probably as a same way as Borassus akeasi, so not for palm sugar
- ↑ Cocunut's origin: somewhere between northwest-South america and Melanesia
- ↑ Moringa oleifera native to northwestern India
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba Vicia faba has been cultivated since 6000 BC, unknown ancestor
- ↑ Vicia faba native to Afghanistan
- ↑ Phaseolus aconitifolius native to East India
- ↑ Moth bean can be consumed by humans
- ↑ Macrotyloma uniflorum native to India
- ↑ Horse Gram being high in protein content, can be consumed as seed or meal for humans
- ↑ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba native to northwest India
- ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/guar.html Guar bean rich in protein
- ↑ Vigna radiata var.sublobata native to India
- ↑ Cajanus cajan native to north-east India
- ↑ Vigna mungo var.silvestris native to India
- ↑ Mucuna pruriens having no ancestors
- ↑ Mucuna pruriens native to Southern China, near East India
- ↑ Taro origin=between India & Bangladesh
- ↑ Black pepper native to Western Ghats of Kerala State, India
- ↑ Hibiscus sabdariffa native to tropical Asia, from India to Malaysia
- ↑ Lemon grass species native to Southern India, Sri Lanka
- ↑ Ceylon cinnamon native to Sri Lanka
- ↑ Basil native to northeast India
- ↑ Indian date palm native to southern Pakistan, most of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
- ↑ Caryota urens native to Sri Lanka, Singapore, Myanmar, and India
- ↑ Oat origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Oat having high comparitive protein content, thus usable as PC_P crop
- ↑ Pisum sativum elatius native to Bulgaria - Mediterranean basin, Near East. Earliest archaeological finds of peas come from Neolithic Syria, Turkey and Jordan.
- ↑ Cicer reticulatum native to southeastern Turkey and Syria
- ↑ Lentils native to eastern Turkey, north Syria
- ↑ Wheat origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Rye origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Pastinaca sativa sylvestris native to Eurasia, primarily east Europe (Ukraine, Azerbaijan)
- ↑ Rosemary native to the Mediterranean area
- ↑ Mentha cordifolia native to much of Europe and southwest Asia
- ↑ Dill native to southern Russia/East Europe
- ↑ Coriander native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa
- ↑ Saffron native to Southwest Asia, near Greece
- ↑ Anise native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia
- ↑ Black mustard native to southern Mediterranean region, white mustard (sinapis alba) native to the Mediterranean region and the Crimea
- ↑ Date palm native to Persian Gulf, near Syria
- ↑ Note that other data palms too exist, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(plant) yet not all are used for human consumption
- ↑ Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata var spontanea ancestor of cow pea
- ↑ Wild cow pea native to West Africa, native to savanna
- ↑ Pearl millet origin=West Africa, near the Sahel strip
- ↑ Barley origin=Egypt
- ↑ Kola nut native to the tropical forests of West Africa
- ↑ Borassus aethiopum native to Sudan and the whole northern Sahelian border, in particular in the east an in savannah vegetation
- ↑ Borassus akeassii native to West Africa, ie Burkina Faso
- ↑ Borassus akeassii mainly used for preparing drinks, not for palm sugar
- ↑ Borassus madagascariensis native to Madagascar
- ↑ Sambirano Palmyra Palm also exists in Madagascar yet has no particular use, ref:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables by G. J. H. Grubben
- ↑ Lablab purpureus subsp. uncinatus native to East Africa
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus ancestor of Abelmoschus esculentus
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus native to Ethiopia
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus bearing edible fruit
- ↑ Psophocarpus grandiflorus ancestor to Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
- ↑ Psophocarpus grandiflorus native to east Africa (area between Ethiopia and Uganda)
- ↑ Origin sorghum bicolor= between Ehiopia & Sudan (also named Sudanese grass)
- ↑ Teff origin=Ethiopia
- ↑ Coffee native to Ethiopia
- ↑ Compararing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus hypochondricus origin=North America
- ↑ Apios americana native to eastern southern, central North America
- ↑ [http://web.archive.org/web/20130118083500/http://www.seedsofchange.com/enewsletter/issue_56/tepary_beans.aspx Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray native to Sonoran desert
- ↑ No ancestors of tepary bean
- ↑ Phaeseolus filiformis native to Sonoran desert
- ↑ Lathyrus cicera native to south-east Europe, ancestor of Lathyrus sativa
- ↑ Zizania palustris native to Great lakes region, USA
- ↑ Zizania aquatica native to Saint Lawrence River, USA
- ↑ Zizania texana native to San Marcos River in central Texas, USA
- ↑ Helianthus tuberosus native to eastern Canada and northeastern USA
- ↑ Helianthus tuberosus as ancestor of sunflower
- ↑ Buckwheat origin=northern hemisphere
- ↑ http://www.cliffordawright.com/caw/food/entries/display.php/topic_id/9/id/122/ Buckwheat origin=between Lac Baikal & Manchuria]
- ↑ Zizania latifolia native to Manchuria, China
- ↑ Sassafras albidum native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas
- ↑ Ephedra funerea, Ephedra viridis and Ephedra nevadensis native to Nevada, California
- ↑ Rosa canina native to Europe, including Britain, northwest Africa and western Asia
- ↑ small-leaved linden native to much of Europe and western Asia
- ↑ Valerian native to Europe and parts of Asia
- ↑ chamomile native to Europe and Western Asia
- ↑ Allium longicuspis native to central and southwestern Asia
- ↑ Betula papyrifera var. humilis and Betula neoalaskana native to Alaska, northern Canada
- ↑ Sugar maple (used to make maple syrup) native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario, and south to Georgia and Texas.
- ↑ Apis florea and Apis andreniformis native to South and South East Asia (including the Philippines)
- ↑ Apis mellifera mellifera native to East-Europe
- ↑ Apis mellifera having 14 subspecies, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeybee and http://www.imkerpedia.nl/wiki/index.php/Ondersoorten_van_de_Apis_mellifera
- ↑ Sweet cicely native to Europe
- ↑ Licorice native to southeastern Europe, near Romania/Bulgaria
- ↑ Compararing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus cruentus origin=Central America
- ↑ Amaranthus cruentus origin=Central America
- ↑ Phaseolus formosus Kunth. ancestor of Phaseolus coccineus
- ↑ Phaseolus formosus Kunth. native to region between north Mexico and Panama
- ↑ Maize's origin=Mexico
- ↑ Vanilla native to Mexico
- ↑ Sugar pine native to the mountains of the Pacific coast of North America, from Oregon through California to Baja California
- ↑ Agave salmiana and Agave tequilana native to central Mexico
- ↑ Quinoa indigenous to Peru, protein content=14g/100g serving
- ↑ Quinoa origin=around Lake Titicaca
- ↑ Quinoa having high comparitive protein content, hence useful as PC_P_ crop
- ↑ Comparing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus caudatus origin=Peru
- ↑ Amaranthus causates origin=south America
- ↑ Phaseolus lunatus origin=Andes
- ↑ Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet ancestor of Lima bean
- ↑ [www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf Lupinus piurensis ancestor of Lupinus mutabilis]
- ↑ Lupinus piurensis native to the western slopes of the Andes, Peru
- ↑ Lupinus piurensis bearing edible plant parts, after treatment
- ↑ Potato origin=Peru
- ↑ Capsicum species having a common ancestor which originated somewhere in the northwest Brazil - Colombia area
- ↑ Guarana native to the Amazon, in the region of Manaus and Parintins
- ↑ Stevia encompassing 240 species, native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America
- ↑ Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni is native to Paraguay
- ↑ Yacón native to lower Andes/Peru
- ↑ Cassava origin= west-central Brazil
- ↑ Sweet potato origin=South America
- ↑ Cassava's origin
- ↑ Yerba maté native to subtropical South America in northeastern Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay
- ↑ Rice's origin= China, 3 locations along Yangtsekiang
- ↑ Foxtail millet origin=China (though somewhat more north than indicated)
- ↑ Soybean's origin=Korea
- ↑ Vigna angularis var. nipponensis ancestor to Azuki bean
- ↑ Wild azuki bean native to Japan
- ↑ Vigna umbellata var.gracilis native to Southern China, near Vietnam
- ↑ Tea bush (var. sinensis) native to western Yunnan, while C. sinensis var. assamica is native to the warmer parts of Assam (India)
- ↑ Monk fruit native to china, near taiwan
- ↑ Luo han guo
- ↑ Yam's origin=Indonesia
- ↑ Swamp taro origin=melanesia
- ↑ Great morinda native to Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Australia
- ↑ Common nutmeg native to the Banda Islands of Indonesia
- ↑ Sugarcane encompassing 37 species, indigenous to tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia. Different species likely originated in different locations, with S. barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea
- ↑ Arenga pinnata palm native to tropical Asia, from eastern India east to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines in the east.
- ↑ Borassus flabellifer native along the entire northern shores of the Indian Ocean, from the mouth of the Tigris to New Guinea, yet more dominant in region between Indonesia and Pakistan
- ↑ Nypa fruticans native within the Indomalaya ecozone -in southern Asia, Indochina, the Malesian region, and northern Australia-
- ↑ Metroxylon sagu native to western New Guinea
- ↑ Borassus heineanus native to New Guinea
- ↑ Borassus heineanus used probably as a same way as Borassus akeasi, so not for palm sugar
- ↑ Cocunut's origin: somewhere between northwest-South america and Melanesia
- ↑ Taro origin=between India & Bangladesh
- ↑ Moringa oleifera native to northwestern India
- ↑ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicia_faba Vicia faba has been cultivated since 6000 BC, unknown ancestor
- ↑ Vicia faba native to Afghanistan
- ↑ Phaseolus aconitifolius native to East India
- ↑ Moth bean can be consumed by humans
- ↑ Macrotyloma uniflorum native to India
- ↑ Horse Gram being high in protein content, can be consumed as seed or meal for humans
- ↑ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba native to northwest India
- ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/guar.html Guar bean rich in protein
- ↑ Vigna radiata var.sublobata native to India
- ↑ Cajanus cajan native to north-east India
- ↑ Vigna mungo var.silvestris native to India
- ↑ Mucuna pruriens having no ancestors
- ↑ Mucuna pruriens native to Southern China, near East India
- ↑ Black pepper native to Western Ghats of Kerala State, India
- ↑ Hibiscus sabdariffa native to tropical Asia, from India to Malaysia
- ↑ Lemon grass species native to Southern India, Sri Lanka
- ↑ Ceylon cinnamon native to Sri Lanka
- ↑ Basil native to northeast India
- ↑ Indian date palm native to southern Pakistan, most of India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
- ↑ Caryota urens native to Sri Lanka, Singapore, Myanmar, and India
- ↑ Wheat origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Rye origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Pastinaca sativa sylvestris native to Eurasia, primarily east Europe (Ukraine, Azerbaijan)
- ↑ Oat origin=Fertile Crescent, Near East
- ↑ Oat having high comparitive protein content, thus usable as PC_P crop
- ↑ Pisum sativum elatius native to Bulgaria - Mediterranean basin, Near East. Earliest archaeological finds of peas come from Neolithic Syria, Turkey and Jordan.
- ↑ Cicer reticulatum native to southeastern Turkey and Syria
- ↑ Lentils native to eastern Turkey, north Syria
- ↑ Rosemary native to the Mediterranean area
- ↑ Mentha cordifolia native to much of Europe and southwest Asia
- ↑ Dill native to southern Russia/East Europe
- ↑ Coriander native to southwestern Asia west to north Africa
- ↑ Saffron native to Southwest Asia, near Greece
- ↑ Anise native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia
- ↑ Black mustard native to southern Mediterranean region, white mustard (sinapis alba) native to the Mediterranean region and the Crimea
- ↑ Date palm native to Persian Gulf, near Syria
- ↑ Note that other data palms too exist, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(plant) yet not all are used for human consumption
- ↑ Pearl millet origin=West Africa, near the Sahel strip
- ↑ Barley origin=Egypt
- ↑ Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata var spontanea ancestor of cow pea
- ↑ Wild cow pea native to West Africa, native to savanna
- ↑ Kola nut native to the tropical forests of West Africa
- ↑ Borassus aethiopum native to Sudan and the whole northern Sahelian border, in particular in the east an in savannah vegetation
- ↑ Borassus akeassii native to West Africa, ie Burkina Faso
- ↑ Borassus akeassii mainly used for preparing drinks, not for palm sugar
- ↑ Borassus madagascariensis native to Madagascar
- ↑ Sambirano Palmyra Palm also exists in Madagascar yet has no particular use, ref:Plant Resources of Tropical Africa: Vegetables by G. J. H. Grubben
- ↑ Origin sorghum bicolor= between Ehiopia & Sudan (also named Sudanese grass)
- ↑ Teff origin=Ethiopia
- ↑ Lablab purpureus subsp. uncinatus native to East Africa
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus ancestor of Abelmoschus esculentus
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus native to Ethiopia
- ↑ Abelmoschus ficulneus bearing edible fruit
- ↑ Psophocarpus grandiflorus ancestor to Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
- ↑ Psophocarpus grandiflorus native to east Africa (area between Ethiopia and Uganda)
- ↑ Coffee native to Ethiopia
- ↑ Zizania palustris native to Great lakes region, USA
- ↑ Zizania aquatica native to Saint Lawrence River, USA
- ↑ Zizania texana native to San Marcos River in central Texas, USA
- ↑ Helianthus tuberosus native to eastern Canada and northeastern USA
- ↑ Helianthus tuberosus as ancestor of sunflower
- ↑ Compararing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus hypochondricus origin=North America
- ↑ Apios americana native to eastern southern, central North America
- ↑ [http://web.archive.org/web/20130118083500/http://www.seedsofchange.com/enewsletter/issue_56/tepary_beans.aspx Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray native to Sonoran desert
- ↑ No ancestors of tepary bean
- ↑ Phaeseolus filiformis native to Sonoran desert
- ↑ Sassafras albidum native to eastern North America, from southern Maine and southern Ontario west to Iowa, and south to central Florida and eastern Texas
- ↑ Ephedra funerea, Ephedra viridis and Ephedra nevadensis native to Nevada, California
- ↑ Buckwheat origin=northern hemisphere
- ↑ http://www.cliffordawright.com/caw/food/entries/display.php/topic_id/9/id/122/ Buckwheat origin=between Lac Baikal & Manchuria]
- ↑ Zizania latifolia native to Manchuria, China
- ↑ Lathyrus cicera native to south-east Europe, ancestor of Lathyrus sativa
- ↑ Rosa canina native to Europe, including Britain, northwest Africa and western Asia
- ↑ small-leaved linden native to much of Europe and western Asia
- ↑ Valerian native to Europe and parts of Asia
- ↑ chamomile native to Europe and Western Asia
- ↑ Allium longicuspis native to central and southwestern Asia
- ↑ Betula papyrifera var. humilis and Betula neoalaskana native to Alaska, northern Canada
- ↑ Sugar maple (used to make maple syrup) native to the hardwood forests of northeastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to southern Ontario, and south to Georgia and Texas.
- ↑ Apis florea and Apis andreniformis native to South and South East Asia (including the Philippines)
- ↑ Apis mellifera mellifera native to East-Europe
- ↑ Apis mellifera having 14 subspecies, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeybee and http://www.imkerpedia.nl/wiki/index.php/Ondersoorten_van_de_Apis_mellifera
- ↑ Sweet cicely native to Europe
- ↑ Licorice native to southeastern Europe, near Romania/Bulgaria
- ↑ Maize's origin=Mexico
- ↑ Compararing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus cruentus origin=Central America
- ↑ Amaranthus cruentus origin=Central America
- ↑ Phaseolus formosus Kunth. ancestor of Phaseolus coccineus
- ↑ Phaseolus formosus Kunth. native to region between north Mexico and Panama
- ↑ Vanilla native to Mexico
- ↑ Sugar pine native to the mountains of the Pacific coast of North America, from Oregon through California to Baja California
- ↑ Agave salmiana and Agave tequilana native to central Mexico
- ↑ Potato origin=Peru
- ↑ Quinoa indigenous to Peru, protein content=14g/100g serving
- ↑ Quinoa origin=around Lake Titicaca
- ↑ Quinoa having high comparitive protein content, hence useful as PC_P_ crop
- ↑ Comparing protein crops
- ↑ Amaranth high in nutrients, useful as PC_P crop
- ↑ Amaranthus caudatus origin=Peru
- ↑ Amaranthus causates origin=south America
- ↑ Phaseolus lunatus origin=Andes
- ↑ Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester Baudet ancestor of Lima bean
- ↑ [www.systbot.uzh.ch/static/personen/colin_hughes_assets/Lupinus.pdf Lupinus piurensis ancestor of Lupinus mutabilis]
- ↑ Lupinus piurensis native to the western slopes of the Andes, Peru
- ↑ Lupinus piurensis bearing edible plant parts, after treatment
- ↑ Capsicum species having a common ancestor which originated somewhere in the northwest Brazil - Colombia area
- ↑ Guarana native to the Amazon, in the region of Manaus and Parintins
- ↑ Stevia encompassing 240 species, native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America
- ↑ Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni is native to Paraguay
- ↑ Yacón native to lower Andes/Peru
- ↑ Cassava origin= west-central Brazil
- ↑ Sweet potato origin=South America
- ↑ Cassava's origin
- ↑ Yerba maté native to subtropical South America in northeastern Argentina, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay