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Remark: image 3 still incorrect, will correct this soon
Filler material
Batteries can have either lead oxide (PbO) or lead tetroxide (Pb3O4) as positive filler material.
Repair
Only the positive plates and filler material are damaged (and not the negative ones) when the life expectancy of the battery has been passed.Thus, generally, only these plates will need to be replaced. Any other parts of the battery will not.[1]