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(/* The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells J. R. Jennings, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Phy...)
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<center>This is a literature page for project [http://www.appropedia.org/Pyranometer_project_2014_spring pyranometer in 2014 spring]</center>


= Implementation of an Economic System to Measure Solar Radiatio =
== Review ==
== Authors ==
=== Quantum dot solar cells<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386947702003740 A. J. Nozik, “Quantum dot solar cells,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 14, no. 1–2, pp. 115–120, Apr. 2002.]</ref> ===
Mohamed Darwish, Omar G. Angulo Castro, Ricardo Valenzuela, Alejandro Ortega, Gildardo Jimenez
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386947702003740 A. J. Nozik, “Quantum dot solar cells,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 14, no. 1–2, pp. 115–120, Apr. 2002.]
== Abstract ==
<br /><br />Background:
A data acquisition system based on a pyranometer, data acquisition board and a computer to record and display the data are developed
[http://www.siliconfareast.com/hotcarriers.htm Hot carrier and impact ionization]
Pyranometer based in solar cell, National Instrument USB-6008 as data acquisition, LABView as interface system. Made this a considerably cheap system.
Hot carrier @ solar cells: Electrons/holes receives photons with energy much higher than their band gap will carry kinetic energy create effective temperature much higher than lattice temperature (3000K of carrier @ 300K of lattice etc.). Primary loss for this:
The pyranometer was physically located on the top of the roof, reading was taken every 30 minutes during 33 days in January, March, April and May (why not Feb?), no night readings. All measurements from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. Location at 31.19’07’’N and 110.56’45’’O, 1000 meters above sea level.
*Heat through scattering (KN is transferred into band vibration?)
Result shows a reading error within 7%  and above 2%.
*Photon emission (electrons occupied holes to let out photons?). Approach to stop this loss:
*Stacked cascaded multiple p-n junctions to match multiple band of solar spectrum. This reduce carrier relaxation via photon emission.  Efficiency increase to 66%. 
*Reduce thermal relaxation – utilize hot carriers before their relaxation.
**Enhanced photo-voltage: being extracted before cooling; Requirement: transportation of hot carriers faster compare to the cool down rate – which should be related to the material itself.
**Enhanced photo-current: create second or more electron-hoe pair(s) by impact ionization (Auger effect: one electron hit a band create one e-h pair. What will happen to this electron?); Requirement: impact ionization rate faster compare to the cool down rate & e-h pair transport rate faster than cool rate?.
**Quantization confinement will dramatically reduce hot carrier’s cooling rates. (So this confinement will also reduce the cool down rate in Auger process which is not desired?)
*What about some part of solar spectrum is absorbed to stimulate electron from En to En+1 or higher and the left spectrum will cause these electrons to emission from En+1 to En-1 to let out more photons with same lambda. Then one layer will be used to specifically to absorb these electrons.
Hot electrons and hot holes cool down rate are different because:
*Mass difference (Which one is faster?)
*Hot carrier cool rate depends on density of photo-generated hot carriers (How this makes diff?).
Predicted way for QDs: hot electrons with slowed cooling rate in QD --- Auger process, fast cool down hole due to mass & closer quantized space --- photo-currents. Bottleneck due to fast hole trap at the surface will slow cooling rate (7 ps at CdSe, InP QDs compare to 0.3 ps cooling rate without hole trap). This will prevent Auger process.
<br />Suggested Syetems:
*QD arrays in p-i-n cells. (Quasi-1D system)
**Advantages:
***Delocalized quantized 3-D miniband states might slow the carrier cooling rate to allow hot electron transportation and collection.
***Impact ionization can occur, however not in the same time with hot electron transportation/collection.
**Fabrication:
***Colloidal
***Epitaxial
**Challenge:
Disorder of shape, surface state etc.
*QD sensitized DSSC (Dye-sensitized solar cell)
**Advantage:
***Tunability of optical properties with size of QDs.
***Quantum yield might be greater than 1, meaning one photon might generate more than one electron-hole pairs.
**Fabrication:
Absorption from QD colloidal.
*Quantum dots dispersed in organic semiconductor polymer matrices.
CdSe QDs are formed in hole conducting polymer. Structure of QDs affects the efficiency. Different layers can be applied to conduct electrons (TiO2) or holes (MEH-PPV). Challenge: electron-hole pair might recombine in surface of polymers. Refer to [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199908)11:11%3C923::AID-ADMA923%3E3.0.CO;2-T/pdf CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly (3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices] for rodlike CdSe QDs structure. Refer to [http://physics.ucsc.edu/~sacarter/alexi_399.pdf Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles] for multiple polymer structure.


= Solar Irradiance Estimation Based on Photovoltaic Module Short Circuit Current Measurement =
== Authors ==
Rodney H.G. Tan, Priscilla L.J.Tai, V.H. Mok
== Abstract ==
This paper using the estimation method of solar irradiance based on the short circuit current output produce by the photovoltaic module. Paper trying to prove the feasibility of this method with desired accuracy. Paper introduced Photovoltaic Module Model as a circuit model, according to the property of its solar cell diode, derived the relation between short circuit currents and the solar irradiance leads to this. By acquiring the datasheet for solar cells diodes from their manufacturers, parameters for this relation can be derived using mathematical models. By considering these parameters, the solar irradiance can be estimated.
However, the result shows that the highest error can reach 15.9%, making this estimation not a very ideal method for high accuracy applies but only for rough estimation while expensive measure device like pyranometers are desired.


= PV-based Li-ion Battery Charger with Neural MPPT for Autonomous Sea Vehicles =
=== CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly (3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291521-4095%28199908%2911:11%3C923::AID-ADMA923%3E3.0.CO;2-T/abstract W. U. Huynh, X. Peng, and A. P. Alivisatos, “CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices,” Adv. Mater., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 923–927, Aug. 1999.]</ref> ===
== Authors ==
[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291521-4095%28199908%2911:11%3C923::AID-ADMA923%3E3.0.CO;2-T/abstract W. U. Huynh, X. Peng, and A. P. Alivisatos, “CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices,” Adv. Mater., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 923–927, Aug. 1999.]<br /><br />
M. C. Di Piazza, M. Luna, M. Pucci, G. Vitale
Important factors affect the performance of a PV device includes:
== Abstract ==
*Overlap of the absorption of solar spectrum;
Photovoltaic battery charger based on a DC-DC boost converter for a small size marine autonomous vehicle is developed. Neural-based technique is used to estimate the solar irradiance on the basis of the actual PV panel voltage and current to provide maximum output. This techniques is called Growing Neural Gas, and is exploited to realize a virtual Pyranometer to acquire instant solar irradiance. The GNG network is a self-supervised system to create best topology for the vehicle. GNG then is trained to learn data by experiment, and then recalling these by online calculation to estimate the irradiance. On the basis of this estimate, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can be realized.
*Efficiency of carrier separation and transportation;
*Enhanced charge separation occurs at interface between two materials with disparate electron affinities will transport in two materials and have low probability of recombination.
Paper demonstrated:
*5 nm PbSe nanocrystal: 5% external quantum efficiency (EQE, electrons/incident-photons per-second; internal QE: electrons/absorbed-photons per-second. 0.25% power conversion efficiency. Poor behavior due to poor transportation.
*Elongated particles have a tendency, that increases with size, to form *chains of particles connected along the c-axis
*4*7 nm PbSe nanocrystal after forming chain, can reach EQE as high as 4%
*8*13 nm PbSe nanocrystal after forming chain, can reach EQE as high as 16%
Larger size of PbSe nanocrystal are hard to fabricated, lead to question of what influence of nanocrystal’s shape has.


= Accurate measurements of solar irradiance for evaluation of photovoltaic power profiles =
== Authors ==
Filippo Spertino, Member, IEEE, Paolo Di Leo, Valeria Cocina
== Abstract ==
Based on five meteorological stations and the yearly experimental results, this paper discuss an observed phenomenon called ‘broken clouds’. This phenomena lead to noticeable peaks in measurement and PV power system. This effect occurs when clouds around sun amplified the beam irradiance, causing 20% more irradiance observed up to 500 W/m^2 lasting for minutes. It represent that investigation for this phenomena can be very useful to generate  desired peak power. This still need for further study.


= Development of Data Acquisition System for Hybrid Power Plant =
=== Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles <ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4900326&abstractAccess=no&userType=inst A. C. Arango, S. A. Carter, and P. J. Brock, “Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1698–1700, Mar. 1999.]</ref>===
== Authors ==
[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4900326&abstractAccess=no&userType=inst A. C. Arango, S. A. Carter, and P. J. Brock, “Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1698–1700, Mar. 1999.]
Aryuanto Soetedjo, Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda
<br /><br />Use of interpenetrating donor-acceptor heterojunctions and interpenetrating polymer network can substantially improve the photoconductivity.
== Abstract ==
Layer fabrication: Opaque TiO2 layer is fabricated in thickness of 4-6 um, at particle size of 80 nm. Polymer is penetrated into TiO2 particle pores with size of 20 nm. Polymer is used as charge transporter.
Data acquisition system integrated wind speed monitor, Pyranometer and PV temperature measurement is realized. Low cost PV module is used as PV sensor. LABView is used as monitoring both wind speed and Pyranometer, and a SCADA  system used to control the system is introduced by L. Wang and K.H. Liu in ‘mplementation of a Web-Based Real-Time Monitoring and Control System for a Hybrid Wind-PV-Battery Renewable Energy System’. Pyranometer works at 10 V and 30mA. Low error down to 3.45% for solar irradiance measurement is realized. Work represent that high accuracy integrated measurement system to monitor both wind a solar irradiance can be achieved at a considerably cheap price.
ITO-(Layer)-Calcium sandwich.  
For current flow:
*Calcium acts like electron transfer;
*ITO acts like hole transfer. Hole should transfer from ITO to TiO2 valence band;
*Hole transfer from TiO2 valence band to ITO. However, insulation property of TiO2 prevent upper two situation from happening. But, under illumination, TiO2 presents property of accepting and conducting photo-excited electrons.  
Advantage: TiO2 has low conduction band, and has low saturation voltage (achieved by using stable and high-working function contact)


= A Neural Network-Based Low-Cost Solar Irradiance Sensor =
== Authors ==
Fernando Mancilla-David, Francesco Riganti-Fulginei, Antonino Laudani, Alessandro Salvini
== Abstract ==
Pyranometer is too expensive to be exploited in PV plants(?). To solve this, this paper introduced an approach to maximize efficiency based on neural networks. PV cell as irradiance sensor and a temperature senor and a low cost controller is used to realize this is introduced here to lower the cost. To use neural network (NN), a training set is introduced for learning, according to PV array mathematical model. After setting up the model, dataset was generated through experimental synthesis. System provide data for model to compute the irradiance. Compared to commercial Pyranometer(LM-10 HTD), this system provide a matched regression line, represents its high accuracy. However, paper did not give further discussion about the ignorance of peak irradiance due to algorithm.


= An Improved Model-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Panels =
=== Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe-TiO2 Architecture <ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0782706 A. Kongkanand, K. Tvrdy, K. Takechi, M. Kuno, and P. V. Kamat, “Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe−TiO2 Architecture,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 130, no. 12, pp. 4007–4015, Mar. 2008.]</ref>===
== Authors ==
[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja0782706 A. Kongkanand, K. Tvrdy, K. Takechi, M. Kuno, and P. V. Kamat, “Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe−TiO2 Architecture,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 130, no. 12, pp. 4007–4015, Mar. 2008.]
Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Marco Rossi, and Sergio Toscani
<br /><br />
== Abstract ==
Basic principle for QD solar cells: Short-band-gap semiconductors such as CdS, PbS, Bi2S3, CdSe and InP can be used as sensitizers (to light?) due to their ability to transfer electrons to large-band-gap semiconductors such as TiO2 or SnO2 under visible light excitation. Short-band-gap also plays roll of extend TiO2 etc. to visible region.
A model-based maximum power point tracker is said to be able to offers a better dynamic performance than observation based MPPT system. It even did not require direct irradiance measurement. This paper built a circuit model. Meanwhile, it take generated thermal energy into account as uncoverted solar irradiance.
<br />Chemical and electrochemical deposited CdS and CdSe nanocrystal on TiO, SnO2 and ZnO surface can inject excited electrons and generate photocurrent under visible irradiation. But the efficiency is low due to fast charge recombination (where?) Refer to: [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2011/cp/c0cp02605k The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells] for details.
<br />TiO2 nanotubes scales: 80-90 nm in diameter and ~8 um in length. Hollow nature make tubes both inner and outer surface accessible for modification with sensitizing dyes or quantum dots. Tubes are upon Ti base, which is used as charge collector. Roughness factor: 48 for nanotubes and 75 for particles.
<br />Smaller-sized CdSe quantum dots show greater charge injection rates and also higher IPCE at the excitonic band. Larger particles have better absorption in the visible region but cannot inject electrons into TiO2 as effectively as smaller-sized CdSe quantum dots. 3.0 nm CdSe quantum dots were observed to be able to generate the highest photocurrent density @ 2 mA/cm^2 at response time between 20 sec and 45 sec.
<br />Incident Photo to Charge-carrier Efficiency (IPCE):
1240*short-circuit-photo-current@(A/cm^2) / (wavelength@nm*mono-incident-power@(W/cm^2))
<br />Through observation, smaller sized QD @2.3 nm is believed to give faster rate of electron transfer, may due to that they are more energetic in excited state to be capable of injecting (hot) electrons into TiO2 at faster rate.
<br />Absorption: TiO2 nanotube 5% higher than nanoparticle; IPCE: TiO2 nanotube 10% higher than nanoparticle.—Represent structure influence charge transfer.
<br />Electrons in TiO2 nanoparticles are more likely to loss at grain boundaries than those in TiO2 nanotubes.
<br />Observation of open circuit voltage shows that: with CdSe particles in nanotubes, electrons injected into nanotubes can survive longer thus to improve photocurrent generation efficiency of solar cells.
<br />Higher vacant energy levels of TiO2 facilitate direct electron transfer from the excited sensitizer in sub-psec time scale (what’s the ordinary time scale?)
<br />Rainbow solar cell: ordered assemblies of CdSe QDs of different diameters decorate TiO2 nanotubes.
*Downside: excess energy of electrons of small-sized particles is lost once they are transferred to TiO2.
*Advantage: faster electron injection rate and greater absorption range.
Future work: rainbow solar cell maximize light absorption of QD solar cell.


= A New Approach to Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Panels =
=== Dye-Sensitized solar cells<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389556703000261 M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–153, Oct. 2003.]</ref> ===
== Authors ==
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389556703000261 M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–153, Oct. 2003.]
Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Marco Rossi, Sergio Toscani
<br /><br />Light absorption and carrier transportation are separated in DSSC, light is absorbed by sensitizer, which has a range from UV to near IR. Solar to current efficiency (IPCE) @ AM 1.5 reaches 10% here.
== Abstract ==
<br />Structure:
MPPT( Maximum Power Point Tracker) system is designed and this paper shows a method that applied no direct measurement for solar irradiance for this system. This methods based on preset model, based on solar cell circuit model. According to measured circuit cell temperature, module voltage and current, the irradiance can be calculated. This system does not require radiometer that appeared in many model based MPPT systems. Its result shows a acceptable average error within 5%, although with several high error point as high as 25%.
*TiO2: mesoporous oxide layer, nano particles, where electronic transportation takes place. ZnO, Nb2O5 can also be used.
*Dye: where electrons are excited by photons and injected into conduction band of oxide.
*Electrolyte: provide electron donation to restore dye. Usually an organic solvent containing redox system.
Future study:
Dye should have these properties:
*Panchromatic
*Attachment group such as carboxylate or phosphonate.
*Upon excitation dye can inject electrons into oxide layer
*The energy level should match the lower bound of conduction band of oxide.
*Redox potential should be high enough to gain donation from electrolyte.
*Stable enough: 10^8 correspond 20 years of nature light
Organic dyes: coumarine or polyene solar-electric power conversion reaching up to 7.7% @ full sunlight
Problem for QD dye: photo-corrosion: unstable
<br />Mesoporou oxide film:
*Inherent conductivity is low
*Does not support built in E-field
*Three dimension transportation. Future study will focus on structure of higher degree of order.


= A Prototype of an Integrated Pyranometer for Measuring Multi-Parameters =
== Authors ==
Faiz Syazwan, Abdul Aziz1, Shahril Irwan Sulaiman, Hedzlin Zainuddin
== Abstract ==
System was design integrated with Pyranometer and temperature sensor module. Solar cell is used as sensor to build Pyranometer. Compare to commercial Pyranometer, this integrated solar censor can provide measurement with error between -6.01% and +2.92%.


= Simulation and energy management of an experimental solar system through adaptive neural networks =
== Authors ==
R.H. Fouad, M.S.Ashhab, A. Mukattash, S. Idwan
== Abstract ==
A solar system is built integrated a solar trainer that contains a photovoltaic panel, a DC centrifugal pump, flat plate collectors, storage tank, a flowmeter for measuring the water mass flow rate, pipes, pyranometer for measuring the solar intensity, thermocouples for measuring various system temperatures and wind speed meter. For Pyranometer, an artificial neural network is applied based on the difference between measured data and pre-learnt data. To increase accuracy, short term prediction is modeled according to Kaczmarz’s algorithm. Adaptation technique is introduced to improve the accuracy. ANN is used as a technique to compensate for system parts degradation, environmental variations, time changes and modeling errors. Result shows that adaptive ANN is more accurate than non-adaptive ANN system.


= Spectrally Selective Sensors for PV System Performance Monitoring =
=== The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells <ref>[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CP/c0cp02605k#!divAbstract J. R. Jennings, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 6637–6648, Apr. 2011.]</ref> ===
== Authors ==
[http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CP/c0cp02605k#!divAbstract J. R. Jennings, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 6637–6648, Apr. 2011.]
Anton Driesse, Daniela Dirnberger, Christian Reise, Nils Reich
<br /><br />Bipyridyl ruthenium failed to perform well in complete solar cells as sensitizer as expected. New sensitizer dyes with improved absorption of red part of solar spectrum should be developed.
== Abstract ==
<br />[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/organic-electronics/dye-solar-cells.html Z-907] has poorer PV performance when nonyl groups are replaced with amino groups due to higher rate of recombination (at surface or bulk?)
A spectrally matched reference solar cell is design to replace Pyranometer to measure plane of array(POA). System used two sensor with different non-overlapping spectral responses. Author used two sensors to measure the distribution of typical solar spectra. This method is proved to be useful for monitoring CdTe and CIS modules.


= Performance Testing using Silicon Devices – Analysis of Accuracy =
== Reference ==
== Authors ==
<references/>
Manajit Sengupta, Peter Gotseff, Daryl Myers, Thomas Stoffel1
<references/>
== Abstract ==
<references/>
This paper reviews the issues that will arise from the use of silicon detectors for PV performance measurement in the field based on measurements from a group of pyranometers mounted on a 1-axis solar tracker. Investigation is done on the impact of spectral sensitivity of silicon devices to find out why silicon based devices have more significant measurement difference. Experiment found that both Global Horizontal Irradiance(GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI) measurements using silicon instruments have errors that are dependent on zenith angle. King et. al. (1998) correction have been devised to correct for these spectral errors.
<references/>
 
<references/>
= Online Photovoltaic Array Hot-spot Bayesian Diagnostics from Streaming String-Level Electric Data =
<references/>
== Authors ==
Shahar Ben-Menahem, Stephen C. Yang
== Abstract ==
Paper introduced prototype MAP-based, in-operation incipient hot-spot failure diagnostics and prognostics algorithm running on a central database server. This can be an effective and minimal-cost diagnostics solution. For a small 4-string array, the total hardware cost will amount to less than $100. This system can realize low-cost hot-spot fault detection, diagnostics and prediction in the same time.
 
= Power Rating Uncertainty Analysis of Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Modules =
== Authors ==
Haitao Liu
== Abstract ==
Paper shows that more attention should be given to the reference devices such as reference cell, reference module or pyranometer which contribute majority of uncertainty components. Research based on uncertainty analysis for electrical performance parameters. Paper shows that this uncertainty analysis can be estimated for both flat plate PV modules and  concentrating PV modules or assemblies in practice.
 
= Miniature pyranometer with asteroid shape thermopile =
== Authors ==
Jiangang Zhang, Zhengwei Wu, Zhan Zhao, Xin Guan
== Abstract ==
A miniature pyranometer with a novel asteroid shape thermopile is designed with reduced size as small as 8mm by 4mm by 0.5mm. Output shows linear relation with irradiance. Resolution reached 0.191mV/10^5Lux. The thermopile unit is formed by sputtering technology, and the radiation absorption layer (Si3N4 film) is deposited above the thermopile layer by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Silicon membrane is formed after the deposition.
 
= Design Of A Photovoltaic System For A Rural House =
== Authors ==
M.Aminy, N.Barhemmati, A.Hadadian, F.Vali
== Abstract ==
In this paper, calculation mean energy consumption of a rural area house, situating near Meshkin-dasht of Karaj providence in Iran is done. Using solar data registered in this area, the required electrical energy was calculated to be 2.88KWh with available mean solar radiation of 6 hours and rate of 6250MJ/m2. According to the calculations, 11 photovoltaic panels of 45W power and 2, 12V and 120Amph batteries as well as 2, 700W inverter are required. The rural house was considered for supplying AC electricity.
 
= PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT WITHOUT PYRANOMETERS: PREDICTING ENERGY OUTPUT BASED ON HISTORICAL CORRELATION =
== Authors ==
Anastasios Golnas, Joseph Bryan, Robert Wimbrow, Clifford Hansen, and Steve Voss
== Abstract ==
An methodology is introduced. It can calculate the expected output of one or more systems in a regional fleet based on the measured power output from a subset of the total fleet. Method based on the correlation of historical data. With input information consisted of historical performance correlation and inter-system distance information, this method that can predict the energy output of a single PV system that belongs to a regional fleet by using information from other systems in that fleet. The best performing algorithm successfully predicted the weekly generation within 5% of the measured value between 73% and 96% of the time. When the accuracy threshold is relaxed to 10% the success rate varies between 91% and 99%. The monthly generation was predicted successfully at even higher rates – between 85% and 100% for a 5% threshold, and between 96% and 100% for a 10% threshold.
 
= Estimation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Output based on Solar Irradiation and Frequency Classification =
== Authors ==
P. Attaviriyanupap, K. Tokuhara, N. Itaya, M. Marmiroli, Y. Tsukamoto, Y. Kojima
== Abstract ==
In this paper, a method to estimate total power output of clustered photovoltaic power generation system (PV systems) is proposed. The proposed method make use of the real- time communication between pyranometer, current/voltage sensors, and control center to estimate power output of PV systems based on solar irradiation and power flow in the feeder, where PV systems are connected. The proposed method is divided into low-frequency and high-frequency component estimations. The low-frequency component is estimated based on the correlation between solar irradiation and energy generated from PV systems. On the other hand, the high-frequency component is estimated based on the frequency classification of power flow. The estimation is divided into low-frequency and high- frequency components estimation. The low-frequency component of PV power output is estimated based on the correlation between solar irradiation and energy generated from PV systems. The high-frequency component of PV power output is estimated based on the frequency classification of power flow in the feeder, where PV systems are connected.
Simulation results show that error is approximately 3-4% of installed capacity for offline and online estimation. Simulation results also show that the accuracy of the proposed method can be improved by including load model in the low-frequency component estimation process.
 
 
= Performance Improvement of SHWS by Increasing Thermal Efficiency Using Insulation Materials and Optimum Position of Solar Collectors =
== Authors ==
Jannatul Ferdous, Md Sanzidul Islam, Nabil Shaker, Bonny Amin Khan, A. Azad
== Abstract ==
Solar Hot Water System(SHWS) is designed. Pyranometers were placed on roof of a two storied building having fine surrounding aperture. Two channels of the same data acquisition card are used for Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Diffuse Irradiance (DIF) data. The solar radiation values are predicted using meteorological parameters as these parameters are related to nature. The monthly averaged daily diffuse radiation is calculated using Angstrom like correlation. The total radiation on the tilted surface plane is also estimated.
 
= Implementation of an intelligent sensor for measurement and prediction of solar radiation and atmospheric temperature =
== Authors ==
Joa ̃o M. Gomes∗,Pedro M. Ferreira†, Anto ́nio E. Ruano‡
== Abstract ==
An intelligent sensor is developed for acquiring temperature, solar radiation data and estimate cloudiness indexes, and use these measured values to predict temperature and solar radiation in a close future. This can be used in systems related to thermal comfort in buildings and to the efficient and intelligent use of solar energy. Pyranometer is introduced to regularly measure solar radiation. Neural networks of the type NARX, which use the acquired data to forecast the cloudiness index, solar radiation and temperature, in the next four hours period. The cloudiness estimation neural network was trained with images from the TSI, the difference of results were observed. This result influences the prediction of the radiation by NARX algorithm.
 
= Improved Structure of Solar Tracker with Microcontroller based Control =
== Authors ==
M. Amir Abas, M. Hilmi Fadzil S, Samsudin A.Kadir, A. Khusairy Azim
== Abstract ==
A new mechanical structure for solar tracker was designed and presented. The structure implements two stepper motors for free rotation on X and Y axis. The rotation is intelligently controlled by a pre-programmed 2K microcontroller device PIC 18F4560 which provides simple programming strategy through C language. The designed algorithm is based on the measurement of intensity of solar radiation which is captured by an ultra violet sensitive device known as Pyranometer. The system has been tested and the results show very significant impact on the mechanical design, controlling algorithm and also the cost of the development.
 
= A METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS BROADBAND SOLAR RADIATION CALIBRATION AND AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVAL =
== Authors ==
JINHUAN QIU
== Abstract ==
A method is presented to calibrate pyrheliometer and pyranometer data using in-situ measurements of Direct Solar Radiation (DSR) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR). This method directly used World Radiation Reference (WRR, 1367.07 w/m2) as calibration standard, and it can be used to estimate or correct historical radiation records. Simultaneous pyranometer calibration and aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval introduced. Based on sensitivity of global solar radiation on aerosol optical parameters and surface albedo, this method is developed to calibrate pyrheliometer and pyranometer data using in-situ measurements of direct solar radiation and global solar radiation.
 
= LONG TERM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PV MODULE IN THE GOBI DESERT OF MONGOLIA =
== Authors ==
Amarbayar Adiyabat, Kenji Otani1, Namjil Enebish, Naruush Enkhmaa
== Abstract ==
This paper presents the evaluation results of a long-term performance of 2 type PV module from actual data measured over a period of more than 6 years in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. For the purpose of estimating solar energy potentials and durability of PV systems in the Gobi desert area, a data acquisition system, which includes crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) modules and precision pyranometer, thermometer and anemometer, have been installed. The paper indicated high output gain due to the extremely low ambient temperature and the module performance ratio showed high values in winter. In summary, the results of the present study show that PV modules with high temperature coefficients, such as crystalline silicon, are advantageous for use in desert area.
 
= SOLAR RADIATION IN YUCATAN PENINSULA, PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS =
== Authors ==
Rolando Soler-Bientz, Lifter Ricalde-Cab
== Abstract ==
Paper studied a Solar Radiation patterns on the Yucatan Peninsula in the Energy Laboratory of the Autonomous University of Yucatan using measurements of direct and global radiation on the horizontal plane. The raw data measured every two seconds and average every one minute was recorded automatically using a data­ logger with a pyrheliometer and a pyranometer which were installed on top of an automatic solar tracking system. The diurnal variation and frequency distribution of solar radiation were computed and discussed. Mean daily, monthly and seasonal were calculated from the measured data and analyzed within each calculation period. The results show that for the period of study that the diurnal contribution to the global solar radiation of the diffuse radiation during periods of maximum radiation is approximately 39%. The higher global solar radiations were registered in the month of April and June while the lowest one in October and December.
 
= Estimation of Solar Power Generating Capacity =
== Authors ==
Lin Phyo Naing
== Abstract ==
Paper proposes the Mathematical and Neural Network Prediction models for estimation of solar radiation for Singapore. Meteorological and geographical data (latitude, longitude, altitude, month, mean sunshine duration, etc.) were used as inputs to the models. The estimated results are compared with the field data obtained from the pyranometer installed on the solar panel with a tilt of 15°. The relevance and performance of each model in Singapore’s weather context is then evaluated using statistical tools, namely Mean Bias Error, Root Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The results show that the correlation coefficients between the proposed model and the actual daily solar radiation were higher than 90%, thus suggesting a high reliability of the model for evaluation of solar radiation received in Singapore. These models can be used easily for estimation of solar radiation for preliminary design of solar applications.
 
= NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE (NOCT): EFFECTS OF MODULE SIZE, LOADING AND SOLAR SPECTRUM =
== Authors ==
Ruhi Bharti, Joseph Kuitche, Mani G. TamizhMani
== Abstract ==
Paper discussed Nominal Operating Cell Temperature(NOCT). Preliminary results were measured in this paper. It is concluded that the larger size modules exhibit higher NOCT values (~4oC) when compared to smaller size modules under the OC condition as required by the IEC 61215 standard. The OC condition which is required by the IEC 61215 standard always exhibits higher NOCT values (up to 3oC) as compared to RL condition. Also, the choice of irradiance sensor type (pyranometer or reference cell) does not appear to affect the NOCT value. Thus, either pyranometer or reference cell could be used for determining the NOCT.
 
= Optimizing design of household scale hybrid solar photovoltaic + combined heat and power system =
== Authors ==
P. Derewonko, J. M. Pearce
== Abstract ==
This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) + combined heat and power (CHP) and battery bank system for a residential application to generate reliable base load power to the grid in Ontario. Deploying PV on a large-scale has a penetration level threshold due to the inherent power supply intermittency associated with the solar resource. By creating a hybrid PV+CHP system there is potential of increasing the PV penetration level. One year of one second resolution pyranometer data is analyzed for Kingston Ontario to determine the total amount of PV energy generation potential, the rate of change of PV power generation due to intermittent cloud cover, and the daily CHP run time required to supply reliable base load power to the grid using this hybrid system. This analysis found that the vast majority of solar energy fluctuations are small in magnitude and the worst case energy fluctuation can be accommodated by relatively inexpensive and simple storage with conventional lead-acid batteries. For systems where the PV power rating is identical to the CHP unit, the CHP unit must run for more than twenty hours a day for the system to meet the base load requirement during the winter months. This provides a fortunate supply of heat, which can be used for the needed home heating.
It was found that in the Kingston, Ontario area, 50% of the available solar energy is lost due to cloud cover. By plotting a histogram of the change in solar energy per second throughout the year, it was found that the vast majority of solar energy fluctuations are small in magnitude and are associated with the natural daily cycle of solar energy. The worst case energy fluctuation can be handled by relatively inexpensive lead-acid batteries.
For the hybrid system to run effectively, the CHP unit must be on for more than twenty hours a day year round, resulting in high natural gas costs and emissions. The system presented in this paper must be optimized by changing key variables such as the base load power requirement, the PV array tilt angle and the size of the PV array.
 
= EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR MULTIPARAMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS =
== Authors ==
Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Amerigo Trotta, Fabio Miduri, Rita Carella, David Alonso
== Abstract ==
This paper represents an effective method of prediction of the energy produced by the photovoltaic systems and an acceptable method of their characterization by using an experimental setup. The prediction of the energy produced by a photovoltaic system is generally made through software which uses algorithms that describe the trend of the efficiency of the panels depending on the temperature, the radiation and, in more particular cases, depending on the incident spectrum features.
 
= A improvement for the surface solar insolation retrieval from Geostationary sensor =
== Authors ==
Jong-Min Yeom, Kyung-Soo Han, Youn-Young Park, Chang-Suck Lee, Young-Seup Kim
== Abstract ==
This study generated a neural network-based cloud factor retrieval system, which can improve accuracy of SSI estimation for cloudy condition. In this study, multilayer feed-forward (MLF) neural network (NN) was employed with Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation (LM-BP) and early stopping method to avoid the over-fitting. The number of hidden nodes was determined by using trial and error method since too complicated network was apt to be over-fitting, while a too simple network structure will have difficult training the network. The validation of the estimated SSI using NN-based cloud factor was performed with II. pyranometer measurement data obtained from 22 meteorological stations over Korea peninsula. This SSI estimation for cloudy condition showed a good agreement with ground-based measurements (RMSE = 66.0 W/m2). This accuracy indicates that the use of NN-based cloud factor leads an improvement for SSI estimation in comparison with use of previous system of cloud factor.
 
= EFFECTIVE IRRADIANCE ESTIMATION FOR PV APPLICATIONS =
== Authors ==
M. Alonso Abella’, E. Lorenzo’, F. Chenlo’
== Abstract ==
Paper experimentally evaluates some of the most referenced methods to estimate the global irradiance incident on tilted surfaces from measured global horizontal irradiance. Angular and spectral effects are also considered for the estimation of the “effective irradiance” to be used by PV modules in PV installations. Angular effects of pyranometers on horizontal surface irradiance measurements and their influence in tilted irradiance estimation are also analyzed. A relationship between the diffuse and global horizontal irradiation models are established. Anisotropic Hay and Perez punctual models are used for tilted irradiance estimation.
 
= EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALS IN GOBI DESERT AREA OF MONGOLIA =
== Authors ==
G.Batsukh' ,D.Ochirbaanil, Ch.Lkhagvajavl, N.Enehishl, B.Ganbt' and Ts.Baatarchuluun' Kenji Otani and Koichi Sakuta, Amarbayar Adiyabat3and Kosuke Kurokawa
== Abstract ==
A new data acquisition system has been developed and installed in. The results of the measurements show that an average value of monthly sum of integrated global radiations measured by M-80 pyranometer for every 3 hours are 10% less than global radiations measured by CPR-CM-21 pyranometer for every 10 minutes
 
= A Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition System for Solar Radiation and Environmental Monitoring =
== Authors ==
Raphael Mukaro and Xavier Francis Carelse
== Abstract ==
Paper presents t hardware design and operation of a battery-
powered microcontroller-based data acquisition system for unattended remote measurements. The system was designed around the ST62E20 8-bit microcontroller and applied for solar radiation monitoring. The measurement system uses the SolData silicon-cell pyranometer as the solar radiation sensor. The data from the sensor is collected by means of on-chip A/D converter and stored in a serial EEPROM until uploaded to a portable computer. Keeping the DAS in a low-power mode, which is only interrupted when measurements are to be taken or when a computer is connected to retrieve the stored data, minimizes power consumption. An on-chip timer provides an interrupt to awaken the system from its low-power wait mode at 10-min intervals to sample and store the data. At the end of each data collection period, the acquired data will be transmitted to the computer through the RS232 serial port for subsequent analysis. System can automatically takes measurements and records the data, can be easily operated and does not require any programming expertise.
 
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Revision as of 23:09, 18 April 2014

This page is a literature review.Feel free to edit this page and add sources and summaries.Read more...
This is a literature page for project pyranometer in 2014 spring

Review

Quantum dot solar cells[1]

A. J. Nozik, “Quantum dot solar cells,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 14, no. 1–2, pp. 115–120, Apr. 2002.

Background: Hot carrier and impact ionization Hot carrier @ solar cells: Electrons/holes receives photons with energy much higher than their band gap will carry kinetic energy create effective temperature much higher than lattice temperature (3000K of carrier @ 300K of lattice etc.). Primary loss for this:

  • Heat through scattering (KN is transferred into band vibration?)
  • Photon emission (electrons occupied holes to let out photons?). Approach to stop this loss:
  • Stacked cascaded multiple p-n junctions to match multiple band of solar spectrum. This reduce carrier relaxation via photon emission. Efficiency increase to 66%.
  • Reduce thermal relaxation – utilize hot carriers before their relaxation.
    • Enhanced photo-voltage: being extracted before cooling; Requirement: transportation of hot carriers faster compare to the cool down rate – which should be related to the material itself.
    • Enhanced photo-current: create second or more electron-hoe pair(s) by impact ionization (Auger effect: one electron hit a band create one e-h pair. What will happen to this electron?); Requirement: impact ionization rate faster compare to the cool down rate & e-h pair transport rate faster than cool rate?.
    • Quantization confinement will dramatically reduce hot carrier’s cooling rates. (So this confinement will also reduce the cool down rate in Auger process which is not desired?)
  • What about some part of solar spectrum is absorbed to stimulate electron from En to En+1 or higher and the left spectrum will cause these electrons to emission from En+1 to En-1 to let out more photons with same lambda. Then one layer will be used to specifically to absorb these electrons.

Hot electrons and hot holes cool down rate are different because:

  • Mass difference (Which one is faster?)
  • Hot carrier cool rate depends on density of photo-generated hot carriers (How this makes diff?).

Predicted way for QDs: hot electrons with slowed cooling rate in QD --- Auger process, fast cool down hole due to mass & closer quantized space --- photo-currents. Bottleneck due to fast hole trap at the surface will slow cooling rate (7 ps at CdSe, InP QDs compare to 0.3 ps cooling rate without hole trap). This will prevent Auger process.
Suggested Syetems:

  • QD arrays in p-i-n cells. (Quasi-1D system)
    • Advantages:
      • Delocalized quantized 3-D miniband states might slow the carrier cooling rate to allow hot electron transportation and collection.
      • Impact ionization can occur, however not in the same time with hot electron transportation/collection.
    • Fabrication:
      • Colloidal
      • Epitaxial
    • Challenge:

Disorder of shape, surface state etc.

  • QD sensitized DSSC (Dye-sensitized solar cell)
    • Advantage:
      • Tunability of optical properties with size of QDs.
      • Quantum yield might be greater than 1, meaning one photon might generate more than one electron-hole pairs.
    • Fabrication:

Absorption from QD colloidal.

  • Quantum dots dispersed in organic semiconductor polymer matrices.

CdSe QDs are formed in hole conducting polymer. Structure of QDs affects the efficiency. Different layers can be applied to conduct electrons (TiO2) or holes (MEH-PPV). Challenge: electron-hole pair might recombine in surface of polymers. Refer to CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly (3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices for rodlike CdSe QDs structure. Refer to Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles for multiple polymer structure.


CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly (3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices[2]

W. U. Huynh, X. Peng, and A. P. Alivisatos, “CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices,” Adv. Mater., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 923–927, Aug. 1999.

Important factors affect the performance of a PV device includes:

  • Overlap of the absorption of solar spectrum;
  • Efficiency of carrier separation and transportation;
  • Enhanced charge separation occurs at interface between two materials with disparate electron affinities will transport in two materials and have low probability of recombination.

Paper demonstrated:

  • 5 nm PbSe nanocrystal: 5% external quantum efficiency (EQE, electrons/incident-photons per-second; internal QE: electrons/absorbed-photons per-second. 0.25% power conversion efficiency. Poor behavior due to poor transportation.
  • Elongated particles have a tendency, that increases with size, to form *chains of particles connected along the c-axis
  • 4*7 nm PbSe nanocrystal after forming chain, can reach EQE as high as 4%
  • 8*13 nm PbSe nanocrystal after forming chain, can reach EQE as high as 16%

Larger size of PbSe nanocrystal are hard to fabricated, lead to question of what influence of nanocrystal’s shape has.


Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles [3]

A. C. Arango, S. A. Carter, and P. J. Brock, “Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1698–1700, Mar. 1999.

Use of interpenetrating donor-acceptor heterojunctions and interpenetrating polymer network can substantially improve the photoconductivity. Layer fabrication: Opaque TiO2 layer is fabricated in thickness of 4-6 um, at particle size of 80 nm. Polymer is penetrated into TiO2 particle pores with size of 20 nm. Polymer is used as charge transporter. ITO-(Layer)-Calcium sandwich. For current flow:

  • Calcium acts like electron transfer;
  • ITO acts like hole transfer. Hole should transfer from ITO to TiO2 valence band;
  • Hole transfer from TiO2 valence band to ITO. However, insulation property of TiO2 prevent upper two situation from happening. But, under illumination, TiO2 presents property of accepting and conducting photo-excited electrons.

Advantage: TiO2 has low conduction band, and has low saturation voltage (achieved by using stable and high-working function contact)


Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe-TiO2 Architecture [4]

A. Kongkanand, K. Tvrdy, K. Takechi, M. Kuno, and P. V. Kamat, “Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe−TiO2 Architecture,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 130, no. 12, pp. 4007–4015, Mar. 2008.

Basic principle for QD solar cells: Short-band-gap semiconductors such as CdS, PbS, Bi2S3, CdSe and InP can be used as sensitizers (to light?) due to their ability to transfer electrons to large-band-gap semiconductors such as TiO2 or SnO2 under visible light excitation. Short-band-gap also plays roll of extend TiO2 etc. to visible region.
Chemical and electrochemical deposited CdS and CdSe nanocrystal on TiO, SnO2 and ZnO surface can inject excited electrons and generate photocurrent under visible irradiation. But the efficiency is low due to fast charge recombination (where?) Refer to: The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells for details.
TiO2 nanotubes scales: 80-90 nm in diameter and ~8 um in length. Hollow nature make tubes both inner and outer surface accessible for modification with sensitizing dyes or quantum dots. Tubes are upon Ti base, which is used as charge collector. Roughness factor: 48 for nanotubes and 75 for particles.
Smaller-sized CdSe quantum dots show greater charge injection rates and also higher IPCE at the excitonic band. Larger particles have better absorption in the visible region but cannot inject electrons into TiO2 as effectively as smaller-sized CdSe quantum dots. 3.0 nm CdSe quantum dots were observed to be able to generate the highest photocurrent density @ 2 mA/cm^2 at response time between 20 sec and 45 sec.
Incident Photo to Charge-carrier Efficiency (IPCE): 1240*short-circuit-photo-current@(A/cm^2) / (wavelength@nm*mono-incident-power@(W/cm^2))
Through observation, smaller sized QD @2.3 nm is believed to give faster rate of electron transfer, may due to that they are more energetic in excited state to be capable of injecting (hot) electrons into TiO2 at faster rate.
Absorption: TiO2 nanotube 5% higher than nanoparticle; IPCE: TiO2 nanotube 10% higher than nanoparticle.—Represent structure influence charge transfer.
Electrons in TiO2 nanoparticles are more likely to loss at grain boundaries than those in TiO2 nanotubes.
Observation of open circuit voltage shows that: with CdSe particles in nanotubes, electrons injected into nanotubes can survive longer thus to improve photocurrent generation efficiency of solar cells.
Higher vacant energy levels of TiO2 facilitate direct electron transfer from the excited sensitizer in sub-psec time scale (what’s the ordinary time scale?)
Rainbow solar cell: ordered assemblies of CdSe QDs of different diameters decorate TiO2 nanotubes.

  • Downside: excess energy of electrons of small-sized particles is lost once they are transferred to TiO2.
  • Advantage: faster electron injection rate and greater absorption range.

Future work: rainbow solar cell maximize light absorption of QD solar cell.

Dye-Sensitized solar cells[5]

M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–153, Oct. 2003.

Light absorption and carrier transportation are separated in DSSC, light is absorbed by sensitizer, which has a range from UV to near IR. Solar to current efficiency (IPCE) @ AM 1.5 reaches 10% here.
Structure:

  • TiO2: mesoporous oxide layer, nano particles, where electronic transportation takes place. ZnO, Nb2O5 can also be used.
  • Dye: where electrons are excited by photons and injected into conduction band of oxide.
  • Electrolyte: provide electron donation to restore dye. Usually an organic solvent containing redox system.

Future study: Dye should have these properties:

  • Panchromatic
  • Attachment group such as carboxylate or phosphonate.
  • Upon excitation dye can inject electrons into oxide layer
  • The energy level should match the lower bound of conduction band of oxide.
  • Redox potential should be high enough to gain donation from electrolyte.
  • Stable enough: 10^8 correspond 20 years of nature light

Organic dyes: coumarine or polyene solar-electric power conversion reaching up to 7.7% @ full sunlight Problem for QD dye: photo-corrosion: unstable
Mesoporou oxide film:

  • Inherent conductivity is low
  • Does not support built in E-field
  • Three dimension transportation. Future study will focus on structure of higher degree of order.


The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells [6]

J. R. Jennings, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 6637–6648, Apr. 2011.

Bipyridyl ruthenium failed to perform well in complete solar cells as sensitizer as expected. New sensitizer dyes with improved absorption of red part of solar spectrum should be developed.
Z-907 has poorer PV performance when nonyl groups are replaced with amino groups due to higher rate of recombination (at surface or bulk?)

Reference

  1. ↑ A. J. Nozik, “Quantum dot solar cells,” Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 14, no. 1–2, pp. 115–120, Apr. 2002.
  2. ↑ W. U. Huynh, X. Peng, and A. P. Alivisatos, “CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices,” Adv. Mater., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 923–927, Aug. 1999.
  3. ↑ A. C. Arango, S. A. Carter, and P. J. Brock, “Charge transfer in photovoltaics consisting of interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 74, no. 12, pp. 1698–1700, Mar. 1999.
  4. ↑ A. Kongkanand, K. Tvrdy, K. Takechi, M. Kuno, and P. V. Kamat, “Quantum Dot Solar Cells. Tuning Photoresponse through Size and Shape Control of CdSe−TiO2 Architecture,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 130, no. 12, pp. 4007–4015, Mar. 2008.
  5. ↑ M. Grätzel, “Dye-sensitized solar cells,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–153, Oct. 2003.
  6. ↑ J. R. Jennings, Y. Liu, Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, and M. Grätzel, “The influence of dye structure on charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 6637–6648, Apr. 2011.



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