Fuel delivery timing effects the engine in a number of ways. Advancing the injection timing has the following effects:

Increasing

• Cylinder pressures/temperatures
• Black smoke at peak torque
• Emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
• Black smoke at peak torque

Decreasing

• White smoke
• Black smoke at tick over
• Black smoke at designed rated power
• Exhaust temperature
• Brake specific fuel consumption
• Hydrocarbons (HC)

Setting the injection timing involves balancing power and emission requirements. The engine material tolerances limit the advance due to the increase in peak pressure/temperature.