Editing Waste plastic extruder

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[[File:WastePlasticExtruder prototype.jpg|thumb|Completed waste plastic extruder for RepRap filament. Doesn't include spooling device]]

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''Note: The technology on this page is now out of date -- see [[Recyclebot v2.3|Recyclebot version 2.3]] for up-to-date information.''

Below is a modified abstract submitted for the Mech 461 presentation. Page content will be updated over the coming weeks.

Rapid prototypers allow for quick and accurate fabrication of products or scale models and are a useful production and design tool. Recently an open source model, the RepRap, has been developed which can be built for under $1000, greatly expanding the potential user base of rapid prototypers. It could feasibly be used as a small-scale manufacturing or sustainable development tool. The RepRap's plastic feedstock is one area where cost can still be reduced. A device was created by Web4Deb which turns waste plastic into a growth medium for plants. His device has been modified to create feedstock for the RepRap printer. A description and analysis of the design is presented including component properties, testing procedures and extrusion results. The success of this device would further enhance RepRap affordability by reducing operating costs. Filament production could also offer an alternative income source. In addition, it enables in-home plastic recycling with a usable byproduct. This has implications in the field of waste management as in-home recycling could avoid the greenhouse gas emissions and economic costs associated with municipal recycling programs by bypassing waste collection and transportation.

== Project Summary ==

As part of the Queen's University Mechanical Engineering course, Mech 461, I will be working on a device to convert household plastic waste into usable material to be fed into small scale rapid prototyping machines, such as the [[RepRap]], [[RapMan]] and [[Fab@home]] machines. Below is the official description for this project as advertised on the Mech 461 website..<ref>Pearce, J. ''Project Description: Design and Testing of a Waste Plastic Extruder for Open Source Rapid Prototyper''. Mech 461. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515105031/http://me.queensu.ca:80/courses/MECH461/ResearchProjects_000.php]<ref>=== Introduction ===

Traditionally, 3-D printing has been used for rapid prototyping, where good tolerances, durability and fast print times dominate the user requirements. For this reason, commercial rapid prototyping machines are used in many industries to make custom parts for design-stage products and are able to perform operations such as printing a working ball bearing using overhangs and two material deposition methods. Recently, the development of open-source rapid prototypers, such as the RepRap, have made rapid prototyping inexpensive enough to be accessible to home users and potentially useful for open source appropriate technology (OSAT). Commercial printers excel at rapidly producing high-tolerance representations of complex parts; however, they are far more expensive ($5000-$200,000) than the ~$1,000 RepRap. Also as proprietary rapid prototypers generally have proprietary feedstocks, they are also extremely expensive ($1/in3 to $4/in3), while ABS plastic, often used for the RepRap (www.reprap.org), is strikingly less expensive at $0.032/in3. The goal of this project is to push open source rapid prototypers even further – to use waste plastic as a feedstock rather than preformed ABS filament.

=== Scientific and Engineering Background ===

It is has been recently proposed that open source 3D printers could be used to drive sustainable development<ref>J. M Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko, "3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development", Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4), pp. 17-29 (2010). [http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/6984 | http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/6984]<ref>. For this to become realistic it is critical that feed stocks be developed from locally-available materials in order to prevent the erosion of cost advantages for local production. Using locally-available materials for fabricating OSAT not only ensures the community in question will be less dependent on foreign assistance if there are problems with the technology, but it also creates a sense of empowerment as technology is not handed out as a form of charity furthering dependence on foreign aid. This can be accomplished through the use of feedstocks created from waste products (e.g. plastic bags or bottles) or through the use of available local materials such as bio-polymers. The sheer abundance of plastics in household waste (including bags, bottles, food and entertainment packaging) is a reality in most non-rural communities, but this waste can be reused. A process could be used to create a waste-plastic filament for use in the RepRap. Thus a plastic extruder, which could heat the plastics and extrude them as a filament that can be used by the 3-D printer, is necessary. It should be noted that producing filament feedstock is a challenge as the diameter has to be precise and the filament must be very round (not oval) or the extruder will produce poor quality parts or jam as has been often encountered when RapMan owners buy replacement filament locally. A hopper-designed extruder may not be as dependent on the size properties of the material and also reliable advances in using pellet feed stock combined with a pelletizer is another option that can be explored.

=== Research Objective ===

The objective of this research project is to design, build and test an extruder for the RepRap that can take polymer waste as a feedstock.

== Literature Review ==

Please follow this link to access the full [[Waste Plastic Extruder: Literature Review]]. The review explores a range of literature on the subjects of open source rapid prototyping technology, waste plastic handling and recycling, material properties and extrusion technology, among others.

== Design ==

A description of the design, including detailed assembly instructions can be found below.

== Extruder ==

The design for the waste plastic extruder is heavily influenced by an extruder developed by "Web4Deb" (online username) which extrudes HDPE for use as a growth medium in aquaponics. Details of this design can be found at the [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106043757/http://web4deb.blogspot.com/2010/12/plastic-extruder-for-growing-media.html Web4Deb's blog] and on the device's [http://reprap.org/wiki/Web4Deb_extruder| RepRap wiki page]. It was decided this design would be used as a base and modified to produce 3mm filament for use with the RepRap or RapMan 3D printer.

The design has the following features. For more information refer to the [[#Assembly Instructions|Assembly Instructions section]].

* 3/4" (inner diameter) pipe for extruder barrel.
* divided into 3 individual sections to be assemble together (gearing, hopper and heating).
* 3/4"-17" ship bore auger - inserted in barrel.
* hopper welded to hopper section. Shredded plastic inserted here.
* auger turned using windshield wiper motor (used model from 1994 Dodge Neon)
* chain and sprocket drive train, 2:1 ratio (reduces speed, increases torque).
* thrust bearing/washer assembly to constrain movement in the axial direction and counter force applied to the auger when transporting the plastic.
* heating section (described below) and die with 3mm opening.

=== Heating Section ===

* 14 gauge nichrome wire, coiled around barrel. Secured with heat resistant Kapton tape.
* furnace cement applied to heating section barrel to prevent short circuit. (avoided by using insulated Nichrome).
* reached temperatures of 225<sup>o</sup>C using 15V, 5A laptop power supply.
* Kapton tape could prevent short circuiting through the barrel, but limited to applications below 250<sup>o</sup>C. This high temperature is needed if ABS or PET are being extruded.
* Temperature inside the heating barrel tended to lag by about 30<sup>o</sup>C.

Fourteen gauge wire was chosen in an effort to create the heating zone with minimal power requirements. At present writing, Nichrome wire temperatures of 225<sup>o</sup>C have been achieved with 75W of power (15V, 5A). Temperature can be adjusted by changing the current passing through the Nichrome wire. Increasing the current increases the wire temperature. Currently the section has only one uniform heating zone, however, provisions were made for two heating zones should more gradual heating of the plastic be found to be beneficial. Many commercial processes use gradual heating to ensure material is evenly heated.<ref>Rosato, Dominick (1997). Plastics Processing Data Handbook (2nd Edition).. Springer - Verlag. (Online)<ref>[http://www.wiretron.com/design.html| This website] has specifications on the resistance of each gauge of wire and the current required to heat each gauge to various temperature thresholds.<ref>http://www.wiretron.com/design.html<ref>Data from this site was used to make initial design calculations.

Presently, the heating section is uninsulated however adding insulation would likely improve performance. Heat up time when the machine is first started could be reduced and higher temperatures could be achieved in the extruder barrel. Fibreglass/kevlar wraps could be used as insulation, as could household fibreglass batting.

=== Parts Lists ===

Several further modifications and custom parts are included in the design. A shaft extension was added to the windshield wiper motor to increase the shaft diameter and provide adequate space for mounting of the sprocket. A collar was created to fit between the shaft and gearing section hold the auger in place and allow for the mounting of a thrust bearing. Each of these custom parts is included in the drawings below.

The extruder was constructed with a combination of custom designed and stock materials. Stock materials are summarized in the list below, along with links to their supplier.

'''Stock Materials:'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Part
! Quantity
! Example Supplier
|-
| 3/4"x17" Ship bore auger
| <div align="right">1</div>
| [https://www.google.com/products/catalog?q=Speedbor+Ship+Auger+Bits+with+WeldTec+3043009&um=1&ie=UTF-8&cid=12098100261147715606&sa=X&ei=VV2jTdH6BfO90QGXq9mGBQ&ved=0CFYQ8wIwAA# Irwin]
|-
| Nichrome wire, 14 ga.
| <div align="right">1-1/4 lb roll</div>
| [http://www.mcmaster.com/#nickel-chromium-(nichrome)-wire/=bgkyib McMaster-Carr]
|-
| Sprockets - Part#: H40B12x1/2 and H40B24
| <div align="right">2</div>
| [http://www.ringball.com/powertransmission.html Ringball Corporation]
|-
| Chain - Part#: 40-1R
| <div align="right">2 ft</div>
| [http://www.ringball.com/powertransmission.html Ringball Corporation]
|-
| Needle thrust bearing and washers - Part #: NTA815 and TRA815
| <div align="right">1 bearing, 2 washers</div>
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20150315034812/http://www.koyousa.com:80/ Koyo]
|-
| ''3/4" piping''
| <div align="right">min. 16"</div>
| [http://www.doitbest.com/Black+pipe-Southland+Pipe-model--doitbest-sku-437018.dib Order online]
|-
| ''1/2" sheet metal''
| <div align="right">1 sheet, 1ft x 1ft</div>
| [http://www.metalsdepot.com/products/hrsteel2.phtml?page=plate&LimAcc=$LimAcc Metals Depot]
|-
| Furnace cement
| <div align="right">100 mL</div>
| [http://www.bmr.co/lumber-building-material/pyromix.html#header Bomix Pyromix from BMR]
|-
| Alligator clips
| <div align="right">10</div>
| [http://web.archive.org/web/20141111105042/http://www.thesource.ca/estore/Product.aspx?language=en-CA&catalog=Online&category=Clips&product=2701545 The Source]
|-
| Corner brackets
| <div align="right">10</div>
| Local hardware
|-
| Kapton tape
| <div align="right">1 – 3/8" x 36 yard roll</div>
| [https://www.uline.ca/BL_6407/Kapton-Tape Uline]
|-
| Threaded rods
| <div align="right">2</div>
| [http://www.leevalley.com/en/hardware/page.aspx?p=61637&cat=3,43576,61994&ap=1 Order online]
|-
| Windshield wiper motor
| <div align="right">1</div>
| Can buy used, check eBay or others
|-
| Office shredder
| <div align="right">1</div>
| [http://www.staples.ca/ENG/Catalog/cat_i_results.asp?txtSearch=shredders Staples]
|-
| Arduino Uno
| <div align="right">1</div>
| [http://www.robotshop.com/ca/arduino-uno-microcontroller.html Arduino from RobotShop]
|-
| Arduino compatible USB cable
| <div align="right">1</div>
| [http://www.robotshop.com/ca/phidgets-2foot-usb-cable.html Phidgets, RobotShop]
|-
| Plywood
| <div align="right">variable</div>
| Local hardware
|-
| Wood
| <div align="right">variable</div>
| Local hardware
|-
| Fasteners
| <div align="right">variable</div>
| Local hardware
|-
| Copper wire
| <div align="right">2 ft</div>
| [http://www.mcmaster.com/#oxygen-free-copper-wire/=bu0vzo McMaster-Carr]
|}

All part numbers listed were parts used in the extruder prototypes. Other brands and parts can be substituted. Many of these parts may be available used or as scraps. I found many parts for free, such as the plywood and wooden planks, fasteners and some alligator clips. Those parts listed in italics are materials which would be needed for the extruder body. In my case, these materials were included in the machining costs from the Mechanical and Materials Engineering Machine Shop at Queen's University. Further fabrication is required to prepare the parts for assembly in the extruder. Tools required should be able to cut metal (i.e. grinder, Saws-all, oxy-acetylene torch, etc.) and simple welding. In my case these parts were custom made as explained below.

'''Custom parts'''

Custom parts were fabricated in the Queen's University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Machine Shop. Special thanks to Mr. Andy Bryson and his team for their help in fabrication. Most of the parts were manufactured with the use of welding, cutting and drilling equipment. In some cases, a lathe was also required for fabrication. STL files for each of the custom parts can be found below, as well as manufacturing drawings of individual components. The files show the dimensions used for this particular extruder and were chosen based on precedent [http://reprap.org/wiki/Web4Deb_extruder| Web4Deb extruder]and to fit other components (i.e. the auger). Optimization of extruder dimensions has not been investigated.

=== Part Image Files ===

[[Waste plastic extruder: Files]]

=== Assembly Instructions ===

Below are instructions for the complete assembly of the extruder design that was prototyped for the Mech 461 course:

==== Main body assembly ====

The main body consists of:

* ''heating, hopper and gear section''
* ''6 x flanges''
* ''die''
* ''bearing support plate''
* ''collar''
* thrust bearing and washers
* auger
* large sprocket

Those parts displayed in italics are custom parts. Construction drawings can be found in the [[#Part Image Files|parts file]] section. Most of these parts should be constructable with metal cutting and drilling tools. Their dimensions are those used for the Mech 461 extruder prototype but may be modified to suit individual designs.

Once each part has been constructed. The following procedure was followed:

# A flange was welded to the each end of the heating, hopper and gear sections. This allows for the individual sections to be attached together. Having them in separate sections allows for each section to be worked on separately from the rest of the body. In particular, it is useful to have a separate heating zone which can be worked on separately and insulated from the rest of the extruder assembly. Note: It is likely possible to manufacture the extruder with a single body construction.
# From part 1: You should have a gear, hopper and heating section sub-assembly, consisting of the appropriate piping and 2 flanges each.
# The hopper was welded to the open section of pipe on the hopper zone.
# A plywood square, approximately the size of a flange was cut. It was placed between the hopper and heating sections to reduce heat transfer between the heating zone and the hopper area. The hopper section, heating section and plywood were connected with fasteners through the flange holes.
# The die can be attached to the other end of the heating section using the same method.
# The auger is inserted into the barrel of the extruder.
# The custom collar from above was placed on the shank of the auger. The collar is constrained by the increasing diameter of the auger from the shank to the blade. The smaller outer diameter of the collar is placed closest to the auger blade. It fits inside the extruder barrel. The larger outer diameter constrains auger movement axially toward the heating zone as it is too large to fit in the extruder barrel.
# Next the needle roller thrust bearing and washers were placed on the auger (washer, bearing washer).
# The bearing assembly was constrained with the "bearing support plate." This was connected with fasteners to the flange on the gearing section. The thrust bearing offsets axial force exerted on the auger as it pushes plastic.
# A flat was machined on the auger to provide a better interface with the sprocket's set screw. This was found to be necessary during testing as the sprocket would slip on the shank before the flat was created.
# The large sprocket was placed on the shank and the set screw tightened on the section with the flat.

This completes the assembly of the main extruder body.

==== Heating Section ====

[[File:Extruder FinishedHeatingZone.JPG|thumb|Heating zone - shows nichrome wire secured with Kapton tape]]

The heating section includes the following components:

* ''heating section sub-assembly'' (see [[#Main Body Assembly|Main Body Assembly]])
* nichrome wire (insulated or unisulated)
* Kapton tape
* copper wire
* alligator clip adaptors

If using ''uninsulated nichrome'':

* furnace cement

The heating zone construction is a fairly simple but important sub-assembly of the waste plastic extruder. The procedure differs slightly if using insulated or uninsulated nichrome wire. If you are using ''insulated wire'', skip step 1 below.

# Cover the heating section barrel (piping) in a thin layer of high temperature resistant cement. I used Bomix Pyromix. Check the components list for a link to the product. Make the layer as thin as possible, but ensure there is no bare metal.
# wrap the Nichrome wire around the barrel from one end to the other. One section covering the whole barrel should sufficient, but two separate heating zones may have advantages (more gradual, even heating; less voltage through any given wire). I used one zone effectively. If you are using ''uninsulated wire'' make sure that the coils do not touch or they will short circuit.
# Secure the wire with Kapton tape. Kapton tape is rated to 250<sup>o</sup>C. If you will be reaching temperatures higher than this (required to extrude ABS and PET) you may want to seal the apparatus with another layer of furnace cement.
# Attach the copper wire to the alligator clips and use these as leads to connect to your power source.
# Test and modify as needed.

I used an old laptop power adaptor (15V 5A) and achieved 225<sup>o</sup>C. The maximum temperature can be adjusted by changing the current through the wire. This can be done by adding resistance or changing power supplies. Future work is being done to develop a micro-controller system to monitor and control temperature. This has been done in the past on the Web4Deb extruder and for extrusion nozzles in the RepRap 3D printer.

==== Support Structure ====

The support structure consists of a wooden base with 8 supports that constrain the extruder body from axial, vertical and torsional movement. The instructions below describe the process used to create the Mech 461 extruder. Much of this design can be modified to meet varying needs. This design has gone through a few evolutions. Increased support was added after one of the wooden supports broke during use. The type and location of supports has also changed. Construction documents for the various supports will be added in the near future.

''' '' in progress '' '''

==== Drive-train system ====

[[File:ExtruderMotor.JPG|thumb|Windshield wiper motor used to drive extruder auger. Attached to moveable platform allowing easy chain tensioning.]]

The drive train system consists of the following components:

* large and small sprocket
* windshield wiper motor
* shaft extension (part file available [[Waste plastic extruder: Files|here]])
* chain
* tensions device
* 2 x 1/4"-16" threaded rods
* 8 1/4" nuts
* wooden support
* metal strapping

[[File:Extruder DriveTrain.JPG|thumb|Sprocket chain drive train system.]]

Each of these components are stock components except for the shaft extension which was custom made. The large sprocket was also modified to reduce the inner and outer bore diameters.

Assembly of the drive train system was done using the following procedure. Construction diagrams will be added soon.

''' '' in progress '' '''

== Plastic Grinding ==

In order for plastic bottles to be converted into viable feedstock using this method, they first had to be ground into small pieces. A number of methods were investigated for this purpose.

Following the work of students at Delft University, a number of common kitchen appliances were tested for their grinding ability.<ref>.
Braanker, G.B., Duwel, J.E.P., Flohil, J.J., & Tokaya, G.E. (2010), "Developing a plastics recycling add-on for RepRap 3D Printer". (Online) Available: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211171744/https://reprapdelft.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/reprap-granule-extruder-tudelft1.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20200211171744/https://reprapdelft.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/reprap-granule-extruder-tudelft1.pdf] (June 30, 2010).<ref>A food processor, coffee grinder and blender were tested, with the blender proving to be the most efficient. In agreement with the DelftU group's work, it was found that the blender worked best when water was added to keep the machine cool and contain the plastic being ground.

This solution was not efficient enough for grinding in large quantities however, as it required too much time. In addition, the ground up plastic had to be dried before it could be used in the extruder. A more efficient method was found by using a Staples(R) brand office shredder which was designed for the shredding of credit cards and compact discs. This proved to be much more time and energy efficient and avoided the use of water. A used shredder was found at a local Value Village for $24.99.

Testing has shown that this method is sufficient. Some problems were encountered with thicker plastic bottles, as the shredder was not able to fully cut them into small pieces. The cutting edge of the auger was still able to handle most of these specimens after they were passed through the shredder. In order to ensure the machine would run smoothly and extrude at a constant rate, scissors were used to cut the largest pieces into smaller bits before they were placed in the hopper.

The full plastic preparation method was as follows:

* washing of plastic bottles
* removal of labels and lids
* cutting into manageable pieces for the shredder
* shredding

Handle and lids were not used as they couldn't be fed through the shredder. The cutting and shredding steps were alternated to ensure that the shredding machine did not overheat as occurred under continuous shredding over a 15 minute period. Intermittent shredding over the course of an hour did not cause any problems with the shredding machine.

Future work should focus on a shredding device which will not require any cutting of the bottles and which can produce smaller plastic chips to be fed to the hopper.

Perhaps a desktop sized version of: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aja7gcgRMJU would work.

== Testing ==

Testing of extrusion and development of a working 3mm filament feedstock is ongoing. Updates to come.

== Future Work ==

=== Grinding Device ===

* creation of a low cost, domestic scale grinding device.
* should grind bottles into small pieces (area < 1 cm<sup>2</sup>)
* no pre-cutting required
* can accept handles, lids, etc.

== See also ==

* [[Recyclebot]]
* [[:Category:Plastics recovery manual]]
* [[Open source controller for polymer extruder]]
* [[RepRap]]
* [[Mechanical testing of polymer components made with the RepRap 3-D printer]]
* [[Development and feasibility of applications for the RepRap 3-D printer]]
* [[Life cycle analysis of distributed polymer recycling]]
* [[Solar powered distributed customized manufacturing]]

== External links ==

* [http://reprap.org/wiki/Recyclebot RepRap wiki recyclebot]
* Adrian Bowyer: [http://blog.reprap.org/2006/02/initial-experiments-on-filament.html Filament Extruder], [http://reprap.org/wiki/GranuleExtruder Granule Extruder Experiments]
* [https://capolight.wordpress.com/category/a-reprap-project/diy-granular-extruding/ Capolight Blog - More Granular HDPE Extruder Experiments]
* [http://www.cnczone.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-9961.html CNCZone Thread]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20190129123225/https://reprapdelft.wordpress.com/ Delft - Successful HDPE Extrusion Experiments]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200211171744/https://reprapdelft.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/reprap-granule-extruder-tudelft1.pdf Delft - Final Research Paper]
* Fab@Home: [http://fabathome.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fab%40Home:Fabbers_of_the_World#School_of_Mechanical_Engineering.2C_University_of_Adelaide.2C_Australia Pellet-based Extruder], [http://fabathome.org/wiki/uploads/c/cd/Rapid_Prototype_Manufacturing_System_-_Timothy_Nixon_%26_Adrian_Tan_2007.pdf Research Paper]
* [http://3dreplicators.com/cgi-bin/cblog/index.php?/archives/423-Revisiting-the-recycling-of-Reprap-plastics.html Forrest Higgs Post #1]
* [http://3dreplicators.com/cgi-bin/cblog/index.php?/archives/527-Stovetop-recycling-of-HDPE-swarf.html Forrest Higgs Post #2]
* Gingery Books: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180517172644/http://www.lindsaybks.com:80/dgjp/djgbk/inject/index.html Gingery's DIY Plastic Injection Molder], [http://web.archive.org/web/20180715010837/http://www.lindsaybks.com:80/dgjp/djgbk/index.html Complete Gingery Book List]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20141221001235/http://polymer.w99of.com:80/103/basic-of-polymer-flow/ Gravity-fed Extruder]
* MakerBot Operators List [https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/browse_thread/thread/612f39f26baaabd/02992f7fc0c0715f?lnk=gst&q=recycling#02992f7fc0c0715f],[https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/browse_thread/thread/c6aaa6c88a8f5fc4/f9e28bf677f1ff2a?lnk=gst&q=recycling#f9e28bf677f1ff2a],[https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/browse_thread/thread/5ffce91e0fab7813/8f27876ce554531f?lnk=gst&q=recycle#8f27876ce554531f],[https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/browse_thread/thread/34d7a72ade08c1ae/226ffb9a9a43200e?lnk=gst&q=recycling#226ffb9a9a43200e],[https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/browse_thread/thread/f1419c2dd4941cb4]
* [https://groups.google.com/group/makerbot/search?group=makerbot&q=recycling&qt_g=Search+this+group MakerBot Operators - All Recycling Threads]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20150621051652/http://polymer.w99of.com:80/ Polymer/Plastic Manufacturing Information]
* [http://recyclebot.tumblr.com/ RecycleBot (HDPE Extruding)]
* [https://folkindia.in/ Folk Products and Design Private Limited]

== References ==

<references />

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[[Category:Queens Applied Sustainability Group]]
[[Category:recycling]]
[[Category:prototyping]]
[[Category:3D printing]]