{"id":40624,"key":"Photovoltaic_charging_of_ultracapacitors_literature_review","title":"Photovoltaic charging of ultracapacitors literature review","latest":{"id":1211726,"timestamp":"2025-11-28T14:31:02Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{MOST}}\n\n{{MOST literature review notice}}\n\n== Search terms ==\n\n* Ultracapacitors\n* Ultracapacitors and solar PV\n* Hybrid battery-ultracapacitor charging\n* Constant current charging\n* Constant power charging mode\n* Hybrid energy storage\n\n== Journals ==\n\n* IEEE\n* Science Direct\n* Solar Energy\n\n== literature ==\n\n== Uninterruptible power supply for short-time power back-up using ultracapacitors ==\n\nAbstract: This paper presents an uninterruptible power supply capable of proving power for several seconds. Ultracapacitors are used as the storage method since they are suitable for pulse power applications and longer life time. Selection of ultracapacitors and controller design for associated power electronic converters are presented in this paper. Further simulation results of the proposed uninterruptible power supply are also included in the paper.\n\n== Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology ==\n\nAbstract: This paper covers all the basics of Ultra capacitors from why we need them, their advantages, their working and a detailed comparison of various features of Ultra capacitors with that of batteries. Various concerns like the cost issues and the manufacturing problems of the technologies involved are discussed.The present status and the future scope of the technology is also covered.\n\n== Effective charging method for ultracapacitors ==\n\nAbstract:One of the advantages of ultracapacitors is its high power capability, which is applicable for high rate of charging\nand discharging operation like motor starting and regenerative braking of an electric vehicle. This paper presents\na new charging method for ultracapacitors. Comparing with batteries, ultracapacitor can accept a wide range of\ncharging current and can be fully charged within a few minutes. Common chargers for ultracapacitors are usually\nequipped with current transducers and closed loop circuitry for current control, which are expensive and complicated. The proposed circuit consists of a minimum number of components. It does not require any current transducer or dedicated voltage/current control circuitry. A simple open-loop control system is applicable for the whole\ncharging stage. It is free of stability problem and protects itself from being overloaded by ultracapacitor with zero\ninitial charge. This paper presents the design and operation of the hardware circuit. Both simulation and experimental results are included.\n\n== Use of Super-Capacitor to Enhance Charging Performance of Stand-Alone Solar PV System ==\n\nAbstract:The battery charging performance in a stand-alone solar PV system\naffects the PV system efficiency and the load operating time. The New Energy\nCenter of National Taiwan University has been devoted to the development of a\nPWM charging technique to continue charging the lead-acid battery after the\novercharge point to increase the battery storage capacity by more than 10%. The\npresent study intends to use the super-capacitor to further increase the charge capacity before the overcharge point of the battery. The super-capacitor is connected\nin parallel to the lead-acid battery. This will reduce the overall charging impedance during the charge and increase the charging current, especially in sunny\nweather. A system dynamics model of the lead-acid battery and super-capacitor\nwas derived and the control system simulation was carried out to predict the\ncharging performance for various weathers. It shows that the overall battery impedance decreases and charging power increases with increasing solar radiation.\nAn outdoor comparative test for two identical PV systems with and without supercapacitor was carried out. The use of super-capacitor is shown to be able to increase the lead-acid charging capacity by more than 25% at sunny weather and\n10% in cloudy weather.\n\n== Maximum power transfer tracking for a photovoltaic-supercapacitor energy system ==\n\nAbstract:It is important to maintain high efficiency when charging electrical\nenergy storage elements so as to achieve holistic optimization from\nan energy generation source (e.g., a solar cell array) to an energy\nstorage element (e.g., a supercapacitor bank). Previous maximum\npower point tracking (MPPT) methods do not consider the fact that\nefficiency of the charger varies depending on the power output level\nof the energy generation source and the state of charge of the storage\nelement. This paper is the first paper to optimize the efficiency of\na supercapacitor charging process by utilizing the MPPT technique\nand simultaneously considering the variable charger efficiency. More\nprecisely, previous MPPT methods only maximize the power output\nof the energy generation source, but they do not guarantee the maximum energy is stored in the energy storage element. Note that the\nload device takes its energy from the storage element so it is important to maximize energy transfer from the source into the storage\nelement. We present a rigorous framework to determine the optimal\ncapacitance of a supercapacitor and optimal configuration of a solar\ncell array so as to maximize the efficiency of energy transfer from\nthe solar cells into a bank of supercapacitors. Experimental results\nshow the efficacy of the proposed technique and design optimization\nframework.\n\n== A novel charging control scheme for super capacitor energy storage in photovoltaic generation system ==\n\nAbstract:A control scheme is described to charge\nseries-connected super capacitors for photovoltaic generation\nsystems. Based on the features of the super capacitors charge, the\ncontrol scheme consists of three modes, i.e., the constant current\ncharge mode, the constant power charge mode, and the constant\nvoltage charge mode. The shift of three modes can be realized by\ncontrolling the duty of IGBT in the Boost-Buck converter system.\nMeanwhile, the high voltage, which is more suitable for\napplication, can be obtained. Compared with the normal charge\nmethod with series-connected current-limiting resistance and the\ncharge method with the constant current charge mode and the\nconstant voltage charge mode, the proposed charging control\nscheme can shorten the charging time and improve the usage of\nthe electric power generated from the PV arrays. The advantage\ndescribed above is verified by simulations.\n\n== Research on Supercapacitor Charging Efficiency of Photovoltaic System ==\n\nAbstract:the model of supercapacitor and its charging\nperformance with constant voltage charging mode, constant\ncurrent charging mode and constant power charging mode were\nstudied. A numerical method to calculate the efficiency of these\ncharging modes was inducted. To analyze the storage\nperformance of supercapacitor in PV system, using this method,\nthe maximum charging efficiencies of supercapacitor when its\nterminal voltage raise from zero to the rated voltage with\ndifferent charging modes were presented. The multi-stage\ncharging efficiency curves were retrieved, which indicated that\nthe constant power charging mode is more suitable when\nsupercapacitor are charged in PV system. A MPPT plus constant\npower control charging strategy using two-stage Buck-Boost\nconverter to charge supercapacitor in PV system was proposed.\nThe simulation results showed that this strategy effectively\nensure the charging efficiency of the system.\n\n== Technology Research Of Novel Energy Storage Control For The PV Generation System ==\n\nAbstract:Recent years, technologies for new energy have developed rapidly since the energy crisis and the environmental pollution got worse. And the solar energy generation technology tends towards the stage of a large number of applications in engineering from the research stage. This paper designed a grid-connected PV system firstly, then introduced the operation principle of the various parts as well with the control strategy of the power flow. The design of energy storage is of great significance as the output power of PV cells array is greatly affected by the light intensity and the temperature change. Battery is used as the energy storage device normally in the traditional energy storage system. In this paper, it used the Ultracapacitor as the energy storage device after comparing with the battery, and designed the charge-discharge control strategy according to the characteristics of the ultracapacitor. Finally it verified the feasibility of the energy storage control strategy through the simulation models which was built based on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform.\n\n== Using Ultracapacitors in Photovoltaic Systems. A technical proposal ==\n\n== Control of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Supercapacitor Automotive Application ==\n\nAbstract: The purpose of this paper is to study a sliding-\nmode controller to regulate the voltage and current\na bidirectional DC-DC converter . The converter\nis placed between a supercapacitor array (SA) and\na DC-link �xed at 42V. Supercapacitor array is re-\ngarded as powered system with high current and\nlow voltage source. The DC-DC converter is bidi-\nrectional: it is a Boost converter when the SA pro-\nvides the power requirement of the DC link and a\nBuck converter when SA is charged from the DC\nlink. The output voltage ( Boost case) and the\ninductor current (Buck case) are regulated at con-\nstant values using a sliding mode approach.\n\n== MCU Controlled DC-DC Buck/Boost Converter for Supercapacitors ==\n\nAbstract: This work is focused on DC to DC conversion, what is a crucial function to enable the use of\nsupercapacitors for energy storage. A theoretical study and comparison of methods, algorithms\nand techniques for software controlled DC-DC converters have been used to develop a system\nwhat can step up or down a DC variable voltage and transform it into a steady state voltage.\nAs a result a new control theory based on Bang-Bang control has been developed with an\nARM LPC1768 processor. It was implemented to solve the commercial converters problems\nbecause they cannot work with supercapacitors due to their low internal resistance.\nThe outcome is a device what can provide a programmable voltage between 4.5 V and 25 V,\nhardware can support up to 6 A and it is able to control the operating current\nowing through\nthe converter. It can be used with the supercapacitors as shown in this work but it can also be\nused as a general platform for voltage and energy conversion.\nFurthermore, the designed hardware has the potential to work with smart grids via Ethernet\nconnector, solar panels with MPPT algorithms and, at last, manage energy between di�erent\nkinds of DC voltage sources and devices.\n\n== Isolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter for SuperCapacitor Applications ==\n\nAbstract: This paper proposes a new bidirectional DC/DC\nconverter for supercapacitor applications. The proposed converter\nhas a parallel structure in supercapacitor side (where voltage is\nlow and current is high) and a series structure in the other side.\nThis structure increases efficiency of the converter. For current\nsharing in the parallel side of the proposed converter, two\ndifferent methods are recommended and compared in this paper:\nCurrent balancing transformer (CBT) and two separate inductors\n(TSI). Simulation and experimental results show performance of\nthe proposed converter.\n\n== MODELING BATTERY-ULTRACAPACITOR HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR SOLAR AND WIND APPLICATIONS ==\n\nAbstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the improvement in the performance of a battery with\nthe addition of an ultracapacitor as an auxillary energy storage device for solar and wind applica-\ntions. The improvement in performance was demonstrated through simulation and modeling. A\nceraolo battery model and a third order ultracapacitor ladder model were implemented in Mat-\nlab/Simulink. Sample battery load cycles for solar and wind applications have been obtained\nfrom literature and the corresponding C-rates were quanti�ed. The C-rate for the solar load\ncycle was found to be 0.3C and 0.2C for the wind load cycle. The performance of the battery-\nultracapacitor system was checked for the sample solar and wind load cycles and compared with\nthe performance of the battery system without an ultracapacitor. A reduction of 50.5% in bat-\ntery RMS currents was found for the solar load cycle and 60.9% for the wind load cycle. This\nreduction in battery RMS currents was found to be directly proportional to the ultracapacitor\ncontribution. Given the low C-rates for the sample load cycles it was deduced that the addition\nof an ultracapacitor will not signi�cantly improve the battery life to justify the high initial costs.\n\n== Sizing Ultracapacitors For Hybrid Electric Vehicles ==\n\nAbstract: An efficient energy storage medium is essential in all\nhybrid electric vehicles. The advances in double layer\nelectrolytic capacitor technology have opened new areas to\ncomplement batteries as a storage medium. In this paper we will\nreview some of the present applications of ultracapacitors as\nwell as to provide guidelines for sizing ultracapacitors for\nminimal mass in hybrid electric vehicles. Equations for both\nconstant current as well as constant power discharge are\ndiscussed. An iterative method for determining the minimum\nnumber of ultracapacitor cells is introduced. The effects of\nultracapacitor sizing on the rating of interface power electronics\nare examined.\n\n== ULTRACAPACITOR/ BATTERY HYBRID FOR SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE ==\n\nAbstract: All stand alone photovoltaic systems require an energy buffer to bridge the mismatch between available and required\nenergy. Battery technology, chiefly the lead acid battery, is the most popular form of energy storage utilized. Nevertheless\nin a photovoltaic application, the storage battery generally has the highest life time cost in the system, it has a profound\neffect on the systems reliability and global performance. Photovoltaic panels are not an ideal source for charging batteries as\nthe output is unreliable and heavily dependent on weather conditions an optimum charge/ discharge cycle cannot be\nguaranteed. Using an ultracapacitor and battery hybrid system it is aimed to prolong the lifetime of the battery, making the\noverall system more efficient and reliable. The ultracapacitor/ battery hybrid system will be controlled by an energy\nmanagement system (EMS) implemented in labview. The EMS will implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and\nthe chosen battery charging algorithm.\n\n== Ultracapacitor Energy Storage for MicroGrid Micro-generation ==\n\nAbstract:A microsource interface with energy storage would help to\nrealise the plug and play functionality of a MicroGrid. This\npaper discusses the energy storage interface. Selection and\nsizing of the energy storage unit is explained. A bi-directional\nconverter is used to interface the storage, and a controller is\nimplemented to keep the output voltage of the converter\napproximately constant. The energy storage unit was\nconnected to a PV system in simulation. The system response\nto the irradiance, temperature and load variations were\nanalysed in this paper.\n\n== TurboCap: A Batteryless, Supercapacitor-based Power Supply for Mini-FDPM ==\n\nAbstract: This paper describes TurboCap, a batteryless,\nsupercapacitor-based power supply subsystem for a handheld,\nlaser-based breast cancer detector named the Mini-FDPM. Supercapacitors\nhave high power density and are a better match\nwith the power usage pattern than batteries. However, the multivoltage\nrequirement poses a new problem on the selection of\nsupercapacitor topology for conversion efficiency and for formfactor\nminimization. Experimental results show that our design\ncan efficiently power the Mini-FDPM system for energy-efficient,\nuntethered operation in a compact size while supporting fast\nrecharge.\n\n== Energy Harvesting by Sweeping Voltage-Escalated Charging of a Reconfigurable Supercapacitor Array ==\n\nAbstract: EscaCap is an energy harvester that uses a boostup\ncharge pump to perform maximum power-transfer tracking\n(MPTT) while charging a reservoir supercapacitor array\n(RSA) with a reconfigurable topology. Unlike buck-down type\nharvesters, the voltage-doubling charge pump of EscaCap enables\nthe sensor nodes to operate under low ambient power conditions.\nThe supercapacitors in the RSA can be dynamically configured\nfor series or parallel topologies by means of a switch array\nfor not only minimizing leakage of the supercapacitors but also\nimproving the charging speed. Furthermore, the RSA of EscaCap\nis modular and can be easily expanded. Experimental results\nshow that EscaCap can harvest energy efficiently under low and\nhigh solar irradiation conditions, achieve shorter charging time,\nand demonstrate flexibility and robustness.\n\n== Efficient Charging of Supercapacitors for Extended Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Nodes ==\n\nAbstract: This paper describes an efficient charging method\nfor a supercapacitor-operated, solar-powered wireless sensor\nnode called Everlast. Unlike traditional wireless sensors that store\nenergy in batteries, Everlast's use of supercapacitors enables the\nsystem to operate for an estimated lifetime of 20 years without any\nmaintenance. The novelty of this system lies in the feed-forward,\npulse frequency modulated converter and open-circuit solar\nvoltage method for maximum power point tracking (MPPT),\nenabling the solar cell to efficiently charge the supercapacitor\nand power the node. Experimental results show that by its\nlow-complexity MPPT, Everlast can achieve over 89% conversion\nefficiency with lower power overhead than the state-of-the-art by\ntwo orders of magnitude, while enabling charging a supercapacitor\nup to 400% faster than direct charging. This makes Everlast\nparticularly applicable to miniature-scale, high-impedance energy\nharvesting systems.\n\n== A new simplified model of Double-Layer Capacitors ==\n\nAbstract: The paper introduces a simplified model,\nnamed \"two branches model\", to characterize the electrical\nbehaviour of the DLCs (Double Layer Capacitors). The new\nmodel is very similar to many others in literature from the\ncircuital point of view, however the process of identification\nof its parameters is easier and faster. This new identification\nprocess can be followed in other some model proposed in\nliterature. Experimental charge tests have been executed on\nsupercapacitors of two different labels (Epcos and Maxwell)\nand size (between 100F to 600F). The experimental results\nand the performed simulations have been reported in order\nto verify the validity of the new identification proposed\nmethod.\n\n== Modeling and Simulation of Supercapacitors ==\n\nAbstract: In this paper we present some models for supercapacitors. The supercapacitors are used\nmore and more in high level industries such as: traction systems, automotive industry, aerospace\nindustry, telecommunications etc. Undestanding supercapacitors operation mode is necessary so we\ncan be able to determine the applications which require these components, and to be able to choose\nbetween supercapacitors and other energy storage devices. In this paper were used some models for\nthe implementation of supercapacitors, and the simulations made in Orcad 9.2 to determine their\noperation, are in time and frequency domain. Also, the models were implemented in Simulink 7.5 and\nthe simulation results prove the models accuracy. Two test measurements on the ECOND Pscap350\nsupercapacitor were realized and using the measurement data, two methods to compute the\nparameters are presented.\n\n== High Power DC-to-DC Converter For Supercapacitors ==\n\nAbstract: The purpose of this paper is to present Solectria's\napproach to the design and realization of a high power, nonisolated\nDC-to-DC converter for supercapacitors. The study\nfocuses on supercapacitor specific design rules and on how to\nintegrate the unit into a system with other energy storage\ndevices and converters. Two applications are presented to\nillustrate the validity of the suggested approach: An electric\nvehicle with supercapacitor load leveling, and a 50 kW pulse\npower source.\n\n== Time domain validation of ultracapacitor fractional order model ==\n\nAbstract: In this paper, the modeling of the ultracapacitor\nusing fractional order model is shown. The derivation of time\ndomain response of the ultracapacitor and system with the\nultracapacitor is presented. The results of frequency domain\nidentification were used to validate the response of the ultracapacitor\nin time domain. All theoretical results are compared\nwith the response of the physical system with the ultracapacitor.\nThen the issue of capacity for the ultracapacitors is shown and\ndiscussed.\n\n== A physical based model of power electric double-layer supercapacitors ==\n\nAbstract: Recent developments in the field of\nsupercapacitors have led to the achievement of high\nspecific energy and high specific power devices. Due to\ncapacitances of severai hundred farads and serial\nresistances of less than one milliohm, these new\ncomponents are suitable for energy storage in high power\nelectronic applications, especially in the field of\nmanagement of embarked electrical power (hybrid power\nsources, energy recovery). This paper presents theory,\ncharacterisation and experimental validation of an\naccurate electric double-layer supercapacitor model based\non the physics of phenomena governing charges storage,\nwhich theoretically leads to a transmission line with\nvoltage dependant distributed capacitance.\n\n== PSiM Based Electric Modeling of Supercapacitors for Line Voltage Regulation of Electric Train System ==\n\nAbstract: Supercapacitor can be used for energy storage\nand peak power control in order to increase the efficiency\nand the life cycle of the system. Recent developments in the\nfield of supercapacitors have led to the achievement of high\nspecific energy and high specific power devices. Due to the\ncapacitances of several hundred farads and serial\nresistances of less than one milliohm, these new components\nare suitable for energy storage in high power electronic\napplications, especially in the field of management of\nembarked electrical power (hybrid power sources, energy\nrecovery). This paper presents a method to identify the\nequivalent circuit parameters of supercapacitor by the\nexperimental results. In order to validate this method,\nparameters of a Maxwell BCAP 3000F are extracted from\nthe experiment and then the equivalent circuit model using\nparameters is implemented by using the PSiM software.\nFinally, experimental and simulation results are compared\nto verify the electric modeling of some supercapacitors.\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[Photovoltaic charging of ultracapacitors]] - project page\n* [[Ultracapacitors: MOST]] - methods page, include spec sheets, safety, etc. for using ours.\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n}}\n\n[[Category:MOST literature reviews]]"}