CCAT Retaining Wall

Literature Review

Slope Erosion

Slope erosion is caused mainly by the effect of wind, ice and rain. In the Pacific Northwest, rainfall is the most important factor. ^[1]

Erosion can be controlled by reducing the runoff water going over the slope and by modifying site conditions. Those properties can include the soil type, the steepness and the size of the slope and the vegetal cover. ^[1]

The soil type of the hill cannot be modified, except superficially, so we are planning to concentrate our efforts on the profile of the slope, adding some plant cover and using some of the following techniques. The benefits of having a densely planted slop are numerous, the plant with its leaves, reduce the amount of rain touching the ground by absorption and evaporation. The roots help consolidate the hillside and keep soil particles together. ^[1]

Slope protection will have to be designed in function of the time variable. Some protection is going to be needed from the beginning and up to, hopefully, a long time to come. Using mulch in the beginning is interesting because its effect is instantaneous and it provide a cover for grass, which is the second element to offer protection. After a longer period shrubs and trees will have to develop new roots and consolidate the earth. ^[2]

Slope Erosion Control Methods

Seeding

Seeding is the easiest method and should be used in conjunction with other methods. After the seeds have been put in place, mulch should be put over the ground to protect the future seedlings from wind and water erosion. This technique is good for mild erosion and grass is relatively fast to grow so a shallow root layer is created to combat soil erosion. A diverse mix of native plants ranging from grass to shrubs and trees should be used.^[1]

Container Planting

This method is relatively fast, it is at leat faster than waiting for plants of an interesting size to grow from seed. It is considered good practice to group different plants together so the root system can be diverse. Also, if some species are less adapted to the conditions of the hill, the dominant ones will take over. This method is the most expensive.^[1]

Live Staking

If hardy woody plants are available, cuttings from those plants can be used as live stakings. 2 to 3 feet long stakes are inserted in the soil and eventually roots will grow and help support the hill. Species should be carefully selected because the stakes need to be taken from a shrub that roots easily.^[1]

Contour Wattling

This technique use live staking to support long wattle made of tree branches that are partially inserted in pre-excavated horizontal trenches following contour lines of the slope. This technique is efficient against high runoff water but is material and time consuming.^[1]

Ground Cover

Ground covers in the form of straw or mulch help to control erosion by reducing wind effects on soil particles the the ground. It also absorbs water during rainfall which helps reducing runoffs and their effects on the soil.

Construction

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