Editing CCAT greenhouse rainwater catchment

[[File:Rightnowupdate.jpg|thumb]]

{{Project data
| authors = User:Jknapp, User:Markdanielfarrell, User:Spiderwick chic22, User:Kds20, User:Iar13
| cost = USD 146.98
| status = Deployed
| instance-of = Rainwater catchment
| location = Arcata, California
}}

The Greenhouse Rainwater Catchment System is introduced to CCAT through ENGR 305: Appropriate Technology. The purpose of the system is to supply water over the summer to the Greenhouse plants through the Storage Tanks and the Hugelkulture bed through the Overflow. The building and materials of the system are simple consisting of only 8 parts! The parts being: Catchment Surface, Gutter, Filtration, First Flush, Conveyance, Storage, End Use, and Overflow. This system is designed to ensure Appropriate Technology standards that are locally sourced, communally accessible, and environmentally less harmful than conventional, industrial water systems in the United States.

{{Video|6LO2qCWzMf8&}}

== Background ==

Outside CCAT sits a sloping glass greenhouse. Many changes have occurred in and around the structure during its time at the Campus Center for Appropriate Technology including separation from the main building, construction of a new wall using beach grass as insulation, and a floor reconstruction that's occurring concurrently with our project to build a rainwater catchment system for the greenhouse. CCAT wanted a rainwater catchment system to be built off the greenhouse to catch the rain that would just run down the building and into the ground below. The water captured from the rain will ensure that the plant life at CCAT will be adequately watered when necessary.

'''The CCAT Greenhouse as of February 21st 2019'''

<center>
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="275" perrow="3">

File:GreenhausB4.jpg|thumb|left|The CCAT Greenhouse when facing North West
File:Background1.jpg|thumb|left|The CCAT Greenhouse when facing East
File:GreenhausB4(2).jpg|thumb|left|The CCAT Greenhouse when facing West
</gallery><center>

== Problem Statement & Criteria ==

The greenhouse at the CCAT doesn't have a sustainable system to ensure the flourishing of the plants inside. The objective of this project is to build a rainwater catchment system for the greenhouse at CCAT to employ the use of our local weather patterns to water the plants within and outside of the greenhouse. Through this, CCAT can reduce its carbon footprint and create a sustainable resource to utilize.

'''Below is the criteria for the greenhouse rainwater catchment system. The criteria are scaled from 0 - 10, 10 being the most important.'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Criteria
! Constraints
! Weight<br>(1-10)
|-
| Functionality
| System is expected to run efficiently and effectively
| 9
|-
| Safety
| Must be in a secure location where it is easily accessible, also must be out of walkways, doorways, and head space
| 10
|-
| Aesthetics
| Must be pleasing to look at and enhance the CCAT environment
| 5
|-
| Budget
| Project will not exceed the team budget
| 7
|-
| Durability
| Must be compatible with the structure
| 8
|-
| Adaptable/Maintenance
| The structure should be able to be adjusted and mended
| 7
|-
| Accessibility
| Filtered rainwater should be easily accessible
| 7
|-
| Pairability
| Repair greenhouse cracks
| 6
|-
| Simplicity
| Weight should be minimal
| 5
|-
| Purpose
| Successfully captures and stores rainwater, educate, and be used for a solar shower
| 10
|}

== Literary Review ==

This Literature Review will cover the necessary knowledge for our greenhouse rainwater catchment at CCAT. Including, the climate for the area, filtration types to use, CCAT background, and overall design of rainwater catchments.

=== Rainwater Catchment Design ===

Rainwater design has been worked with for millennia. Ancient civilizations in modern day India and Israel are recorded using catchment methods as early as 3000 BC. Later on, the Romans developed vast systems of aqueducts, gardens, and pools all fed by rainwater. Since then rainwater catchment has gone into and out of style many times as other technologies developed, but it remains a reliable and sustainable way of accessing and storing water. There is no one way to catch rainwater and design varies depending on many different variables including location, weather patterns, end usage, community utilization, etc.

The parameters for these systems are rainfall, catchment area, collection efficiency, tank volume, and water demand. Systems should be tailored specifically to the community they're serving, so a good place to start your design process is on the ground with the people who will be using it.

Catchment design can be broadly categorized into active and passive systems. Active is a system that is built and maintained through human activity. Passive is a system mostly in place in the environment that is initially worked on and then maintained by humans. We'll focus on active systems as the project we are working on will fall into that category.

For active systems, there are some fundamental components.

{| class="wikitable"
! Component
! Description
|-
| Catchment Surface
| Where the rain is falling
|-
| Conveyance
| Transports water from catchment surface to end use
|-
| Screens
| Filters out debris
|-
| First Flush
| Diverts initial most dirty water
|-
| Storage
| Holds water til later use
|-
| Overflow
| Allows excess water to go into Hugelkulture
|-
| End Use
| Water Plants in Greenhouse!
|}

For each of these components there are different materials and technologies you can use.

=== Climate ===

This project takes place at CCAT located on the campus of Cal Poly Humboldt in Arcata, Californa. Arcata receives about 46 inches of annual average rainfall with an annual average temperature of about 53 degrees Fahrenheit. The city receives its most rain during the months of November, December, January, and February. An average year in Arcata receives 175 days of sun and on average, 77 days of precipitation.

=== CCAT Greenhouse ===

The CCAT greenhouse is located outside of the CCAT building. The greenhouse is constructed of a Beach Grass Clay Slip Wall and a Sturdi-Built prefabricated greenhouse structure. The frame is made of redwood, which is resistant to decay. Preventing decay in a greenhouse structure should be cheap, effective, and non-toxic to plants and animals. The highest recommended solution against wood rot is a redwood stain. With the high amount of rainfall that is present in Humboldt County, it is important to ensure the structure is secure. During the Summer the greenhouse requires additional water. In addition to the greenhouse, water is needed to care for surrounding plants and crops. Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. By cutting down the overall water needs for CCAT's agriculture and greenhouse, it can become a high opportunity for a positive environmental impact.

=== Water Filtration Systems ===

Filtration for our system involves a series of mesh filters that catch debris. The first of these is found at the end of the gutter system. It's an angled black funnel with mesh silicone to the rim; as rainwater falls from the gutter, it passes through the mesh while larger debris is reflected and bounce off. The second filtration system is the mesh lid leading to the first storage tank. This final filtration guarantees that no larger debris end up in the storage system.

== Construction ==

In this section, we will be going over the construction of the the project. This will include some of the design stage, the prototypes that were created and though of, construction of the rainwater catchment system, and finally the final results.

<gallery>
Image:construction1.jpg|Mark and Jeff discussing various ideas for the rainwater catchment system ''design stage''
Image:construction2.jpg|Mark asking if his ideas are making sense, they definitely were ''design stage''
Image:construction3.jpg|Mark holding a bamboo stuck in place of where we were imagining the conveyance ''prototype stage''
Image:construction4.jpg|Mark holding bamboo in a different spot ''prototype stage''
Image:con8.jpg|The decided place for the gutter system to be placed ''prototype stage''
Image:con5.jpg|Trying different placements for the storage units ''prototype stage''
Image:con6.jpg|Different placement for the storage of the caught rainwater ''prototype stage''
Image:con7.jpg|Originally we had the storage units on a wood pallet, this didn't last because the weight of the storage proved to be too much for the integrity of the wood ''prototype stage''
Image:con4.5.jpg|Conveyance system that was found at CCAT that we were able to reuse for this project ''construction''
Image:con9.jpg|The gutter system ending over the placement of the conveyance system so the water flows directly into it ''construction''
Image:con10.jpg|The final placement of conveyance system for the project ''final design''
Image:con11.jpg|A prototype Jeff created for end piece of gutter system ''prototype stage''
Image:con12.jpg|Gabi standing next to storage tanks on the prototype platform ''prototype stage''
Image:con13.jpg|The final solution for the ending gutter piece ''final design''
Image:con14.jpg|The final gutter system and placement 'final design''
Image:con15.jpg|The final placement of the overflow which waters the hugelkulture ''final design''
Image:con15 (1).jpg|The final placement of the overflow, first flush, and one storage tank ''final design''
Image:con16.jpg|The bottom of the first flush with a drainage hole to empty the water in the first flush ''final design''
Image:con17.jpg|Flexseal on the bottom of one of the storage tanks ''construction''
Image:con18.jpg|The lid on one of the storage tanks which was created out of screen so people could see inside the water storage tanks ''final design''
Image:con19.jpg|A connector creation we made to hold the conveyance system to the greenhouse ''design stage''
Image:con20.jpg|A different connector we used to secure the conveyance system to the greenhouse ''design stage''
Image:con21.jpg|The screen that was placed in order to diverge any debris that tries to enter the system ''final design''
Image:con22.jpg|Signage that Gabi painted for educational purposes ''construction''
Image:mark123.jpg|Mark hanging the sign he created in order to educate those who see the project ''construction''
Image:con24.jpg|The connection piece between the two systems to ensure maximum water storage abilities ''construction''
Image:con25.jpg|The rocks that were collected from Mad River and bricks that were used in order to support the storage tanks ''final design''
Image:con26.jpg|The spicket people are able to use in order to use the rainwater that has been collected by the system ''final design''
</gallery>

== Timeline ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Task
! Description
! Proposed Date
! Actual Date
|-
| Scope out project area
| Get a feel for the space, start to come up with prototype ideas
| February 26th, 2019
| March 5th, 2019
|-
| Create prototypes
| Come up with different routes to take on this project, focus on placement of rainwater system components, design for desire and function
| March 12th, 2019
| March 12th, 2019
|-
| Meet with CCAT
| Talk with them about their goals of the rainwater catchment and discover end goals of rainwater
| March 26th, 2019
| March 27th, 2019
|-
| Weekly CCAT meetings
| Attend weekly CCAT meetings to discuss project progress, improvements, and feedback
| Weekly
| Weekly
|-
| Start to gather materials
| Look through supplies at CCAT and find things that we can use for the catchment system
| March 12th, 2019
| March 27th, 2019
|-
| Meet with Risk Management
| Lonny ended up becoming the spokesperson when it came to facilities management and met with them on our behalf
| April 1st, 2019
| Varies
|-
| Start construction
| Break ground on our project, brought in river rocks
| March 26th, 2019
| April 4th, 2019
|-
| Continue construction
| Continue to build rainwater catchment system, keep adding to system and striving for excellence
| April 2nd, 2019
| April 5th, 2019
|-
| Meeting with Lonny
| Have Lonny come look at the progress of the project and provide any feedback, feedback included getting rid of the wood pallet that the storage tanks were on
| April 9th, 2019
| April 9th, 2019
|-
| Catch up with other groups
| Get updates and progress reports, help each other if possible and learn from one another to improve everyone's projects as much as possible to ensure a positive working/learning environment
| April 16th, 2019
| May 1st, 2019
|-
| Finish presentation and Video
| Ensure that the video shows all attributes of the system and clearly communicates the project, the goal, and the design
| April 30th, 2019
| May 13th, 2019
|-
| Work on Appropedia final draft
| Make sure formatting is clean, clear, and to the point
| April 30th, 2019
| May 13th, 2019
|-
| Wrap-up construction and finishing touches
| Make sure that the project works and is completed to the best of the teams abilities
| May 7th, 2019
| May 15th, 2019
|}

== Operation ==

Rainwater falls on the greenhouse roof and runs down to the gutter, where it is collected and diverted towards the storage containers. Before it gets to the storage tanks the water falls onto a screened funnel that filters out larger debris and concentrates the flow down the conveyance system. Next, the water falls into the first flush which fills with the first and most polluted portion of the rainwater. The first flush contains a ping pong ball and as it fills, the ping pong ball rises and then plugs the opening, sealing the first flush and allowing the water to then flow into the storage tanks. The water will then fill the storage tanks (which are connected by a pipe at the bottom, so they fill at equal speeds) and become accessible to the grounds staff at CCAT.

== Budget ==

Costs for materials bought throughout the project that were required to complete the project to best of our ability.

{| class="wikitable"
! Quantity
! Material
! Source
! Cost ($)
! Total ($)
|-
| 2, 10ft pieces
| ABS pipe
| Ace
| align="right"| 11.99
| align="right"| 23.98
|-
| 5
| Fittings, Elbows, Spicket
| Ace
| align="right"| 4.50
| align="right"| 22.50
|-
| 1
| Storage Tank. Two 50 Gal fixing leaking
| CCAT Donation, Ace
| align="right"| 15.00
| align="right"| 25.00
|-
| 1
| First Flush Materials (Cap, ball, ABS Glue)
| Ace
| align="right"| 20.00
| align="right"| 20.00
|-
| 1
| Filter&Funnel
| CCAT Donation, Ace
| align="right"| 5.00
| align="right"| 5.00
|-
| 2
| Gutter, Fix Leaks, gutter tape
| CCAT Donation, Ace
| align="right"| 20.00
| align="right"| 40.00
|-
| 1
| Silicon
| Hamanaka Painting
| align="right"| Donation
| align="right"| Donation
|-
| 1
| Nails
| CCAT Donation
| align="right"| Free
| align="right"| Free
|-
| 1
| Aesthetics
| TBD
| align="right"| 10.00
| align="right"| 10.00
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" align="right" | '''Total Cost'''
| align="right"| '''$146.98'''
|}

== Maintenance ==

System should be inspected every few months to make sure that there are no leaks. If the system has any holes the water will find them and make them apparent.

Make sure that the screen over the funnel is cleaned off whenever there is a large amount of debris of leaves covering the screen. If the screen gets covered, it makes it harder for the water to make its way to the first flush, through convenience and ultimately to the storage units.

Check gutters for any plant matter, such as twigs, sticks, and leaves, to make certain that all the water you are catching can make it's way uninterrupted through the system.

== Conclusion ==

The process of conceptualizing, designing, and implementing this rainwater catchment system has been… a time. Looking back, there are many things we would have done differently. That being said, we are proud of the work that was done and approve of the system in place today. If we were to reconstruct this system, we would ensure our gutter system is correctly assembled (or better yet have the gutter be one continuous piece) and angled before officially attaching it to the Greenhouse. We also would have liked to use more solidified and standard rainwater catchment tanks. Our tanks were based out of up-cycled pickle barrels that took more effort in transforming than we had anticipated. This brings us to what the next steps are for this system. Make sure the system is inspected regularly for leaks and clogging. The funnel at the top of the conveyance system will need to be periodically cleaned and the first flush is detachable in order to allow future moderators to inspect it. Furthermore, there is a small leak where the first flush connects to the larger conveyance system that moderators should be aware of. Our main focus for this project was education, and we feel that we have provided a clear and practical understanding of rainwater catchment systems.

== Update September 2019 ==

The purpose of the greenhouse rainwater catchment system was to catch the rainwater along the catchment surface of the greenhouse. The water that falls onto the catchment system is then transferred along the gutter, into the initial filter, eventually being stored in the storage tank for future usage.The water that is collected is not solely used for watering the plants inside the greenhouse. The stored water is used in the summer months for watering plants when the rain is low. Ideally, maintenance is performed once a month and does not take long, however, at this point in time it has not been top-priority for the CCAT staff.

Overall, the greenhouse rainwater catchment system has held up and is doing its job. The system is still relatively new, however, there are some components of the system that could be improved.

First, some parts of the system were not secure. The support system for the first flush is being held by two 2x4" wooden planks which are not secure. Additionally, the initial filter is not fastened by anything to the first flush, which meant it could fly off in adverse weather conditions. Overall, the rest of the support system was still intact and doing its job. The bricks and river imported rocks under the storage tanks were still upholding.

Second, the gutter's low points make it so that water has to be traveling at a certain speed for it to allow water to easily flow. It would be better to make adjustments to the gutter's low points, adjusting the low points to be at an even level. With a more even level, the water in the gutter would flow easier. Overall, the gutter was doing its job properly.

Third, the end usage was not user accessible. It was difficult to place a bucket underneath the water spouts to collect the rainwater. A potential solution that was discussed would be to either raise the end usage or to install a water hose onto the storage tanks. Installing a water hose onto the storage tanks was more likely to happen. Building an irrigation system that automatically waters the plants inside the greenhouse would be another potential solution.

<gallery>
Image:Rightnowupdate.jpg| The greenhouse rainwater catchment system as of September 2019.
Image:Overallwithroof.jpg| The greenhouse rainwater catchment system as of September 2019.
Image:Enduse2.jpg| The end use is not easily accessible.
Image:Enduse1.jpg| The end use is not easily accessible.
Image:Woodenplanx1.jpg| The support system under the first flush is held by two wooden planks. The support system is a hazard and not secure.
Image:Initialfilter123.jpg| The initial filter is not fastened to the first flush. It is easy for the filter to fly off if it is windy.
</gallery>

== Special Thanks ==

We want to thank Lonny Grafman for providing us with the in-person and knowledge to complete this Rainwater Catchment System. Through his support and skills, we were able to easily and successfully catch the rain. Through their "To Catch The Rain" book, our project was defined through a step by step process as to how to construct, use, and maintain the system. We are proud to call ourselves Appropriate Technology students at Cal Poly Humboldt.

== References ==

Kinkade-Levario, Heather ''Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse'' New Society Publishers, Jun 1, 2007

Grafman, Lonny ''To Catch The Rain'' Arcata. Cal Poly Humboldt Press, 2017

Mun, J.S. "Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: Definition, sensitivity and verification" ''Eleviser'' Volume 93, Issue 1 (2012)

* [[CCAT greenhouse/OM]]
* [[CCAT greenhouse]]
* [[CCAT Beach Grass Clay Slip Wall]]

{{Page data
| part-of = Engr305 Appropriate Technology
| keywords = Greenhouses, Agriculture, Solar, Construction, Sustainable farm energy alternatives, Gardening, CCAT, CCAT active project, Rainwater
| sdg = SDG06 Clean water and sanitation
| organizations = Cal Poly Humboldt, Campus Center for Appropriate Technology (CCAT)
}}

[[Category:Agriculture]]
[[Category:Solar]]
[[Category:Construction]]
[[Category:Sustainable farm energy alternatives]]
[[Category:Gardening]]
[[Category:CCAT]]
[[Category:CCAT active project]]
[[Category:Rainwater]]