Literature Review[edit | edit source]
Google scholar search: PV-powered cathodic/ anodic / impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP)[edit | edit source]
Mustafa A. Al-Refai, “Optimal Design and Simulation of Solar Photovoltaic Powered Cathodic Protection for Underground Pipelines in Libya,” Journal of Electrical Engineering 7 (2019) 61-73, doi: 10.17265/2328-2223/2019.02.004.
Abstract: In Libya, pipelines are being used as means of transferring hydrocarbon from wellheads to export sea ports, refineries, storage tanks, steel factory and power plants. Steel pipeline is widely used because it is the safest means of transporting hydrocarbon and other oil products as well as its cost effective. However, one of the challenges facing oil and gas sector is corrosion on infrastructure facilities and processing units. Cathodic-protection (CP) is an electrical method used to protect metallic body in contact with the earth from corrosion. A photovoltaic (PV) provides a reliable solution for powering remote CP stations, enabling the placing of CP units in any location along the underground pipeline, thus ensuring optimal current distribution for the exact protection requirements. In this paper the sizing of the system is determined based on the electrical power needed for the catholic protection, characteristics of the used PV module and the meteorological data of the installation site. Matlab/Simulink and PVsyst V6.43 software are used as tools for optimal design, sizing and simulation of the PV powered cathodic protection system components. In addition to that estimation of system cost was investigated and compared with the conventional system. The results show that using solar energy powered cathodic protection system for underground pipelines is practical and very beneficial besides being economical, especially considering the rapid decreasing in the prices of PV systems components and the increasing of its efficiencies and reliability.
Notes:
- External anode can be a galvanic anode, where the current is due to potential difference between the two metals, or it may be an impressed current anode, where the dc current is impressed from an external power supply.
- Components of PV powered ICCP system powered are PV generator to supply dc current, DC-DC, converters used to increase or decrease the voltage produced by the solar array, batteries storage system, coated pipeline structure
- PV modules are sized depending on peak power of one module under standard testing conditions (STC), where STC are 1,000 W/m2 solar irradiance and 25 °C.
Mirosław Janowski1,a and Agnieszka Wantuch, “ICCP cathodic protection of tanks with photovoltaic power supply ,” E3S Web of Conferences, SEED 00029 (2016), doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20161000029.[1]
Abstract: Corrosion is the result of the electrochemical reaction between a metal or composite material usually having conducting current properties. Control of corrosion related defect is a very important problem for structural integrity in ground based structures. Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique to protect metallic structures against corrosion in an aqueous environment, it is employed intense on the steel drains in oil and gas industry, specifically to protect underground tanks and pipelines. CP is commonly applied to a coated structure to provide corrosion control to areas where the coating may be damaged. It may be applied to existing structures to prolong their life. There are two types of cathodic protection systems: sacrificial (galvanic) anode cathodic protection (SACP); the other system is Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP). Majority of the structures protected employ impressed current system. The main difference between the two is that SACP uses the galvanic anodes which are electrochemically more electronegative than the structure to be protected - the naturally occurring electrochemical potential difference between different metallic elements to provide protection; ICCP uses an external power source (electrical generator with D.C.) with inert anodes, and this system is used for larger structures, or where electrolyte resistivity is high and galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide protection. The essential of CP is based on two parameters, the evolution of the potential and the current of protection. A commonly accepted protection criterion used for steel is a potential value of minus 850 mV. ICCP system consist of anodes connected to a DC power source. As power sources may be used such as solar panels, wind turbines, etc. The object of this study is analysis of the possibilities and operating parameters of ICCP system supplied with photovoltaic solar panels. Photovoltaic generator made up of the following elements: photovoltaic modules of solar cells, a control and regulation system, a storage system.
Notes:
- ICCP used for larger structures, or where electrolyte resistivity is high and galvanic anodes cannot economically deliver enough current to provide protection.
- Common protection criterion used for steel is a potential value of minus 850 mV.
Google scholar search: "Cost of Corrosion" in vehicles in U.S.A.[edit | edit source]
Roberge, P.R., “Handbook of Corrosion Engineering.Third Edition. Chapter 9,” McGraw-Hill Education (2019) 61-73, doi: 10.17265/2328-2223/2019.02.004.[2]
- Pre-failure and post-failure costs of corrosion- Chapter 9, Section 9.2
