{"id":9842,"key":"Soil","title":"Soil","latest":{"id":1248652,"timestamp":"2026-05-25T13:02:54Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"[[File:Soil profile.jpg|thumb]]\n\n{{Topic notice}}\n\n'''Soil''' is the upper layer of the Earth's surface. It is made from organic material, minerals and small living forms. Soil is significant in two main ways in [[sustainable development]] - as the basis of [[agriculture]], the living substrate on which [[crops]] are grown, and as a [[building]] and insulating material. It is also significant as a source of healthy homegrown gardens, safety of living environments (non-erosion, embankments, etc.) and as one of the important nature-based services underpinning urban and other human built environments.\n\n== Soil in agriculture ==\n\nSoil consists of eroded rock particles (notably sand, silt and [[clay]]), organic matter ([[humus]]). and a wide range of organisms, including [[earthworms]], [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. The soil category on Appropedia focuses on this aspect.\n\n== Complexity of soil ==\n\nThe soil, be it of the desert, forest or the swamp, is a mixture of the result of the weathering of rocks, the mineral substrate, and an almost infinite complex of microorganisms in a bewildering series of interacting ecosystems. The soil microbiota may be considered as the basic flora and fauna of this planet since every living thing on Earth's land depends directly or indirectly on the health of Earth's soil microbiota. The sea has a similar situation.\n\nOur understanding of soil has grown enormously in recent years. The common view of soil was as a source of physical support and chemical substances (natural and artificial) which act as [[nutrients]]. Science now understand it to be much more than this - that soil [[ecology]], with soil microorganisms which break down the rocky components of soil, release nutrients in the process, as well as interacting directly with the plant's roots.\n\n== Soil structure ==\n\nTopsoil: This is the top layer of soil that can be seen and that extends to around 15 to 20cm beneath the surface.\n\nSubsoil: This refers to the layers of soil found beneath the 15 to 20cm of topsoil. Depending on the soil type, it is often compacted and less fertile than the topsoil, and less likely to contain organic matter of use to the gardener/food crop grower.\n\n== Care of soils ==\n\nThe most valuable resource of a rural person or [[community]] is the land, in effect its [[soils]]. These may be under mechanical cultivation, untilled [[permaculture]], in pasture or in native [[forest]] but if the agriculturist does not properly protect and improve his soils, his intention of forever producing food or other products based on these soils, is a lost battle to start with. Throughout his history, man has destroyed far more soil than remains for his use. This futile act flies in the face of the fact that, it is not all that difficult to defend and improve the soils in use, plus the fact that such improved soils grow crops producing healthier, more nourishing and flavorful [[Food|foods]].\n\nOne first produces a healthy soil then you ask of the soil what you want as to planted crops. If you realize that farming or gardening is basically the cultivation of a healthy soil, your chances of success have increased tremendously. The term ‘healthy soil' is literal for the soil is a complex living ecosystem. If the soil is given strong chemical [[fertilizer]]s, at first crops will grow wonderfully, but then as certain organisms in the soil are discouraged and others are over stimulated, the soil will become completely unbalanced resulting in weakening crops. If even more fertilizer is added in an attempt to remedy this problem, the soil's health will be even further damaged until the soil can become useless.\n\n== Soil conservation practices ==\n\nSoil conservation is key for longevity of all plants, animals and the earth as a whole. By practicing soil conservation methods, we can protect natural resources and watersheds while boosting top soil, microorganisms and carbon sequestration.\n\nTop soil conservation practices include:<ref>https://online.maryville.edu/blog/soil-conservation</ref>\n\n* No-till farming\n* Terrace farming\n* Contour farming\n* Crop rotation\n* Windbreaks\n* Buffer strips\n* Forest cover reestablishment\n* Cover crops\n* [[Soil bunds]]\n\n== Soil in construction ==\n\nSoil is used in natural building (see [[earthen construction]]) methods as a building material, as insulation and as [[thermal mass]].\n\nFor pages related to soil in construction, see [[:Category:Earthen construction]].\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[Soil structure]]\n* Soil remineralization\n* Healthy soil, healthy plants\n* [[Composting]]\n* [[Biochar]]\n* [[Fertilizers]]\n* [[Manure]]\n* [[Humanure]]\n* Effective microorganisms\n* Growing in permaculture\n* [[Living with the Soil]] (CTA - GTZ, 28 p.)\n* [[Soil-Friendly Planting]]\n* [[Traditional Field Crops 9|Soil fertility and management]] (Peace Corps, 1981, 283 p.)\n* [[Soil Preparation Equipment]] (GTZ, 1991, 18 p.)\n* [[Soil pH]]\n* [[History of Soil Science]]\n\n== References ==\n\n<references />\n\n== External links ==\n\n* [[Wikipedia:Soil]]\n* [[Wikipedia:Agricultural soil science]]\n* [[Wikipedia:Pedogenesis]]\n* [https://permies.com/f/120/soil Soil forums] at [https://permies.com Permies.com]\n* [https://permies.com/wiki/redhawk-soil List of Dr. Bryant Redhawk's Soil Threads]at [https://permies.com Permies.com]\n* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYp4Any0dsA Understanding Soil] (excerpt)\n\n{{add links}}\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n| description = Soil matters. Appropedia explores its role in farming, nature, and construction—and how to keep it healthy and productive.\n}}\n\n[[Category:Agriculture]]\n[[Category:Permaculture]]\n[[Category:Soil]]"}