{"id":77365,"key":"Polymer-glass_3D_print_literature_review","title":"Polymer-glass 3D print literature review","latest":{"id":1210129,"timestamp":"2025-11-28T04:15:04Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{MOST}}\n\n{{MOST literature review notice}}\n\n=== Background ===\n\nTypes of glass and melting points:\n\n* soda-lime glass: ~1000C [https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/soda-lime-glass]\n* borosilicate glass:\n\n==== Searches ====\n\n* Google for polymer and glass composites\n\n[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm00058a032 Newly Synthesized Dyes and Their Polymer/Glass Composites for One- and Two-Photon Pumped Solid-State Cavity Lasing]\n\n* Google for glass-polymer composites applications -biomedical\n\n[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359835X04000661 Moisture absorption properties of unidirectional glass/polymer composites used in composite (non-ceramic) insulators]\n\n* google for polymer glass composite\n\n[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022391399700351 Effect of sandblasting and silicoating on bond strength of polymer-glass composite to cast titanium]\npossible application for glass-polymer composite 3D print\n\n* google for commonly used types of glass [http://www.koppglass.com/blog/3-common-glass-types-properties-applications/ 3 Common Glass Types: Properties and Applications]\n* google for types of glass google scholar [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012386814248 Types and Compositions of Glass for Production of Continuous Glass Fiber (Review)]\n\n[http://www.koppglass.com/blog/glass-thermal-properties-and-their-role-in-product-design/ Glass Thermal Properties and Their Role in Product Design]\n\n* google for cost of borosilicate glass vs soda-lime glass [https://rayotek.com/wpnews/borosilicate-glass-vs-soda-lime-glass/ Borosilicate Glass vs. Soda Lime Glass?]\n\nFirst link at bottom of page for material comparison: [https://rayotek.com/tech-specs/material-comparisons.htm]\n\n* google for polymer-glass composites +spheres [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0307174X1404100104, The structure formation in polymer composites with\n\nhollow glass microspheres]\nThis resource discusses use of hollow glass microspheres in glass-polymer composite fabrication. this will help me in finding a glass-polymer combination that works as a composite, but hollow glass microspheres might not be the best option for this project. Air ingisde the glass may lead to bubbles in the filament and low-quality printing.\n\n* [https://www.compositesworld.com/articles/microspheres-fillers-filled-with-possibilities Microspheres: Fillers Filled With Possibilities]\n\nthis source offers links to other databases and suppliers of microspheres who might have some that will work for this project. Major strengths of hollow glass spheres in composites are mentioned as well.\n\n* google for hollow glass microsphere sintering [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3c0f/ba149f8ca9e2d2ac79a3ca9c3a8d41d06d42.pdf A Novel Method for Preparation of High Strength Hollow Spherical Silicon Dioxide By Plasma Technology]\n\ncites Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, which will likely be helpful.\n\n* google for solid glass microspheres sintered [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04746.x Sintering of Soda‐Lime Glass Microspheres Using Spark Plasma Sintering]\n* google for glass filled polymer composite fabrication -fiber -fibre -hollow [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mame.201800179 Polypropylene Filled With Glass Spheres in Extrusion‐Based Additive Manufacturing: Effect of Filler Size and Printing Chamber Temperature]\n\n summary of this study\n print chamber is used for controlled environment\n polypropylene is the polymer used\n aminosilane-coated borosilicae glass microspheres\n maleic anhydride compatiblizer used to functionalize PP\n 30% filler volume used for all tests\n polypropylene print surface\n\n* google for galss filled polymer FFF [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317077453_Properties_of_glass-filled_polypropylene_for_fused_filament_fabrication Properties of glass-filled polypropylene for fused filament fabrication]\n\n 3D-printable glass-filled Polypropylene composite can be fabricated using hollow borosilicate glass or solid soda-lime glasss spheres.\n Solid spheres will be eaiser to use for my project so I will focus more on that part.\n this paper discusses effects of various properties before/after addition of filler material and also compares to PLA\n investigated properties include shrinkage, tensile properties, warpage and adhesion.\n polypropylene is not susceptible to moisture absorption like most conventional filament types (ABS, PLA) are.\n Spheriglass 3000 solid glassmicrospheres used\n 30% filler volume could reduce shrinkage to a value similar to that of PLA\n\n* search in ResearchGate for similar Clemens Holzer publications (access granted by Janak Sapkota for both articles) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318139125_Shrinkage_and_Warpage_Optimization_of_Expanded-Perlite-Filled_Polypropylene_Composites_in_Extrusion-Based_Additive_Manufacturing Shrinkage and Warpage Optimization of Expanded-Perlite-Filled Polypropylene Composites in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing]\n\n expanded perlite (similar chemical composition to glass) is used as filler material\n low-density, low cost are best for filler materials, solid spheres are used because they are less expensive\n advantage of spheres over fibers: unless fibers are randomly oriented, the shrinkage properties of fiber-reinforced polymers are anisotropic. spheres are assumed to have uniform geometry and therefore lead to isotropic material properties\n shrinkage and warpage depend on filler morphology\n shrinkage strongly depends on crystallinity\n lower crystallinity in polymer is better, polypropylene random copolymer is used which has lower crystallinity than homopolymer\n compatiblizer is polypropylene functionalized with maleic acid anhydride\n \n\n[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322078134_Optimization_of_Mechanical_Properties_of_Glass-Spheres-Filled_Polypropylene_Composites_for_Extrusion-Based_Additive_Manufacturing Optimization of Mechanical Properties of Glass-Spheres-Filled Polypropylene Composites for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing]\n\n[http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/416/1/012086/pdf Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)-Nanosilica Reinforced Nanocomposites for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing]\n\n inorganic nanosilica particles with diameter of approximately 14nm are used as filler material\n ABS is the polymer\n nanosilica fillers dispersed ultrasonically dispersed into ABS, increases stiffness and hardness\n 5 and 10 wt% filler composites are tested for mechanical properties, due to embrittlement of composite, only 5wt% was possible\n uses instrumented indentation technique to characterize material behavior\n print parameters: nozzle extrusion temperature of 210°C, heat bed temperature of 55°C, deposition line (layer) height 0.2 mm, deposition line width 0.4 mm and printing speed of 50 mm/sec\n dynamic ultra-micro hardness tester measured indentation hardness and elastic modulus of the composite\n\n[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061818303489 On the tolerable limits of granulated recycled material additives to maintain structural integrity]\n\n \n\n=== Glass suppliers ===\n\n* Vitro Minerals (this is the supplier I ended up purchasing materials from)\n* Cospheric (includes microspheres)\n* Mo-Sci corporation (includes microspheres)\n* Kopp Glass\n* Rayotek Scientific, Inc.\n\n=== overview ===\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n}}"}