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Practivistas rainwater 2014/Literature Review
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== Piping/Friction == "velocity (so called; more accurately it would be called speed) is usually considered to be uniform over the cross section of flow. In reality, it is not. The fluid in contact with the conduit wall must be at zero velocity, and velocity ordinarily increases toward the center. The assumption of uniform velocity immensely simplifies fluid flow calculations. There is an inaccuracy introduced by this assumption, but, fortunately, it usually does not affect the confidence level of fluid flow computations."<ref>Rennels, Donald C, Hobart M HudsonPipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2012.</ref> Furthermore, friction could be simply described as the following: "Friction is proportional to the load or the normal force. Depends on the nature of the surfaces. Does not depend on the apparent area of contact of the surfaces. Friction is independent of velocity."<ref>Hebert, Christina. "Inquiring Minds." Inquiring Minds. Fermilab, n.d. Web. 06 June 2014.</ref> It is interesting to note, "The friction loss of the PVC pipe was found to be approximately 2/3 of that of a galvanized steel pipe."<ref>Ojima, J. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1996. Web. 06 June 2014.</ref> Furthermore, "using plastic piping over other piping materials such as metal can "reduce friction factor by more than 40%".<ref>S., and Pumping Systems Tip Sheet #9 β’ October. Reduce Pumping Costs through Optimum Pipe Sizing: Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) Energy Tips - Pumping Systems Tip Sheet #9 (Fact Sheet). (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Department of Energy. Web. 6 June 2014.</ref> Cost-wise, "PVC and CPVC pipes are cheaper piping materials than most other metals and other materials at 2 inches in diameter for 400 ft."<ref>"Piping Materials Cost Ratios." Piping Materials Cost Ratios. The Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 06 June 2014.</ref> Piping can really depend on the amount of use in the home. This table illustrates average home use. Reference for table.<ref>"Rural Water Supplies and Water-Quality Issues." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 08 Dec. 2009. Web. 06 June 2014.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Rate ! Time |- | Lowest Rate | "11:30 pm to 5:00 am" |- | Moderate Rate | "noon to 5:00 pm (lull around 3:00 pm)" |- | Sharp rise in rate | "5:00 am to noon (peak hourly use from 7:00 am to 8:00 am)" |- | Increasing evening use | "5:00 pm to 11:00 pm (second minor peak, 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm)" |} A table describing the frequency adviced for maintainace of the different components of a rainwater harvesting system provided by the EPA.<ref>EPA (January 2014). Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation,Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature Review and Case Studies. http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/upload/rainharvesting.pdf</ref>
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