{"id":85573,"key":"Open_Source_Monochromator_Literature_Review","title":"Open Source Monochromator Literature Review","latest":{"id":717789,"timestamp":"2023-04-14T13:30:24Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{MOST literature review notice}}\n\n== Note to Reader ==\n\nRefer to https://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Automated_Scanning_Monochromator for previous work done on this system\n\n== Background ==\n\n'''Searches'''\n\n* Google Scholar for Open source hardware monochromator\n* Google for Monochromator for sale\n* Google for Monochromatization\n* Google for Monochromator collider\n\n'''Journals'''\n\n== Monochromator and Monochromatization ==\n\nFrom Wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatization]\n\n* \"Monochromatization in the context of accelerator physics is a theoretical principle used to increase center-of-mass energy resolution in high-luminosity particle collisions.\"\n\nFrom Source 5: [B. M et al., \"A novel monochromator for experiments with ultrashort X-ray pulses,\" Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 522–530, 2013, doi: 10.1107/S0909049513008613.]\n\n* Monochromator is optical device\n* Can be used to focus signals from x-ray\n* Variable gratings depend on application (experimental conditions, target observation, etc)\n* First photons are separated based on wavelength, then filtered to only allow photons travelling at a specific wavelength reach the receiver\n\n== Current Market ==\n\nFrom Source 2: [Delta Optical https://www.deltaopticalthinfilm.com/product-category/lvf/]\n\n* Delta offers 23 different monochromator filters, ranging from 100 EU to 2950 EU\n* Quote from representative:\n\nFrom Source 3: [ HP Spectroscopy https://www.hp-spectroscopy.com/monolight]\n\n* monoLIGHT is used with lab VUV sources with 2 grating actuators\n* Quote from representative:\n\nFrom Source 4: [MTS Newport https://www.newport.com/c/monochromators]\n\n* Available in variety of arrangments with fixed/adjustable slit holders, number of ports, and wavelength ranges\n* Anywhere from around $7000 to $16000\n\n== Design ==\n\nFrom Source 1: [J. Cerino, J. Stöhr, N. Hower, and R. Z. Bachrach, \"An ultra-high-vacuum double crystal monochromator beam line for studies in the spectral range 500–4000 eV,\" Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 227–236, May 1980, doi: 10.1016/0029-554X(80)90639-4.]\n\nFrom Source 4: [MTS Newport https://www.newport.com/c/monochromators]\n\n* Can vary number/adjustability of slits, wavelength range, grating type, and blaze wavelength\n\nFrom Source 6: [D. J. Meier, \"MONOCHROMATOR-TESTING SYSTEM,\" p. 14.]\n\n* Designed an apparatus to shoot monochromatic light through a solution\n\nFrom Source 7: [W. Freund et al., \"First measurements with the K-monochromator at the European XFEL,\" J Synchrotron Rad, vol. 26, no. 4, Art. no. 4, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1107/S1600577519005307.]\n\n* Study used 3 devices in one apparatus (filter chamber, monochromator, and spontaneous radiation imager)\n* Schematic of monochromator in FIGURE 2\n* Contains a number of elements including shielding plate, chassis, Huber goniometer, Si(111) crystal, x-ray beam undulator, cooling/water cooling, 2nd stage, and 2-bounce/4-bounce beams\n\nFrom Source 8: [R. Cimino, I. R. Collins, and V. Baglin, \"VUV photoemission studies of candidate Large Hadron Collider vacuum chamber materials,\" Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, vol. 2, no. 6, p. 063201, Jun. 1999, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.2.063201]\n\n* Monochromator used in this study simply had entry/exit slits and toroidal gratings\n* Schematic of monochromator in FIGURE 1\n\nFrom Source 9: [https://www.shimadzu.com/an/uv/support/fundamentals/monochromators.html]\n\n* Entry and exit slits\n* Collimating mirror - forms a \"parallel beam after the entry slit\"\n* Camera mirror - directs light toward exit slit\n* Dispersive element (prism or grating)\n** Prism is known for high light utilization efficiency, no higher order light, low stray light, and low polarization\n** Gratings are known for high and consistent dependence on wavelength for dispersion and low temperature dependence of dispersion\n* Aligning Element (mounting)\n** Typical mounts are - Littrow, Czerny-Turner, or Seya-Namioka (concave)\n** Concave mounts require curved diffraction grating and eliminates need for collimating and camera mirrors (sacrifices resolution)\n** Off-axis parabolic or spherical mirror does both collimate entering light and focus exiting light (Littrow)\n** Two symmetrically placed spherical mirrors (Czerny-Turner)\n\nFrom Source 10: [K. Ito, E. Haraguchi, K. Kaneshima, and T. Sekikawa, \"Polarimetry of a single-order circularly polarized high harmonic separated by a time-delay compensated monochromator,\" Opt. Express, vol. 27, no. 26, p. 38735, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1364/OE.382423.]\n\n* Used 2 toroidal gratings and one slit, I think?\n* Schematic of apparatus in FIGURE 1\n\nFrom Source 11: [E. Rubies and J. Palacín, \"Design and FDM/FFF Implementation of a Compact Omnidirectional Wheel for a Mobile Robot and Assessment of ABS and PLA Printing Materials,\" Robotics, vol. 9, no. 2, Art. no. 2, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/robotics9020043.]\n\n* Found that using metallic bearings and U-grooved pieces proved cost effective (Design 1 in Table 1)\n* Possibly redesign lens mounts to fit into bearings\n\nFrom Source 12: [C. J. Bruckner-Lea, M. S. Stottlemyre, D. A. Holman, J. W. Grate, F. J. Brockman, and D. P. Chandler, \"Rotating Rod Renewable Microcolumns for Automated, Solid-Phase DNA Hybridization Studies,\" Anal. Chem., vol. 72, no. 17, pp. 4135–4141, Sep. 2000, doi: 10.1021/ac000246m.]\n\n* Rotational movement may be better than axial\n* But how to relate rotation to angle that the \"mirror\" shifts and therefore the incident angle(?)\n\nFrom Source 13: [\"Friction performance of 3D printed ball bearing_ Feasibility study | Elsevier Enhanced Reader.\" https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2211379717325196?token=A86958E20A5F1EB3ECDB689477204E23992EA68AC510D29E85D57751930C862DE3A369602D86126FBE984A3398296505 (accessed Sep. 23, 2020).]\n\n* Could we print bearings to help rotation\n\nFrom Source 14: [T. C. Wilkes, A. J. S. McGonigle, J. R. Willmott, T. D. Pering, and J. M. Cook, \"Low-cost 3D printed 1 nm resolution smartphone sensor-based spectrometer: instrument design and application in ultraviolet spectroscopy,\" Opt. Lett., vol. 42, no. 21, p. 4323, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1364/OL.42.004323.]\n\n* Maybe try a more simple box shape - forego the \"L\" shape\n* Crossed Czerny-Turner employed\n* Used UV-enhanced aluminum coated mirrors for focusing/collimating\n* Used UV-reflective holographic diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm)\n* Non adjustable slit dimensions\n* They got good sensitivity of detector by using R-Pi camera with removed Bayer filter\n* Using CD/DVD for grating provides less dispersion\n* 0.2 MM TOLERANCE FOR SYSTEM HOUSING, but housing was made out of \"laser sintering in graphite reinforced nylon\" (quoted precision is +/-0.2 mm)\n* \"Non-UV specific sensor design\" (talking about spectrometer)\n* Bandwidth is resctricted by its compact form but could employ \"multiple detectors\"\n\nFrom Source 15: [\"Open-Source 3D-Printable Optics Equipment - ProQuest.\" https://services.lib.mtu.edu:5003/docview/1330908576/fulltextPDF/3B84FB35CFB642E1PQ/1?accountid=28041 (accessed Sep. 23, 2020).]\n\n* Consider an indicator of current position of gratings(or incident angle)\n* Try to cut down on print/assembly time\n* Table 1 contains examples of cost savings\n\nFrom Source 16: [X. Wang, S. Lu, and S. Zhang, \"Rotating Angle Estimation for Hybrid Stepper Motors With Application to Bearing Fault Diagnosis,\" IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 5556–5568, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2019.2963582.]\n\n* Discusses hybrid stepper motor and rotating angle estimation\n\nFrom Source 17: [https://blog.misumiusa.com/to-step-and-to-serve-motors/]\n\n* Discusses how to calculate rotation angle and speed in a stepper motor\n\nFrom Source 18: [\"Comparison of Low Cost Miniature Spectrometers for Volcanic SO2 Emission Measurements - ProQuest.\" https://services.lib.mtu.edu:5003/docview/1537510944?accountid=28041 (accessed Sep. 23, 2020).]\n\n* Both traditional and crossed Czerny-Turner configurations shown in FIGURE 1\n* Their \"non-folded\" or traditional configuration yielded better performance\n* Used cylindrical lense for focusing mirror \"to enhance signal to noise ratio\"\n* Simplified explanation of spectrometer in section 2\n\n'''Opportunity'''\n\n* Prism: I'd like to add \"cutouts\" to box for prism to sit into and be secure when box is closed; pay attention to tolerances(?)\n* Grating\n* Remote adjustments for\n** Slits\n** Mounting: Look to improve rotation of diffraction grating via mechanical structure; verify how much to turn stepper per nm wavelength...(do some math?); figure out if their code/motor/gears actually shift the grating\n\n== Application ==\n\nFrom Source 1: [J. Cerino, J. Stöhr, N. Hower, and R. Z. Bachrach, \"An ultra-high-vacuum double crystal monochromator beam line for studies in the spectral range 500–4000 eV,\" Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 172, no. 1, pp. 227–236, May 1980, doi: 10.1016/0029-554X(80)90639-4.]\n\nFrom Source 2: [Delta Optical https://www.deltaopticalthinfilm.com/applications/lvf-monochromators/]\n\n* \"Flourescence microplate readers\" and \"Supercontinuum lasers\"\n\nFrom Source 5: [B. M et al., \"A novel monochromator for experiments with ultrashort X-ray pulses,\" Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 522–530, 2013, doi: 10.1107/S0909049513008613.]\n\n* Use with ultrashort x-rays when studying ultrafast dynamics like orbital, spin, other electronic structure phenomena\n* High transmission optics may stabilize sources of ultrashort x-ray pulses by preserving temporal length\n* Alternative to Reflection Zone Plates (RZP) because RZPs are highly chromatic\n\nFrom Source 6: [D. J. Meier, \"MONOCHROMATOR-TESTING SYSTEM,\" p. 14.]\n\n* Monochromatization used in biological sample testing\n* Light must go through liquid solution\n\nFrom Source 7: [W. Freund et al., \"First measurements with the K-monochromator at the European XFEL,\" J Synchrotron Rad, vol. 26, no. 4, Art. no. 4, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1107/S1600577519005307.]\n\n* Monochromatization used to measure spontaneous radiation of \"undulator segments for K-tuning\"\n\nFrom Source 8: [R. Cimino, I. R. Collins, and V. Baglin, \"VUV photoemission studies of candidate Large Hadron Collider vacuum chamber materials,\" Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams, vol. 2, no. 6, p. 063201, Jun. 1999, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.2.063201.]\n\n* Used for filtering out \"high energy part\" of existing synchrotron radiation when evaluating UV/soft x-ray flux emissions\n\nFrom Source 10: [K. Ito, E. Haraguchi, K. Kaneshima, and T. Sekikawa, \"Polarimetry of a single-order circularly polarized high harmonic separated by a time-delay compensated monochromator,\" Opt. Express, vol. 27, no. 26, p. 38735, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1364/OE.382423.]\n\n* To use circularly polarized high harmonics, the harmonic must be focused on a target - monochromator with toroidal grating helps with this\n\nFrom Source 14: [T. C. Wilkes, A. J. S. McGonigle, J. R. Willmott, T. D. Pering, and J. M. Cook, \"Low-cost 3D printed 1 nm resolution smartphone sensor-based spectrometer: instrument design and application in ultraviolet spectroscopy,\" Opt. Lett., vol. 42, no. 21, p. 4323, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1364/OL.42.004323.]\n\n* Used to trace atmospheric gas! (Employed Beer-Lambert law)\n\n== Open Source ==\n\n{{Page data}}\n\n[[Category:MSE5621-2020]]"}