▼This page was created as part of the 2021 MTU graduate course MY5490/EE5490: Solar Photovoltaic Science and Engineering

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This literature review for MY5490 displays information about photovoltaic microinverters.

A new panel-integratable inverter concept for grid-connected photovoltaic systems

A. Lohner, T. Meyer, and A. Nagel, "A new panel-integratable inverter concept for grid-connected photovoltaic systems," in Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Jun. 1996, vol. 2, pp. 827–831 vol.2, doi: 10.1109/ISIE.1996.551050.

• attempts to have high efficiency over high power range
• shows output of shown line inverter

A boost DC-AC converter: analysis, design, and experimentation

R. O. Caceres and I. Barbi, "A boost DC-AC converter: analysis, design, and experimentation," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 134–141, Jan. 1999, doi: 10.1109/63.737601.

• shows circuit topology for converter
• shows how control system works
• provides results for how it responds to various loads

A flyback-type single phase utility interactive inverter with low-frequency ripple current reduction on the DC input for an AC photovoltaic module system

T. Shimizu, K. Wada, and N. Nakamura, "A flyback-type single phase utility interactive inverter with low-frequency ripple current reduction on the DC input for an AC photovoltaic module system," in 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37289), Jun. 2002, vol. 3, pp. 1483–1488 vol.3, doi: 10.1109/PSEC.2002.1022385.

• shows circuit topology
• has dc power smoothing circuit
  • decreases ripple voltage in low frequency

A simplified nonlinear power source for simulating PV panels

L. A. C. Lopes and A.- Lienhardt, "A simplified nonlinear power source for simulating PV panels," in IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist, 2003. PESC '03., Jun. 2003, vol. 4, pp. 1729–1734 vol.4, doi: 10.1109/PESC.2003.1217717.

• provides circuits that simulated the V x I curves from solar panels
  • used to simulate various conditions
• provides design analysis for component values

Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview

Yaosuo Xue, Liuchen Chang, Sren Baekhj Kjaer, J. Bordonau, and T. Shimizu, "Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1305–1314, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2004.833460.

• single stage vs multi stage inverters
• single stage less to fail, lower input voltage range
• multi stage higher cost, less efficient
• shows four and six switch topologies for single stage
• shows multistage topologies

Leakage current evaluation of a singlephase transformerless PV inverter connected to the grid

O. Lopez, R. Teodorescu, F. Freijedo, and J. DovalGandoy, "Leakage current evaluation of a singlephase transformerless PV inverter connected to the grid," in APEC 07 - Twenty-Second Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, Feb. 2007, pp. 907–912, doi: 10.1109/APEX.2007.357623.

• leakage current from loss of galvanic connection

A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules

S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep. 2005, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2005.853371.

• four possible categories of inverter
  • cascade power processing stages
  • power decoupling type
  • transformer or no transformer
  • type of power stage connected to grid

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Transformerless Inverter for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems

R. Gonzalez, J. Lopez, P. Sanchis, and L. Marroyo, "Transformerless Inverter for Single-Phase Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 693–697, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2007.892120.

• provides topology with efficiency between 95%-97%
• designed for European grids
• prototype testing validated results

A Single-Stage Grid Connected Inverter Topology for Solar PV Systems With Maximum Power Point Tracking

S. Jain and V. Agarwal, "A Single-Stage Grid Connected Inverter Topology for Solar PV Systems With Maximum Power Point Tracking," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1928–1940, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2007.904202.

• shows circuit topologys of existing single stage topologies
  • includes proposed circuit topology
• Analysis of the design selection for component values
• provides simulated and experimental results

A novel Parallel Active Filter for Current Pulsation Smoothing on single stage grid-connected AC-PV modules

A. C. Kyritsis, N. P. Papanikolaou, and E. C. Tatakis, "A novel Parallel Active Filter for Current Pulsation Smoothing on single stage grid-connected AC-PV modules," in 2007 European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Sep. 2007, pp. 1–10, doi: 10.1109/EPE.2007.4417545.

A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different DC Link Configurations

Q. Li and P. Wolfs, "A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different DC Link Configurations," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1320–1333, May 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.920883.

• MIC with a DC link
• MIC with a pseudo DC link
• MIC without a DC link
  • reduced stages

A single-phase current source solar inverter with reduced-size DC link

C. R. Bush and B. Wang, "A single-phase current source solar inverter with reduced-size DC link," in 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sep. 2009, pp. 54–59, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316285.

• addresses low frequency ripple

A New Topology With High Efficiency Throughout All Load Range for Photovoltaic PCS

B. Min, J. Lee, J. Kim, T. Kim, D. Yoo, and E. Song, "A New Topology With High Efficiency Throughout All Load Range for Photovoltaic PCS," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 4427–4435, Nov. 2009, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2008.928098.

• provides topology for proposed inverter
  • designed for pv output of 450-580V

Design and Analysis of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System

B. Yang, W. Li, Y. Zhao, and X. He, "Design and Analysis of a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power System," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 992–1000, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2036432.

Power decoupling techniques for micro-inverters in PV systems-a review

H. Hu, S. Harb, N. Kutkut, I. Batarseh, and Z. J. Shen, "Power decoupling techniques for micro-inverters in PV systems-a review," in 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sep. 2010, pp. 3235–3240, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2010.5618285.

• Power decoupling, isolates solar panel from the power of the grid
• Shows power decoupling circuitry for various topologies
  • compares AC vs DC power decoupling

Buck-boost interleaved inverter for grid connected Photovoltaic system

O. Abdel-Rahim, M. Orabi, and M. E. Ahmed, "Buck-boost interleaved inverter for grid connected Photovoltaic system," in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy, Nov. 2010, pp. 63–68, doi: 10.1109/PECON.2010.5697558.

• shows proposed control system for buck-boost inverter
• single stage design
  • two converters
    • one for half of each cycle

A Novel PV Microinverter With Coupled Inductors and Double-Boost Topology

Y. Fang and X. Ma, "A Novel PV Microinverter With Coupled Inductors and Double-Boost Topology," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 3139–3147, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2087417.

• proposes two boost circuits in parallel
  • provides principal of operation
  • gives circuit topology
• high efficiency
• appears to be more complex than other topologies

A New High-Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless PV Inverter Topology

T. Kerekes, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodríguez, G. Vázquez, and E. Aldabas, "A New High-Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless PV Inverter Topology," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 184–191, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2024092.

• proposed topology has efficiency of 93% to 95%

A compact seven switches topology and reduced DC-link capacitor size for single-phase stand-alone PV system with hybrid energy storages

X. Liu, P. Wang, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and F. Gao, "A compact seven switches topology and reduced DC-link capacitor size for single-phase stand-alone PV system with hybrid energy storages," in 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Mar. 2011, pp. 1920–1925, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2011.5744858.

• part of an dc-ac-dc for battery storage

Six switches solution for single-phase AC/DC/AC converter with capability of second-order power mitigation in DC-link capacitor

X. Liu, P. Wang, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and M. Xue, "Six switches solution for single-phase AC/DC/AC converter with capability of second-order power mitigation in DC-link capacitor," in 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Sep. 2011, pp. 1368–1375, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063938.

Low cost transformer isolated boost half-bridge micro-inverter for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system

D. Cao, S. Jiang, F. Z. Peng, and Y. Li, "Low cost transformer isolated boost half-bridge micro-inverter for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system," in 2012 Twenty-Seventh Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Feb. 2012, pp. 71–78, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2012.6165800.

• two popular topologies of transformer isolated inverters
  • single stage flyback
  • isolated buck-boost
• paper shows two stage
  • half bridge dc-dc
  • full bridge pwm dc-ac
• gives proposed circuit

Improved Transformerless Inverter With Common-Mode Leakage Current Elimination for a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Power System

B. Yang, W. Li, Y. Gu, W. Cui, and X. He, "Improved Transformerless Inverter With Common-Mode Leakage Current Elimination for a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Power System," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 752–762, Feb. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2160359.

• improves on transformerless to prevent common-mode current leakage
• adds two extra switches to an H-4 design

Grid-Connected Boost-Half-Bridge Photovoltaic Microinverter System Using Repetitive Current Control and Maximum Power Point Tracking

S. Jiang, D. Cao, Y. Li, and F. Z. Peng, "Grid-Connected Boost-Half-Bridge Photovoltaic Microinverter System Using Repetitive Current Control and Maximum Power Point Tracking," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 11, pp. 4711–4722, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2183389.

• proposed topology designed for 180 V at 220 W 60 HZ
• plug in repetitive controller

A module-integrated isolated solar microinverter

H. Chiu et al., "A module-integrated isolated solar microinverter," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 781–788, Feb. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2206351.

• provides topology for two stage isolated microinverter
  • max power of 250 W
  • designed for both 110V and 220V grid
  • frequency from 47 - 63 Hz
• Max efficiency of 93%

High Reliability and Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

B. Gu, J. Dominic, J. Lai, C. Chen, T. LaBella, and B. Chen, "High Reliability and Efficiency Single-Phase Transformerless Inverter for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2235–2245, May 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2214237.

• aims to remove "shot through issue"

Microinverter and string inverter grid-connected photovoltaic system — A comprehensive study

S. Harb, M. Kedia, H. Zhang, and R. S. Balog, "Microinverter and string inverter grid-connected photovoltaic system — A comprehensive study," in 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Jun. 2013, pp. 2885–2890, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2013.6745072.

• microinverters have lower cost than string inverter

Hybrid ZVS BCM Current Controlled Three-Phase Microinverter

D. M. Scholten, N. Ertugrul, and W. L. Soong, "Micro-inverters in small scale PV systems: A review and future directions," in 2013 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Sep. 2013, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725465.

• compares efficiency of three different current modulations for the converter
  • fixed reverse current
  • variable reverse current
  • fixed bandwitch
• hybrid control used is able to increase efficiency

High efficiency transformerless MOSFET inverter for grid-tied photovoltaic system

M. Islam and S. Mekhilef, "High efficiency transformerless MOSFET inverter for grid-tied photovoltaic system," in 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014, Mar. 2014, pp. 3356–3361, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2014.6803788.

• proposes topology which works for 230V at 50Hz
  • based on 6 mosfets, 2 diodes
• simulated results are promising

A hybrid resonant converter utilizing a bidirectional GaN AC switch for high-efficiency PV applications

T. LaBella and J. Lai, "A hybrid resonant converter utilizing a bidirectional GaN AC switch for high-efficiency PV applications," in 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014, Mar. 2014, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2014.6803281.

• upwards of 97% efficincy
  • input ranges from 22V-36V

A multi-objective study for down selection of a micro-inverter topology for residential applications

M. H. Todorovic et al., "A multi-objective study for down selection of a micro-inverter topology for residential applications," in 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), Jun. 2014, pp. 3108–3113, doi: 10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925595.

• compares various single stage and two-stage topologies
• shows proposed circuit topology for 240V inverter
  • shows output results, but does not have any load analysis
  • 96.1% peak efficiency

A review of technical requirements for plug-and-play solar photovoltaic microinverter systems in the United States

A. S. Mundada, Y. Nilsiam, and J. M. Pearce, "A review of technical requirements for plug-and-play solar photovoltaic microinverter systems in the United States," Solar Energy, vol. 135, pp. 455–470, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2016.06.002.

• Relevant US National Electric Codes
  • Section 690.5: ground fault protection
  • Section 690.11: arc fault circuit protection
  • Section 690.12: rapid shutdown of PC systems on buildings
  • Section 690.13 and 690.15: disconnecting means
  • Section 690.17: disconnect type
  • 690.8: PV circuit sizing and current calculation
  • 690.46: PV array equipment grounding conductors
• More local and state codes must be followed

A Single-Stage Microinverter Without Using Eletrolytic Capacitors

H. Hu, S. Harb, N. H. Kutkut, Z. J. Shen, and I. Batarseh, "A Single-Stage Microinverter Without Using Eletrolytic Capacitors," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2677–2687, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2224886.

• isolates decoupling capacitor from pv
  • requires lower energy density in capacitor
• uses flyback, single stage

A high-efficiency pv grid-tied micro-inverter with soft switching for dc/ac stage

Y. Zhao, T. Wei, H. Hu, and Y. Xing, "A high-efficiency pv grid-tied micro-inverter with soft switching for dc/ac stage," in 2015 IEEE 10th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Jun. 2015, pp. 1150–1154, doi: 10.1109/ICIEA.2015.7334280.

• combines LLC resonator with full bridge inverter
  • improve efficiency over just full bridge inverter
  • able to get efficiency of 98.5%

A High-Efficiency MOSFET Transformerless Inverter for Nonisolated Microinverter Applications

B. Chen et al., "A High-Efficiency MOSFET Transformerless Inverter for Nonisolated Microinverter Applications," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 3610–3622, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2339320.

• provides topology for high step up for dc-dc then transformerless dc-ac
  • designed for 240V operation
• goes through component selection

Modeling and control of a wide-input hybrid resonant microconverter for photovoltaic applications

X. Zhao, L. Zhang, Q. Ma, and J. Lai, "Modeling and control of a wide-input hybrid resonant microconverter for photovoltaic applications," in 2016 Asian Conference on Energy, Power and Transportation Electrification (ACEPT), Oct. 2016, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/ACEPT.2016.7811524.

• phase shift operation, secondary boost mode
  • wider input voltage range

A Review of Power Decoupling Techniques for Microinverters With Three Different Decoupling Capacitor Locations in PV Systems

H. Hu, S. Harb, N. Kutkut, I. Batarseh, and Z. J. Shen, "A Review of Power Decoupling Techniques for Microinverters With Three Different Decoupling Capacitor Locations in PV Systems," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2711–2726, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2221482.

• decoupling at high voltage for multistage microinverter
• three phase systems use ac decoupling

Micro-inverters in small scale PV systems: A review and future directions

D. M. Scholten, N. Ertugrul, and W. L. Soong, "Micro-inverters in small scale PV systems: A review and future directions," in 2013 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Sep. 2013, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725465.

• multiple microinverters vs single central inverter
  • microinverters easier to add and subtract
  • microinverters can better maximize the power output of each panel

Low-cost photovoltaic microinverter with ultra-wide MPPT voltage range

E. Liivik, A. Chub, R. Kosenko, and D. Vinnikov, "Low-cost photovoltaic microinverter with ultra-wide MPPT voltage range," in 2017 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Jun. 2017, pp. 46–52, doi: 10.1109/ICCEP.2017.8004790.

• two stage inverter
• experimental results at 250W shows an efficiency of 94%

A common-ground single-phase five-level transformerless boost inverter for photovoltaic applications

B. Shaffer, H. A. Hassan, M. J. Scott, S. U. Hasan, G. E. Town, and Y. Siwakoti, "A common-ground single-phase five-level transformerless boost inverter for photovoltaic applications," in 2018 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Mar. 2018, pp. 368–374, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2018.8341037.

A novel Parallel Active Filter for Current Pulsation Smoothing on single stage grid-connected AC-PV modules

Y. P. Siwakoti and F. Blaabjerg, "Common-Ground-Type Transformerless Inverters for Single-Phase Solar Photovoltaic Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 2100–2111, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2740821.

• trend toward transformerless
• operates off of a 'flying capacitor'
• the type I and type II topologies are more efficient than the third type III topology

Review and Comparison of Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Microinverters

K. Alluhaybi and I. Batarseh, "Review and Comparison of Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Microinverters," in 2018 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Sep. 2018, pp. 7101–7108, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2018.8558076.

• emphasized transformerless topologies as better than transformer
• single stage non-isolated topologies are ideal

A High-Efficiency Single-Phase T-Type BCM Microinverter

Z. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Shao, and J. Zhang, "A High-Efficiency Single-Phase T-Type BCM Microinverter," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 984–995, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2824342.

• T-type BCM vs full bridge BCM for single phase
  • as shown T-type more efficient
  • most efficiency improvement at lower power
• Circuit topology for T-type BCM

An Overview of Photovoltaic Microinverters: Topology, Efficiency, and Reliability

J. Yuan, F. Blaabjerg, Y. Yang, A. Sangwongwanich, and Y. Shen, "An Overview of Photovoltaic Microinverters: Topology, Efficiency, and Reliability," in 2019 IEEE 13th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Apr. 2019, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/CPE.2019.8862334.

• compares four different microinverters on the market

Design and Analysis of a Flyback Micro Inverter with H5 Inverter

E. Kabalci, A. Boyar, and N. A. Metin, "Design and Analysis of a Flyback Micro Inverter with H5 Inverter," in 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Jun. 2019, pp. 368–373, doi: 10.1109/GPECOM.2019.8778530.

• topology designed for 220V
• simulated efficiency of 94%
• adds a switch to an h-4 inverter

Computational Model of a Two-stage Microinverter With Flyback Active Clamp and Dual Buck

M. A. Bolaños-Navarrete, G. Osorio, J. D. Bastidas-Rodriguez, and E. J. Revelo-Fuelagan, "Computational Model of a Two-stage Microinverter With Flyback Active Clamp and Dual Buck," in 2019 IEEE 4th Colombian Conference on Automatic Control (CCAC), Oct. 2019, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/CCAC.2019.8921241.

• provides model to simulate the output of a microinverter

A Transformerless Photovoltaic Microinverter using High-gain Z-Source Boost Converter for Single-phase Grid connected Applications

N. S. Prabhu, R. Viswadev, B. Venkatesaperumal, and S. Mishra, "A Transformerless Photovoltaic Microinverter using High-gain Z-Source Boost Converter for Single-phase Grid connected Applications," in 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020), Jan. 2020, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.1109/PESGRE45664.2020.9070677.

• Tests if high gain z-source boost converters are suitable for microinverters
  • provides circuit topology
  • describes control system
• gives simulated results on 230V grid

Comprehensive Review and Comparison of Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Microinverters

K. Alluhaybi, I. Batarseh, and H. Hu, "Comprehensive Review and Comparison of Single-Phase Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Microinverters," IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1310–1329, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2900413.

• Breaks down the main topologies
  • provides given examples for most popular topologies
• Single stage superior to double stage
  • non-isolated single stage best option
  • buck-boost great option, needs optimization

A Quasi Z -Source Matrix Microinverter for Grid Connected PV Applications

L. Palma, "A Quasi Z -Source Matrix Microinverter for Grid Connected PV Applications," in 2020 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Jun. 2020, pp. 526–531, doi: 10.1109/SPEEDAM48782.2020.9161972.

• designed for 220v 50 Hz
• simulation shows would work connected to grid

Two-Stage Flyback Micro Inverter for Solar Power Conversion

A. BOYAR and E. KABALCI, "Two-Stage Flyback Micro Inverter for Solar Power Conversion," in 2020 2nd Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Oct. 2020, pp. 6–11, doi: 10.1109/GPECOM49333.2020.9247905.

An Interleaved Flyback Micro Inverter with H5 Topology for Photovoltaic Applications

E. KABALCI and A. BOYAR, "An Interleaved Flyback Micro Inverter with H5 Topology for Photovoltaic Applications," in 2020 2nd Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Oct. 2020, pp. 12–17, doi: 10.1109/GPECOM49333.2020.9247879.

• proposes 220V 50Hz topology
• 40-60V in, dc-dc up to 450V