Emissions from pollutant gas of proposed system: 25873 kg/year (considered to be environmentally friendly)
Emissions from Fuel cell: Zero emissions (If emissions during the production of hydrogen gas are neglected)
Topping cycle: Electrical load is given priority in CHP | Bottoming cycle: Thermal load is given priority in CHP | Combined cycle: Both cycles are joined to work simultaneously
Methodology: Electricity is produced using PV + AC grid + Wind turbine | Natural gas is used to produce heat as well as hydrogen | Hydrogen is used in a fuel cell to produce electricity as well as heat
Loan interest of 6% is assumed in HOMER
Solar panel: Suntech solar power 120KW (2000 modules of 50W and 12V) | Area for each module is 0.871m2 | lifetime of 25 years
Fuel cell: PEMFC type fuel cell (Nexa power module from Ballard power systems company) | Efficiency > 40% | 100KW | cost-$450 | Replacement-$400 | O&M-0.15$/year | fuel- Hydrogen | 17.5V-77.6V DC | 135A
Battery: Surrette 4KS25P from Rolls Battery | 4V | 1900Ah | 10569 KW through lifetime | Number of Batteries-15 | cost-$1259 | Replacement-$1100 | O&M-0.02$/year
Inverter type: MPPT | This helps to keep PV operating at maximum condition
When the battery is fully charged the PV power should be limited | Battery inverter increases the frequency - Detected by PV generators - PV power is reduced to prevent battery overcharge (reduces the need of communication cable making the system simpler, cheaper and more reliable)
Electricity from PV is supplied to load, battery and electrolyzer | electrolyzer produces hydrogen and oxygen from water | Hydrogen is provided to fuel cell and electricity is generated which is supplied to the load
MPPT inverter is used to keep PV working at maximum power and the power is supplied to battery and electrolyzer
Load: 3 energy-efficient lamps (15W),on an average 1 ceiling fan (100 W), and 1 television (70 W) for each family and 2 energy efficient lamps (15 W each), 1 fan (100 W) and overall 2 refrigerators (1.2 kWh/day each) for shops. Also, 5 refrigerators (1.2 kWh/day each) and 5 pumps (150 W each)
Cost of energy off-grid: 0.145$/kWh while costing of hybrid + grid energy: 0.91$/kWh
Grid + PV + Hydrogen - 0.307$/kWh
51+31+18 houses from 3 areas
Total land area - 329 acres, cultivable area - 329 acres rest is waste land and community land
Load: lighting, fans, television, mobile charging point, water pump for drinking water, etc. Community load includes street lights in the village, fans in the community hall and computer for school. In case of commercial loads, lighting is considered for the shops those operate in the evening in the village
A: Peak load-19kW, Energy demand-178kWh/day, Load factor-0.386
B: Peak load-25kW, Energy demand-169kWh/day, Load factor-0.279
C: Peak load-41kW, Energy demand-286kWh/day, Load factor-0.294
Photovoltaic-Trigeneration Optimization Model (PVTOM) to minimize both lifetime cost and GHG emissions
off-grid co-generation systems emit GHG form CHP only; in Grid-connected, grid GHG emissions also accounted
Life cycle cost is accounted using following factors: initial capital costs, the discounted operational costs, the replacement costs, penalty function and 20-year discount factor
Higher emissions for grid supplied power because of coal powered power plants
Space heating and lighting are considered as load here.
CHP used is 1kWe Honda IC engine, Battery is Trojen T-105
The savings ranged from 3000 to 9000 kg CO2e/year, which represents a reduction of 21–62% based on the type of loads
Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most attractive energy sources because of its widespread availability and its renewable nature
contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Gasification converts biomass at temperatures over 700 degrees Celcius to produce a gaseous mixture rich in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) called syngas
Syngas can be used as fuel for IC engines
The demo CHP plant Gussing generates 2 MW of electricity and 4.5 MW of heat (for district heating) from 8 MW of biomass fuel
CHP System model is given
Syngas combustion in IC engine and evaluation of system efficiency is calculated
LCA studies are conducted for quantifying all gaseous products
Hybrid2 a computer structure and simulation model for hybrid power systems
Contains AC & DC diesel generators, DC & AC distribution system, loads, renewable power sources, energy storage, power converters, rotary converters, coupled diesel systems, dump loads, load management options, or a supervisory control system.
A number of strategies suggested to maintain system autonomy to 100% grid reliability
Considered Power system parameters, Energy balance, Separate AC and DC bus power systems, transfer losses, different types of loads
Economics of this hybrid model also been explained
