Implementation of an Economic System to Measure Solar Radiatio

Authors

Mohamed Darwish, Omar G. Angulo Castro, Ricardo Valenzuela, Alejandro Ortega, Gildardo Jimenez

Abstract

A data acquisition system based on a pyranometer, data acquisition board and a computer to record and display the data are developed Pyranometer based in solar cell, National Instrument USB-6008 as data acquisition, LABView as interface system. Made this a considerably cheap system. The pyranometer was physically located on the top of the roof, reading was taken every 30 minutes during 33 days in January, March, April and May (why not Feb?), no night readings. All measurements from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. Location at 31.19’07’’N and 110.56’45’’O, 1000 meters above sea level. Result shows a reading error within 7% and above 2%.

Solar Irradiance Estimation Based on Photovoltaic Module Short Circuit Current Measurement

Authors

Rodney H.G. Tan, Priscilla L.J.Tai, V.H. Mok

Abstract

This paper using the estimation method of solar irradiance based on the short circuit current output produce by the photovoltaic module. Paper trying to prove the feasibility of this method with desired accuracy. Paper introduced Photovoltaic Module Model as a circuit model, according to the property of its solar cell diode, derived the relation between short circuit currents and the solar irradiance leads to this. By acquiring the datasheet for solar cells diodes from their manufacturers, parameters for this relation can be derived using mathematical models. By considering these parameters, the solar irradiance can be estimated. However, the result shows that the highest error can reach 15.9%, making this estimation not a very ideal method for high accuracy applies but only for rough estimation while expensive measure device like pyranometers are desired.

PV-based Li-ion Battery Charger with Neural MPPT for Autonomous Sea Vehicles

Authors

M. C. Di Piazza, M. Luna, M. Pucci, G. Vitale

Abstract

Photovoltaic battery charger based on a DC-DC boost converter for a small size marine autonomous vehicle is developed. Neural-based technique is used to estimate the solar irradiance on the basis of the actual PV panel voltage and current to provide maximum output. This techniques is called Growing Neural Gas, and is exploited to realize a virtual Pyranometer to acquire instant solar irradiance. The GNG network is a self-supervised system to create best topology for the vehicle. GNG then is trained to learn data by experiment, and then recalling these by online calculation to estimate the irradiance. On the basis of this estimate, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can be realized.

Accurate measurements of solar irradiance for evaluation of photovoltaic power profiles

Authors

Filippo Spertino, Member, IEEE, Paolo Di Leo, Valeria Cocina

Abstract

Based on five meteorological stations and the yearly experimental results, this paper discuss an observed phenomenon called ‘broken clouds’. This phenomena lead to noticeable peaks in measurement and PV power system. This effect occurs when clouds around sun amplified the beam irradiance, causing 20% more irradiance observed up to 500 W/m^2 lasting for minutes. It represent that investigation for this phenomena can be very useful to generate desired peak power. This still need for further study.

Development of Data Acquisition System for Hybrid Power Plant

Authors

Aryuanto Soetedjo, Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda

Abstract

Data acquisition system integrated wind speed monitor, Pyranometer and PV temperature measurement is realized. Low cost PV module is used as PV sensor. LABView is used as monitoring both wind speed and Pyranometer, and a SCADA system used to control the system is introduced by L. Wang and K.H. Liu in ‘mplementation of a Web-Based Real-Time Monitoring and Control System for a Hybrid Wind-PV-Battery Renewable Energy System’. Pyranometer works at 10 V and 30mA. Low error down to 3.45% for solar irradiance measurement is realized. Work represent that high accuracy integrated measurement system to monitor both wind a solar irradiance can be achieved at a considerably cheap price.

A Neural Network-Based Low-Cost Solar Irradiance Sensor

Authors

Fernando Mancilla-David, Francesco Riganti-Fulginei, Antonino Laudani, Alessandro Salvini

Abstract

Pyranometer is too expensive to be exploited in PV plants(?). To solve this, this paper introduced an approach to maximize efficiency based on neural networks. PV cell as irradiance sensor and a temperature senor and a low cost controller is used to realize this is introduced here to lower the cost. To use neural network (NN), a training set is introduced for learning, according to PV array mathematical model. After setting up the model, dataset was generated through experimental synthesis. System provide data for model to compute the irradiance. Compared to commercial Pyranometer(LM-10 HTD), this system provide a matched regression line, represents its high accuracy. However, paper did not give further discussion about the ignorance of peak irradiance due to algorithm.

An Improved Model-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Panels

Authors

Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Marco Rossi, and Sergio Toscani

Abstract

A model-based maximum power point tracker is said to be able to offers a better dynamic performance than observation based MPPT system. It even did not require direct irradiance measurement. This paper built a circuit model. Meanwhile, it take generated thermal energy into account as uncoverted solar irradiance.

A New Approach to Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Panels

Authors

Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Marco Rossi, Sergio Toscani

Abstract

MPPT( Maximum Power Point Tracker) system is designed and this paper shows a method that applied no direct measurement for solar irradiance for this system. This methods based on preset model, based on solar cell circuit model. According to measured circuit cell temperature, module voltage and current, the irradiance can be calculated. This system does not require radiometer that appeared in many model based MPPT systems. Its result shows a acceptable average error within 5%, although with several high error point as high as 25%.

A Prototype of an Integrated Pyranometer for Measuring Multi-Parameters

Authors

Faiz Syazwan, Abdul Aziz1, Shahril Irwan Sulaiman, Hedzlin Zainuddin

Abstract

System was design integrated with Pyranometer and temperature sensor module. Solar cell is used as sensor to build Pyranometer. Compare to commercial Pyranometer, this integrated solar censor can provide measurement with error between -6.01% and +2.92%.

Simulation and energy management of an experimental solar system through adaptive neural networks

Authors

R.H. Fouad, M.S.Ashhab, A. Mukattash, S. Idwan

Abstract

A solar system is built integrated a solar trainer that contains a photovoltaic panel, a DC centrifugal pump, flat plate collectors, storage tank, a flowmeter for measuring the water mass flow rate, pipes, pyranometer for measuring the solar intensity, thermocouples for measuring various system temperatures and wind speed meter. For Pyranometer, an artificial neural network is applied based on the difference between measured data and pre-learnt data. To increase accuracy, short term prediction is modeled according to Kaczmarz’s algorithm. Adaptation technique is introduced to improve the accuracy. ANN is used as a technique to compensate for system parts degradation, environmental variations, time changes and modeling errors. Result shows that adaptive ANN is more accurate than non-adaptive ANN system.

Spectrally Selective Sensors for PV System Performance Monitoring

Authors

Anton Driesse, Daniela Dirnberger, Christian Reise, Nils Reich

Abstract

A spectrally matched reference solar cell is design to replace Pyranometer to measure plane of array(POA). System used two sensor with different non-overlapping spectral responses. Author used two sensors to measure the distribution of typical solar spectra. This method is proved to be useful for monitoring CdTe and CIS modules.

Performance Testing using Silicon Devices – Analysis of Accuracy

Authors

Manajit Sengupta, Peter Gotseff, Daryl Myers, Thomas Stoffel1

Abstract

This paper reviews the issues that will arise from the use of silicon detectors for PV performance measurement in the field based on measurements from a group of pyranometers mounted on a 1-axis solar tracker. Investigation is done on the impact of spectral sensitivity of silicon devices to find out why silicon based devices have more significant measurement difference. Experiment found that both Global Horizontal Irradiance(GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance(DNI) measurements using silicon instruments have errors that are dependent on zenith angle. King et. al. (1998) correction have been devised to correct for these spectral errors.

Online Photovoltaic Array Hot-spot Bayesian Diagnostics from Streaming String-Level Electric Data

Authors

Shahar Ben-Menahem, Stephen C. Yang

Abstract

Paper introduced prototype MAP-based, in-operation incipient hot-spot failure diagnostics and prognostics algorithm running on a central database server. This can be an effective and minimal-cost diagnostics solution. For a small 4-string array, the total hardware cost will amount to less than $100. This system can realize low-cost hot-spot fault detection, diagnostics and prediction in the same time.

Power Rating Uncertainty Analysis of Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Modules

Authors

Haitao Liu

Abstract

Paper shows that more attention should be given to the reference devices such as reference cell, reference module or pyranometer which contribute majority of uncertainty components. Research based on uncertainty analysis for electrical performance parameters. Paper shows that this uncertainty analysis can be estimated for both flat plate PV modules and concentrating PV modules or assemblies in practice.

Miniature pyranometer with asteroid shape thermopile

Authors

Jiangang Zhang, Zhengwei Wu, Zhan Zhao, Xin Guan

Abstract

A miniature pyranometer with a novel asteroid shape thermopile is designed with reduced size as small as 8mm by 4mm by 0.5mm. Output shows linear relation with irradiance. Resolution reached 0.191mV/10^5Lux. The thermopile unit is formed by sputtering technology, and the radiation absorption layer (Si3N4 film) is deposited above the thermopile layer by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Silicon membrane is formed after the deposition.

Design Of A Photovoltaic System For A Rural House

Authors

M.Aminy, N.Barhemmati, A.Hadadian, F.Vali

Abstract

In this paper, calculation mean energy consumption of a rural area house, situating near Meshkin-dasht of Karaj providence in Iran is done. Using solar data registered in this area, the required electrical energy was calculated to be 2.88KWh with available mean solar radiation of 6 hours and rate of 6250MJ/m2. According to the calculations, 11 photovoltaic panels of 45W power and 2, 12V and 120Amph batteries as well as 2, 700W inverter are required. The rural house was considered for supplying AC electricity.

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT WITHOUT PYRANOMETERS: PREDICTING ENERGY OUTPUT BASED ON HISTORICAL CORRELATION

Authors

Anastasios Golnas, Joseph Bryan, Robert Wimbrow, Clifford Hansen, and Steve Voss

Abstract

An methodology is introduced. It can calculate the expected output of one or more systems in a regional fleet based on the measured power output from a subset of the total fleet. Method based on the correlation of historical data. With input information consisted of historical performance correlation and inter-system distance information, this method that can predict the energy output of a single PV system that belongs to a regional fleet by using information from other systems in that fleet. The best performing algorithm successfully predicted the weekly generation within 5% of the measured value between 73% and 96% of the time. When the accuracy threshold is relaxed to 10% the success rate varies between 91% and 99%. The monthly generation was predicted successfully at even higher rates – between 85% and 100% for a 5% threshold, and between 96% and 100% for a 10% threshold.

Estimation of Photovoltaic Power Generation Output based on Solar Irradiation and Frequency Classification

Authors

P. Attaviriyanupap, K. Tokuhara, N. Itaya, M. Marmiroli, Y. Tsukamoto, Y. Kojima

Abstract

In this paper, a method to estimate total power output of clustered photovoltaic power generation system (PV systems) is proposed. The proposed method make use of the real- time communication between pyranometer, current/voltage sensors, and control center to estimate power output of PV systems based on solar irradiation and power flow in the feeder, where PV systems are connected. The proposed method is divided into low-frequency and high-frequency component estimations. The low-frequency component is estimated based on the correlation between solar irradiation and energy generated from PV systems. On the other hand, the high-frequency component is estimated based on the frequency classification of power flow. The estimation is divided into low-frequency and high- frequency components estimation. The low-frequency component of PV power output is estimated based on the correlation between solar irradiation and energy generated from PV systems. The high-frequency component of PV power output is estimated based on the frequency classification of power flow in the feeder, where PV systems are connected. Simulation results show that error is approximately 3-4% of installed capacity for offline and online estimation. Simulation results also show that the accuracy of the proposed method can be improved by including load model in the low-frequency component estimation process.

Performance Improvement of SHWS by Increasing Thermal Efficiency Using Insulation Materials and Optimum Position of Solar Collectors

Authors

Jannatul Ferdous, Md Sanzidul Islam, Nabil Shaker, Bonny Amin Khan, A. Azad

Abstract

Solar Hot Water System(SHWS) is designed. Pyranometers were placed on roof of a two storied building having fine surrounding aperture. Two channels of the same data acquisition card are used for Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Diffuse Irradiance (DIF) data. The solar radiation values are predicted using meteorological parameters as these parameters are related to nature. The monthly averaged daily diffuse radiation is calculated using Angstrom like correlation. The total radiation on the tilted surface plane is also estimated.

Implementation of an intelligent sensor for measurement and prediction of solar radiation and atmospheric temperature

Authors

Joa ̃o M. Gomes∗,Pedro M. Ferreira†, Anto ́nio E. Ruano‡

Abstract

An intelligent sensor is developed for acquiring temperature, solar radiation data and estimate cloudiness indexes, and use these measured values to predict temperature and solar radiation in a close future. This can be used in systems related to thermal comfort in buildings and to the efficient and intelligent use of solar energy. Pyranometer is introduced to regularly measure solar radiation. Neural networks of the type NARX, which use the acquired data to forecast the cloudiness index, solar radiation and temperature, in the next four hours period. The cloudiness estimation neural network was trained with images from the TSI, the difference of results were observed. This result influences the prediction of the radiation by NARX algorithm.

Improved Structure of Solar Tracker with Microcontroller based Control

Authors

M. Amir Abas, M. Hilmi Fadzil S, Samsudin A.Kadir, A. Khusairy Azim

Abstract

A new mechanical structure for solar tracker was designed and presented. The structure implements two stepper motors for free rotation on X and Y axis. The rotation is intelligently controlled by a pre-programmed 2K microcontroller device PIC 18F4560 which provides simple programming strategy through C language. The designed algorithm is based on the measurement of intensity of solar radiation which is captured by an ultra violet sensitive device known as Pyranometer. The system has been tested and the results show very significant impact on the mechanical design, controlling algorithm and also the cost of the development.

A METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS BROADBAND SOLAR RADIATION CALIBRATION AND AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH RETRIEVAL

Authors

JINHUAN QIU

Abstract

A method is presented to calibrate pyrheliometer and pyranometer data using in-situ measurements of Direct Solar Radiation (DSR) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR). This method directly used World Radiation Reference (WRR, 1367.07 w/m2) as calibration standard, and it can be used to estimate or correct historical radiation records. Simultaneous pyranometer calibration and aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval introduced. Based on sensitivity of global solar radiation on aerosol optical parameters and surface albedo, this method is developed to calibrate pyrheliometer and pyranometer data using in-situ measurements of direct solar radiation and global solar radiation.

LONG TERM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF PV MODULE IN THE GOBI DESERT OF MONGOLIA

Authors

Amarbayar Adiyabat, Kenji Otani1, Namjil Enebish, Naruush Enkhmaa

Abstract

This paper presents the evaluation results of a long-term performance of 2 type PV module from actual data measured over a period of more than 6 years in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. For the purpose of estimating solar energy potentials and durability of PV systems in the Gobi desert area, a data acquisition system, which includes crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) modules and precision pyranometer, thermometer and anemometer, have been installed. The paper indicated high output gain due to the extremely low ambient temperature and the module performance ratio showed high values in winter. In summary, the results of the present study show that PV modules with high temperature coefficients, such as crystalline silicon, are advantageous for use in desert area.

SOLAR RADIATION IN YUCATAN PENINSULA, PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

Authors

Rolando Soler-Bientz, Lifter Ricalde-Cab

Abstract

Paper studied a Solar Radiation patterns on the Yucatan Peninsula in the Energy Laboratory of the Autonomous University of Yucatan using measurements of direct and global radiation on the horizontal plane. The raw data measured every two seconds and average every one minute was recorded automatically using a data­ logger with a pyrheliometer and a pyranometer which were installed on top of an automatic solar tracking system. The diurnal variation and frequency distribution of solar radiation were computed and discussed. Mean daily, monthly and seasonal were calculated from the measured data and analyzed within each calculation period. The results show that for the period of study that the diurnal contribution to the global solar radiation of the diffuse radiation during periods of maximum radiation is approximately 39%. The higher global solar radiations were registered in the month of April and June while the lowest one in October and December.

Estimation of Solar Power Generating Capacity

Authors

Lin Phyo Naing

Abstract

Paper proposes the Mathematical and Neural Network Prediction models for estimation of solar radiation for Singapore. Meteorological and geographical data (latitude, longitude, altitude, month, mean sunshine duration, etc.) were used as inputs to the models. The estimated results are compared with the field data obtained from the pyranometer installed on the solar panel with a tilt of 15°. The relevance and performance of each model in Singapore’s weather context is then evaluated using statistical tools, namely Mean Bias Error, Root Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The results show that the correlation coefficients between the proposed model and the actual daily solar radiation were higher than 90%, thus suggesting a high reliability of the model for evaluation of solar radiation received in Singapore. These models can be used easily for estimation of solar radiation for preliminary design of solar applications.

NOMINAL OPERATING CELL TEMPERATURE (NOCT): EFFECTS OF MODULE SIZE, LOADING AND SOLAR SPECTRUM

Authors

Ruhi Bharti, Joseph Kuitche, Mani G. TamizhMani

Abstract

Paper discussed Nominal Operating Cell Temperature(NOCT). Preliminary results were measured in this paper. It is concluded that the larger size modules exhibit higher NOCT values (~4oC) when compared to smaller size modules under the OC condition as required by the IEC 61215 standard. The OC condition which is required by the IEC 61215 standard always exhibits higher NOCT values (up to 3oC) as compared to RL condition. Also, the choice of irradiance sensor type (pyranometer or reference cell) does not appear to affect the NOCT value. Thus, either pyranometer or reference cell could be used for determining the NOCT.

Optimizing design of household scale hybrid solar photovoltaic + combined heat and power system

Authors

P. Derewonko, J. M. Pearce

Abstract

This paper investigates the feasibility of implementing a hybrid solar photovoltaic (PV) + combined heat and power (CHP) and battery bank system for a residential application to generate reliable base load power to the grid in Ontario. Deploying PV on a large-scale has a penetration level threshold due to the inherent power supply intermittency associated with the solar resource. By creating a hybrid PV+CHP system there is potential of increasing the PV penetration level. One year of one second resolution pyranometer data is analyzed for Kingston Ontario to determine the total amount of PV energy generation potential, the rate of change of PV power generation due to intermittent cloud cover, and the daily CHP run time required to supply reliable base load power to the grid using this hybrid system. This analysis found that the vast majority of solar energy fluctuations are small in magnitude and the worst case energy fluctuation can be accommodated by relatively inexpensive and simple storage with conventional lead-acid batteries. For systems where the PV power rating is identical to the CHP unit, the CHP unit must run for more than twenty hours a day for the system to meet the base load requirement during the winter months. This provides a fortunate supply of heat, which can be used for the needed home heating. It was found that in the Kingston, Ontario area, 50% of the available solar energy is lost due to cloud cover. By plotting a histogram of the change in solar energy per second throughout the year, it was found that the vast majority of solar energy fluctuations are small in magnitude and are associated with the natural daily cycle of solar energy. The worst case energy fluctuation can be handled by relatively inexpensive lead-acid batteries. For the hybrid system to run effectively, the CHP unit must be on for more than twenty hours a day year round, resulting in high natural gas costs and emissions. The system presented in this paper must be optimized by changing key variables such as the base load power requirement, the PV array tilt angle and the size of the PV array.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR MULTIPARAMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

Authors

Aimé Lay-Ekuakille, Amerigo Trotta, Fabio Miduri, Rita Carella, David Alonso

Abstract

This paper represents an effective method of prediction of the energy produced by the photovoltaic systems and an acceptable method of their characterization by using an experimental setup. The prediction of the energy produced by a photovoltaic system is generally made through software which uses algorithms that describe the trend of the efficiency of the panels depending on the temperature, the radiation and, in more particular cases, depending on the incident spectrum features.

A improvement for the surface solar insolation retrieval from Geostationary sensor

Authors

Jong-Min Yeom, Kyung-Soo Han, Youn-Young Park, Chang-Suck Lee, Young-Seup Kim

Abstract

This study generated a neural network-based cloud factor retrieval system, which can improve accuracy of SSI estimation for cloudy condition. In this study, multilayer feed-forward (MLF) neural network (NN) was employed with Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation (LM-BP) and early stopping method to avoid the over-fitting. The number of hidden nodes was determined by using trial and error method since too complicated network was apt to be over-fitting, while a too simple network structure will have difficult training the network. The validation of the estimated SSI using NN-based cloud factor was performed with II. pyranometer measurement data obtained from 22 meteorological stations over Korea peninsula. This SSI estimation for cloudy condition showed a good agreement with ground-based measurements (RMSE = 66.0 W/m2). This accuracy indicates that the use of NN-based cloud factor leads an improvement for SSI estimation in comparison with use of previous system of cloud factor.

EFFECTIVE IRRADIANCE ESTIMATION FOR PV APPLICATIONS

Authors

M. Alonso Abella’, E. Lorenzo’, F. Chenlo’

Abstract

Paper experimentally evaluates some of the most referenced methods to estimate the global irradiance incident on tilted surfaces from measured global horizontal irradiance. Angular and spectral effects are also considered for the estimation of the “effective irradiance” to be used by PV modules in PV installations. Angular effects of pyranometers on horizontal surface irradiance measurements and their influence in tilted irradiance estimation are also analyzed. A relationship between the diffuse and global horizontal irradiation models are established. Anisotropic Hay and Perez punctual models are used for tilted irradiance estimation.

EVALUATION OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALS IN GOBI DESERT AREA OF MONGOLIA

Authors

G.Batsukh' ,D.Ochirbaanil, Ch.Lkhagvajavl, N.Enehishl, B.Ganbt' and Ts.Baatarchuluun' Kenji Otani and Koichi Sakuta, Amarbayar Adiyabat3and Kosuke Kurokawa

Abstract

A new data acquisition system has been developed and installed in. The results of the measurements show that an average value of monthly sum of integrated global radiations measured by M-80 pyranometer for every 3 hours are 10% less than global radiations measured by CPR-CM-21 pyranometer for every 10 minutes

A Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition System for Solar Radiation and Environmental Monitoring

Authors

Raphael Mukaro and Xavier Francis Carelse

Abstract

Paper presents t hardware design and operation of a battery- powered microcontroller-based data acquisition system for unattended remote measurements. The system was designed around the ST62E20 8-bit microcontroller and applied for solar radiation monitoring. The measurement system uses the SolData silicon-cell pyranometer as the solar radiation sensor. The data from the sensor is collected by means of on-chip A/D converter and stored in a serial EEPROM until uploaded to a portable computer. Keeping the DAS in a low-power mode, which is only interrupted when measurements are to be taken or when a computer is connected to retrieve the stored data, minimizes power consumption. An on-chip timer provides an interrupt to awaken the system from its low-power wait mode at 10-min intervals to sample and store the data. At the end of each data collection period, the acquired data will be transmitted to the computer through the RS232 serial port for subsequent analysis. System can automatically takes measurements and records the data, can be easily operated and does not require any programming expertise.

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