{"id":101013,"key":"Kamusi_la_nishati_hai/D_-_I","title":"Kamusi la nishati hai/D - I","latest":{"id":1228562,"timestamp":"2026-01-27T19:26:43Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"== D ==\n\n''' DAM '''\n\n(hydr). A structure that detains the [[#FLOW|FLOW]] of water in an open [[#CHANNEL|CHANNEL]] or watercourse. [[#POWER|POWER]] dams raise the level of streams or rivers to create or concentrate [[#HEAD|HEAD]] for power purposes.\n:F - barrage\n:S - represa\n\n''' DAMPER '''\n\n(heat). A movable plate or other device for regulating the air-[[#FLOW|FLOW]] and burning rate in a stove. It is often located either inside the stove or in the [[#FLUE|FLUE]] pipe.\n:F - registre\n:S - regulador de tiro\n\n''' DARRIEUS ROTOR WINDMILL '''\n\n(wind). [[#VERTICAL AXIS WIND MACHINE|A VERTICAL AXIS WIND MACHINE]] that has long, thin, loop-shaped [[#BLADES|BLADES]] connected at the top and bottom of the [[#WIND SHAFT|WIND SHAFT]].\n:F - eolienne a rotor de Darrieus\n:S - molino de viento de rotor Darrieus\n\n''' DC '''\n\n(elec). Abbreviation for [[#DIRECT CURRENT|DIRECT CURRENT]].\n:F - CC\n:S - C.C.\n\n''' DDG '''\n\n(alc). Abbreviation for [[#DISTILLER|DISTILLER]]'[[#S DRIED GRAINS|S DRIED GRAINS]]. (See: [[#DISTILLER|DISTILLER]]'[[#S GRAINS|S GRAINS]])\n:F - [[#GSB|GSB]]\n:S - G.S.D.\n\n''' DDGS '''\n\n(alc). Abbreviation for [[#DISTILLER|DISTILLER]]'[[#S DRIED GRAINS|S DRIED GRAINS]] and [[#SOLUBLES|SOLUBLES]]. (See: [[#DISTILLER|DISTILLER]]'s [[#GRAIN|GRAIN]])\n:F - G.S.B.S.\n:S - G.S.D.S.\n\n''' DEAD AIR SPACE '''\n\n(constr) (sol). An empty area within the walls of a building in which the air remains motionless and acts as insulation. Dead air space may be included in a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] between the [[#ABSORBER PLATE|ABSORBER PLATE]] and the [[#GLAZING|GLAZING]], between glazings, and in the [[#CASING|CASING]].\n:F - espace d'air inerte\n:S - espacio de aire no renovado\n\n''' DEAD CURB '''\n\n(wind) (arc). A ledge supporting the [[#CAP|CAP]] of a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]] without the interposition of [[#WHEELS|WHEELS]] or [[#ROLLERS|ROLLERS]].\n:F - chemin dormant\n:S - reborde\n\n''' DEADMAN '''\n\n(wind). A log or a mass of concrete or steel buried in the ground, to which [[#GUY WIRES|GUY WIRES]] for supporting towers and poles are attached.\n:F - point fixe d'ammarage\n:S - macizo de anclaje\n\n''' DECOMPOSITION '''\n\n(bio) (chem). Decay of [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] due to the action of [[#BACTERIA|BACTERIA]]. Also the separation of a substance into its component parts by chemical action.\n:F - decomposition\n:S - descomposicion\n\n''' DEEP CYCLE BATTERY '''\n\n(elec) (wind). [[#BATTERY|A BATTERY]] that can be fully charged and discharged without shortening its life. They are often used with [[#WIND GENERATORS|WIND GENERATORS]].\n:F - batterie a cycle profond\n:S - bateria de gran ciclo\n\n''' DEGREE DAY COOLING '''\n\n(gen) (meas). A measurement used to evaluate the summer cooling requirements of a given location. Each degree that the daily temperature is above 75 [degrees] F (24 [degrees] C), one cooling degree day is counted.\n:F - degre-jour de refroidissement\n:S - enfriamiento de grado-dia\n\n''' DEGREE DAY HEATING '''\n\n(gen) (meas). A measurement used to determine the winter heating requirements of a given location. Each degree that the daily temperature is below 65 [degrees] F (19 [degrees] C) is a heating degree day.\n:F - degre-jour de chauffage\n:S - calefaccion de grado-dia\n\n''' DEHYDRATION '''\n\n(gen). The removal of moisture from a substance.\n:F - deshydratation\n:S - deshidratacion\n\n''' DENATURE '''\n\n(alc). The process of adding a substance, often [[#METHANOL|METHANOL]], to [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] to make it unfit for human consumption.\n:F - denaturer\n:S - desnaturalizar\n\n''' DEPHLEGMATOR '''\n\n(alc). (See: [[#ALCOHOL STILL|ALCOHOL STILL]])\n:F - deflegmateur\n:S - desflegmador\n\n''' DESIGN HEAT LOAD '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The total heat loss from a building during the most severe winter conditions the building is likely to experience.\n:F - charge thermique nominale\n:S - carga de calefaccion prevista\n\n''' DESSICANT '''\n\n(gen). A substance with an affinity for water, used for drying purposes.\n:F - dessiccatif\n:S - desecante\n\n''' DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION '''\n\n(alc) (gen). The heating, [[#DECOMPOSITION|DECOMPOSITION]], and subsequent [[#DISTILLATION|DISTILLATION]] of [[#FLUIDS|FLUIDS]] from [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] (e.g., [[#METHANOL|METHANOL]] production from wood).\n:F - distillation destructive\n:S - destilacion destructora\n\n''' DETENTION TIME '''\n\n(biocon) (meas). The amount of time that incoming material is retained in a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]].\n:F - temps de retention\n:S - periodo de detencion\n\n''' DIFFUSED RADIATION '''\n\n(sol). Indirect, scattered sunlight, which casts no shadow. It is the opposite of [[#DIRECT RADIATION|DIRECT RADIATION]].\n:F - rayonnement diffus\n:S - radiacion difusa\n\n''' DIFFUSION '''\n\n(chem). The process by which a substance of a greater [[#CONCENTRATION|CONCENTRATION]] mixes with a substance of a lesser concentration to produce a uniform mixture.\n:F - diffusion\n:S - difusion\n\n''' DIGESTED SLUDGE '''\n\n(biocon). The residue remaining after [[#DIGESTION|DIGESTION]]. Digested sludge contains some [[#UNDIGESTED SOLIDS|UNDIGESTED SOLIDS]] and stabilized [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]].\n:F - boues digerees\n:S - sedimento digerido\n\n''' DIGESTED SLURRY '''\n\n(biocon). (See: [[#DIGESTED SLUDGE|DIGESTED SLUDGE]])\n:F - boue digeree\n:S - fango digerido\n\n''' DIGESTER '''\n\n(biocon). The tank in which [[#ANAEROBIC DIGESTION|ANAEROBIC DIGESTION]] takes place.\n:F - digesteur\n:S - digestor\n\n''' DIGESTER TANK '''\n\n(bio). The reservoir area in a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]] in which [[#DIGESTION|DIGESTION]] of [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] takes place. It usually has some gas holding capacity, and provides For the collection and removal of [[#SCUM|SCUM]] and [[#SLUDGE|SLUDGE]].\n:F - reservoir digesteur\n:S - tanque digestor\n\n''' DIGESTION '''\n\n(biocon). The process by which [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] is decomposed by the action of [[#ANAEROBIC BACTERIA|ANAEROBIC BACTERIA]], producing [[#METHANE|METHANE]] and high-grade fertilizer.\n:F - digestion\n:S - digestion\n\n''' DILUTION RATE '''\n\n(biocon) (meas). The frequency with which water is added to a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]].\n:F - taux de dilution\n:S - tasa de dilucion\n\n''' DIRECT CONVERSION '''\n\n(sol). The transformation of sunlight to electricity without an intervening thermodynamic cycle.\n:F - conversion directe\n:S - conversion directa\n\n''' DIRECT CURRENT '''\n\n(elec). A continuous, one-directional [[#FLOW|FLOW]] of electricity, such as that from a [[#BATTERY|BATTERY]]. Commonly abbreviated as dc.\n:F - courant continu\n:S - corriente continua\n\n''' DIRECT GAIN SYSTEM '''\n\n(sol). (See: [[#DIRECT SOLAR GAIN|DIRECT SOLAR GAIN]])\n:F - gain direct, systeme de\n:S - sistema de ganancia directa\n\n''' DIRECT METHODS OF SOLAR HEATING '''\n\n(sol). [[#SOLAR HEATING|SOLAR HEATING]] techniques in which [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] enters a building through windows and [[#SKYLIGHTS|SKYLIGHTS]] and is trapped inside to warm a room.\n:F - chauffage solaire direct\n:S - metodos directos de calefaccion solar\n\n''' DIRECT RADIATION '''\n\n(sol). Sunlight that has traveled a straight path from the sun. It is the opposite of [[#DIFFUSED RADIATION|DIFFUSED RADIATION]].\n:F - rayonnement direct\n:S - radiacion directa\n\n''' DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY '''\n\n(sol). [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] acquired From conversion of [[#DIRECT RADIATION|DIRECT RADIATION]].\n:F - energie solaire directe\n:S - energia solar directa\n\n''' DIRECT SOLAR GAIN '''\n\n(sol). [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]] system in which [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] passes through and warms a room in a dwelling before being stored in [[#THERMAL MASS|THERMAL MASS]] for longterm heating.\n:F - apport solaire direct\n:S - ganancia solar directa\n\n''' DISCHARGE PIPE '''\n\n(hydr) (biocon). [1] The pipe through which water exits from a [[#WATER TURBINE|WATER TURBINE]]. [2] The outlet for [[#EFFLUENT|EFFLUENT]] from a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]].\n:F - [1] tube de decharge; [2] tuyau d'evacuation\n:S - tubo de descarga\n\n''' DISTILLATE '''\n\n(alc). The portion of a liquid that is removed from a solid or semisolid as a vapor and [[#CONDENSED|CONDENSED]] during the [[#DISTILLATION|DISTILLATION]] process. [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] is a distillate of [[#FERMENTED MASH|FERMENTED MASH]]. (See also: [[#SOLAR DISTILLATE|SOLAR DISTILLATE]])\n:F - distillat\n:S - destilado\n\n''' DISTILLATION '''\n\n(alc). An evaporation and recondensation process by which liquids are separated into various fractions according to their boiling points. [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] is separated by distillation from [[#MASH|MASH]] and water.\n:F - distillation\n:S - destilacion\n\n''' DISTILLATION COLUMN '''\n\n(alc). (See: [[#STILL COLUMN|STILL COLUMN]])\n:F - colonne de distillation\n:S - columna de destilacion\n\n''' S DRIED GRAIN '''\n\n([[#DDG|DDG]]) (alc). (See: [[#DISTILLER|DISTILLER]]'[[#S GRAIN|S GRAIN]])\n:F - grains secs de brasserie\n([[#GSB|GSB]])\n:S - grano seco de destilacion\n([[#GSD|GSD]])\n\n''' S GRAIN '''\n\n(alc). A by-product of [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] production. Once ethanol has been driven from the [[#MASH|MASH]] in an [[#ALCOHOL STILL|ALCOHOL STILL]], the remaining solids are known as distiller's grain. When dried, these grains can be used as high protein animal feed. The dried distiller's grain commonly is abbreviated as [[#DDG|DDG]]. (Syn: [[#BREWER|BREWER]]'[[#S DRIED GRAIN|S DRIED GRAIN]])\n:F - grains de distillerie\n:S - grano de destilacion\n\n''' S MASH '''\n\n(alc). (See: [[#SPENT MASH|SPENT MASH]])\n:F - mout de distillateur\n:S - mezcla de destilacion\n\n''' DOUBLE CHAMBER '''\n\n(biocon). A type of [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]] in which the [[#GASHOLDER|GASHOLDER]] is separate from the [[#DIGESTER TANK|DIGESTER TANK]].\n:F - chambre double\n:S - camara doble\n\n''' DOUBLE-GLAZING '''\n\n(sol). [1] A cover for a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] that is made from two layers of [[#GLAZING|GLAZING]] materials. [2] Double-glass windows designed to serve as insulation for buildings.\n:F - [1] vitre double; [2] double vitrage\n:S - vidriado doble\n\n''' DOUBLE-SHUTTERED '''\n\n(wind) (arc). [[#PATENT SAILS|PATENT SAILS]] or [[#SPRING SAILS|SPRING SAILS]] fitted with [[#SHUTTERS|SHUTTERS]] on both sides of the [[#WHIP|WHIP]].\n:F - double volets, a\n:S - doble postigo\n\n''' DOWNCOMER '''\n\n(alc) (impl). A component of an [[#ALCOHOL STILL|ALCOHOL STILL]]. When water is separated from [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]] during [[#DISTILLATION|DISTILLATION]], the water falls toward the bottom of the [[#STILL COLUMN|STILL COLUMN]] through a pipe called a downcomer.\n:F - deversoir\n:S - tubo de descenso\n\n''' DOWNDRAFT '''\n\n(gen) (prod). [1] A type of [[#PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR|PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR]] in which air and gas [[#FLOWS|FLOWS]] from the top of the [[#COMBUSTION ZONE|COMBUSTION ZONE]] down through to the bottom. [2] [[#KILNS|KILNS]] or other types of ovens and stoves in which [[#CONVECTION|CONVECTION]] or combustion air flows down through the device.\n:F - [1] tirage en bas; [2] tirage inverse\n:S - corriente descendiente\n\n''' DOWNWIND '''\n\n(wind). On the side opposite the [[#WIND DIRECTION|WIND DIRECTION]].\n:F - sous le vent\n:S - con el viento\n\n''' DRAFT '''\n\n(heat). The [[#FLOW|FLOW]] of air through a [[#KILN|KILN]], stove, oven, fireplace, [[#PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR|PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR]], etc. Draft affects both temperature and rate of combustion.\n:F - tirage\n:S - tiro de aire\n\n''' DRAG '''\n\n(wind). An aerodynamic force that retards the motion of lift-type [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] blades, or that causes [[#BLADE|BLADE]] motion in [[#DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINES|DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINES]].\n:F - trainee\n:S - resistencia aerodinamica\n\n''' DRAG-TYPE SYSTEM '''\n\n(wind). [[#WIND MACHINES|WIND MACHINES]] that are actuated by aerodynamic [[#DRAG|DRAG]] in a [[#WIND STREAM|WIND STREAM]] (e.g., [[#SAVONIUS ROTOR|SAVONIUS ROTOR]]).\n:F - type a trainee, systeme du\n:S - sistema del tipo de arrastre\n\n''' DRAG-TYPE WIND MACHINE '''\n\n(wind). [[#WIND MACHINE|A WIND MACHINE]] that rotates by being pushed by the wind instead of by being driven by [[#LIFT|LIFT]] forces. This is generally a slow-moving device.\n:F - eolienne a trainee\n:S - aerogenerador del tipo de arrastre\n\n''' DRAIN DOWN SOLAR COLLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|A SOLAR COLLECTOR]] that will automatically drain itself to protect against freezing.\n:F - capteur solaire a evacuation automatique\n:S - colector solar con drenaje\n\n''' DRY BIOMASS '''\n\n(gen). Moisture-free [[#BIOMASS|BIOMASS]]. It is valuable because it can be conveniently stored for long periods of time. (See also: [[#DRY ORGANIC WASTE|DRY ORGANIC WASTE]])\n:F - biomasse seche\n:S - biomasa seca\n\n''' DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE '''\n\n(meas). The temperature of air as indicated by a standard thermometer, as contrasted with [[#WET-BULB TEMPERATURE|WET-BULB TEMPERATURE]] that depends on atmospheric humidity. This measure of [[#AMBIENT|AMBIENT]] temperature is used in designing [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]] and [[#SOLAR COOLING|SOLAR COOLING]] systems.\n:F - temperature au thermometre sec\n:S - temperatura de bola seca\n\n''' DRY DIGESTION '''\n\n(biocon). [[#DIGESTION|DIGESTION]] in which more than 10 percent of the [[#SLURRY|SLURRY]] is solid material.\n:F - digestion seche\n:S - digestion seca\n\n''' DRYING BED '''\n\n(biocon). An area prepared for drying [[#EFFLUENT|EFFLUENT]] after it hs been removed from a [[#METHANE DIGESTER|METHANE DIGESTER]]. Dried effluent can be used as fertilizer or as animal feed.\n:F - lit de sechage\n:S - lecho secador\n\n''' DRY ORGANIC WASTE '''\n\n(gen). [[#ORGANIC WASTE|ORGANIC WASTE]] that is free from moisture. This type of waste can be stored for long periods before being used as a fuel or fertilizer. (See also: [[#DRY BIOMASS|DRY BIOMASS]])\n:F - dechets organiques secs\n:S - desperdicios organicos secos\n\n''' DRY SLURRY '''\n\n(biocon). [[#SLURRY|SLURRY]] that is more than 10 percent solid material.\n:F - boue seche\n:S - fango seco\n\n''' DRY STEAM '''\n\n(geo). An [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] source obtained when hot water boils in an underground reservoir. As the steam rises, some of it condenses on surrounding rack. The uncondensed steam that reaches the surface is called dry steam, and may be tapped and used in [[#STEAM TURBINES|STEAM TURBINES]].\n:F - vapeur seche\n:S - vapor seco\n\n''' DUAL-FUEL ENGINE '''\n\n(auto) (gen). A gasoline or diesel engine equipped to operate on an alternative fuel, either alternately or in combination (e.g., gasoline-[[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]], diesel-biogas, gasoline-[[#WOOD GAS|WOOD GAS]], diesel-wood gas).\n:F - moteur polycarburant\n:S - motor a doble combustible\n\n''' DUNG '''\n\n(bio). Manure, usually without urine. Dried dung can be burned directly as a fuel or used as a fertilizer.\n:F - fumier\n:S - estiercol\n\n''' DUNG GAS '''\n\n(biocon). (See: [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]])\n:F - gaz de fumier\n:S - gas de estiercol\n\n''' DYNAMO '''\n\n(elec). A device for converting mechanical [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. Dynamos are often adapted to be driven by [[#WINDMILLS|WINDMILLS]]. (See also: [[#ALTERNATOR|ALTERNATOR]])\n:F - dynamo\n:S - dinamo\n\n''' DYNAPOD '''\n\n(gen) (impl). A pedal-operated [[#POWER|POWER]] source. It is used to drive a variety of machines and devices.\n:F - dynapod\n:S - dynapod\n\n== E ==\n\n''' EARTH KILN '''\n\n(heat). A relatively inefficient [[#KILN|KILN]] made by mounding earth over the materials to be burned. Used in traditional [[#CHARCOAL|CHARCOAL]] production.\n:F - meule a charbon de bois\n:S - horno de tierra\n\n''' ECCENTRIC WHEEL '''\n\n(gen). A wheel in which the axle is not at the center point, but slightly off-center.\n:F - roue excentrique\n:S - rueda excentrica\n\n''' ECONOMIZER '''\n\n(heat). [[#HEAT EXCHANGER|A HEAT EXCHANGER]] that recovers heat from [[#FLUE|FLUE]] gases and uses it to heat feedwater or combustion air.\n:F - economiseur\n:S - economizador\n\n''' EFFECTIVENESS '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The ratio of actual heat transfer in a [[#HEAT EXCHANGER|HEAT EXCHANGER]] to the maximum possible heat transfer.\n:F - efficacite\n:S - eficacia\n\n''' EFFICIENCY '''\n\n(gen). The ratio of the [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] output to the energy input. Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage.\n:F - rendement\n:S - eficiencia\n\n''' EFFLUENT '''\n\n(biocon). [1] [[#SLURRY|SLURRY]] that has been removed from a [[#BIOGAS PLANT|BIOGAS PLANT]]. [2] Liquid sewage after having passed through any stage in its purification.\n:F - effluent\n:S - efluente\n\n''' EMISSIVITY '''\n\n(sol). The ratio of [[#RADIANT ENERGY|RADIANT ENERGY]] emitted by a body to that emitted by a perfect [[#BLACKBODY|BLACKBODY]]. A perfect blackbody has an emissivity of one; a perfect [[#REFLECTOR|REFLECTOR]], an emissivity of zero.\n:F - emissivite\n:S - emisividad\n\n''' EMITTANCE '''\n\n(sol) (meas). A rating of the ability of a material to give off heat as [[#RADIANT ENERGY|RADIANT ENERGY]].\n:F - emittance\n:S - emitancia\n\n''' ENERGY '''\n\n(gen). The capacity of a body to do work; [[#POWER|POWER]] in action.\n:F - energie\n:S - energia\n\n''' ENERGY CAPABILITY OF AN ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING DEVICE '''\n\n(gen) (meas). The maximum amount of electricity that an electricity-producing device may produce under the best conditions during a given period. [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] capability is determined by the mechanical [[#EFFICIENCY|EFFICIENCY]] of the device.\n:F - capacite energetique d'un dispositif produisant du courant\n:S - capacidad energetica de un aparato productor de electricidad\n\n''' ENERGY CONSERVATION '''\n\n(gen). Practices and measures that increase the [[#EFFICIENCY|EFFICIENCY]] with which [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] is used or produced.\n:F - conservation de l'energie\n:S - conservacion de energia\n\n''' ENERGY CONSUMPTION '''\n\n(gen). The amount of [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] consumed in the form in which it is obtained by the user. This term excludes electrical generation and distribution losses. It also is called net energy consumption.\n:F - consommation d'energie\n:S - consumo de energia\n\n''' ENERGY CONVERSION '''\n\n(gen). The act of changing [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] from one form to another (e.g., [[#WIND ENERGY|WIND ENERGY]] to mechanical energy).\n:Mechanical -> Electrical\n::Wind Generator 40%\n::Water Turbine 68-93%\n::Steam Power Plant 40%\n:Mechanical -> Mechanical\n::Windmill 20-30%\n::Waterwheel 70-85%\n:Solar -> Thermal\n::Flat Collector 40-60%\n::Concentrator 80-90%\n:Chemical -> Thermal\n::Wood Combustion Burner 85% maximum\n:Chemical -> Electrical\n::Battery 80%\n(Storage)\n:Chemical -> Chemical\n::Biogas Digester 40-60%\n\n:F - conversion de l'energie\n:S - conversion de energia\n\n''' ENERGY PATTERN FACTOR '''\n\n(wind). The ratio of the available [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] in all of the winds in a particular location over a certain period of time to the energy that would be available if the [[#WIND SPEED|WIND SPEED]] over that period of time were constant at the mean wind speed over that period of time.\n:F - coefficient de diagramme energetique\n:S - factor energetico del viento\n\n''' ENERGY PRODUCTS '''\n\n(gen). Fuels that can be used to produce [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]]. Also, the by-products that result when fuels are produced.\n:F - combustibles energetiques\n:S - productos energeticos\n\n''' ENERGY STORAGE '''\n\n(gen) (meas). The ability to convert [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] into other forms, such as heat or a chemical reaction, so that it can be retrieved for later use. Also the development, design, construction, and operation of devices for storing energy until needed. The technology includes devices such as batteries, pumped storage for [[hydroelectric]] generation and compressed gas.\n:F - stockage de l'energie\n:S - almacenamiento de energia\n\n::[[#RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE|RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE]]\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|\n| Storage Medium\n| Storage Efficiency (%)\n| Major Loss Characteristics\n| Cost*\n| Complexity**\n|- ---\n| [[#SOLAR|SOLAR]] (Heat)\n| Water\n| 75-90\n| Leaks (thermal &amp; physical)\n| 2\n| 1\n|- ---\n|\n| Earth\n| varies\n| Leaks (thermal)\n| 1\n| 1\n|- ---\n|\n| Rock\n| 60-80\n| Leaks (thermal)\n| 2\n| 2\n|- ---\n|\n| Salt Hydrates\n| 75-95\n| Material Breakdown\n| 3\n| 3\n|- ---\n| [[#WIND|WIND]]/[[#WATER|WATER]] (Mechanical)\n| Pumped Water\n| 50-70\n| Evaporation, Friction\n| 1\n| 2\n|- ---\n|\n| Compressed Air\n| 40-50\n| Leaks, Friction\n| 2\n| 2\n|- ---\n| [[#WIND|WIND]]/[[#WATER|WATER]] (Electrical)\n| Battery\n| 70-85\n| Internal Discharge\n| 3\n| 3\n|- ---\n| [[#METHANE|METHANE]]\n| Tank\n|\n| Leaks\n| 1\n| 2\n|- ---\n|\n| Tank (compressed)\n| 50-60\n|\n| 3\n| 3\n|- ---\n| [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]]\n| Tank\n|\n| Leaks, Evaporation\n| 1\n| 1\n|- ---\n| * Relative Cost\n|\n|\n| 1 = Negligible\n|- ---\n|\n|\n|\n| 2 = Intermediate\n|- ---\n| ** Degree of Mechanical Complexity\n|\n|\n| 3 = Considerable\n|- ---\n|}\n\n''' ENHANCEMENT '''\n\n(sol). Increasing the amount of sunlight transmitted through the [[#GLAZING|GLAZING]] in a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] through the use of a [[#REFLECTOR|REFLECTOR]].\n:F - renforcement\n:S - intensificacion\n\n''' ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS '''\n\n(alc). The use of [[#ENZYMES|ENZYMES]] to convert [[#STARCH|STARCH]] into simple sugars. This is a stage in the production of [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]].\n:F - saccharification enzymatique\n:S - hidrolisis enzimica\n\n''' ENZYMES '''\n\n(chem) (alc). Organic substances that are produced in the cells of living organisms, and which cause specific chemical changes. Enzymes are produced by [[#BACTERIA|BACTERIA]] or [[#FUNGI|FUNGI]] and are used in the liquefication and [[#SACCHARIFICATION|SACCHARIFICATION]] steps of [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]] production.\n:F - enzymes\n:S - enzimas\n\n''' EOLIAN '''\n\n(wind). Of, relating to, formed by, or deposited by the wind or air currents. (Syn: Aeolian)\n:F - eolien, eolienne\n:S - eolico\n\n''' EQUINOX '''\n\n(sol). Either of two times of year when the sun passes over the celestial equator and when the length of day and night are almost equal.\n:F - equinoxe\n:S - equinoccio\n\n''' ETHANOL '''\n\n(alc). [[#F|A F]]lammable organic compound (C[H.sub.3]C[H.sub.2]OH) formed during sugar [[#FERMENTATION|FERMENTATION]]. It is also called ethyl alcohol, [[#GRAIN ALCOHOL|GRAIN ALCOHOL]], or simply [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]].\n:F - ethanol\n:S - etanol\n\n''' ETHYL ALCOHOL '''\n\n(alc). (See: [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]])\n:F - alcool ethylique\n:S - alcohol etilico\n\n''' EUTECTIC SALTS '''\n\n(heat). Heat storing salts that melt at a relatively low temperature. They absorb large quantities of heat when they do melt. Heat is released when the salts freeze.\n:F - eutectiques\n:S - sales eutecticos\n\n''' EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|A SOLAR COLLECTOR]] that uses a vacuum to insulate the [[#ABSORBER PLATE|ABSORBER PLATE]]. This [[#COLLECTOR|COLLECTOR]] is highly [[#EFFICIENT|EFFICIENT]] but very expensive.\n:F - capteur a tube vide\n:S - colector con tubo vaciado\n\n''' EVAPORATIVE COOLING '''\n\n(refrig). The exchange of heat from air to a water spray or wet surface through a reversible [[#THERMODYNAMIC|THERMODYNAMIC]] process. Air passing through the water is cooled as the water evaporates. The process can be reversed by condensing the vapor on a cool surface.\n:F - refroidissement par evaporation\n:S - enfriamiento evaporante\n\n''' EXCESS AIR '''\n\n(heat). Air that passes through a [[#COMBUSTION ZONE|COMBUSTION ZONE]] in excess of the quantity theoretically required for complete combustion.\n:F - exces d'air\n:S - aire excesivo\n\n''' EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION '''\n\n(sol) (meas). The amount of [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] that would strike a surface if that surface were outside the Earth's atmosphere. (See also: [[#CLEARNESS INDEX|CLEARNESS INDEX]])\n:F - rayonnement solaire extraterrestre\n:S - radiacion solar extraterrestre\n\n== F ==\n\n''' F '''\n\n(meas). Abbreviation for [[#FAHRENHEIT|FAHRENHEIT]].\n:F - F\n:S - F\n\n''' FAHRENHEIT '''\n\n(meas). The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 <sup>o</sup>F and boils at 212 <sup>o</sup>F. Temperatures of the Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures on the [[#CELSIUS|CELSIUS]] or Centigrade scale by first subtracting 32 degrees from the Fahrenheit temperature, then multiplying the result by 5/9 according to the formula: <math>(F-32) * 5/9 = C</math>.\n:F - Fahrenheit\n:S - Fahrenheit\n\n''' FALL WIND '''\n\n(wind). A strong, cold, downhill wind.\n:F - vent catabatique\n:S - racha de viento\n\n''' FANTAIL '''\n\n(wind) (arc). A small, secondary [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] set at a right angle to the main [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] of a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]] to provide the motive [[#POWER|POWER]] to turn the [[#CAP|CAP]] to face the wind.\n:F - gouvernail\n:S - timon\n\n''' FARM WINDMILL '''\n\n(wind). A multi-[[#BLADED WINDMILL|BLADED WINDMILL]] that is based on an Early American design and is used primarily for water pumping.\n:F - eolienne de ferme\n:S - molino de viento rural\n\n''' FEATHER '''\n\n(wind). Turning the [[#SAILS|SAILS]] or the [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] of a [[#WIND MACHINE|WIND MACHINE]] out of the wind to protect the device from damage from high [[#WIND VELOCITIES|WIND VELOCITIES]].\n:F - mettre en drapeau\n:S - poner en bandolera\n\n''' FEATHERING MECHANISM '''\n\n(wind) (impl). A mechanism on a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]] that automatically turns the [[#BLADES|BLADES]] out of the wind when winds are too strong. This slows the windmill, protecting it from damage in high winds.\n:F - mecanisme de mise en drapeau\n:S - mecanismo de puesta en bandolera\n\n''' FEED '''\n\n(gen). See: [[#FEEDSTOCK|FEEDSTOCK]])\n:F - alimentation\n:S - alimento\n\n''' FEEDSTOCK '''\n\n(gen). The raw [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]], such as grain, fruit, [[#DUNG|DUNG]], or other [[#BIOMASS|BIOMASS]], used as the [[#INFLUENT|INFLUENT]] in the [[#FERMENTATION|FERMENTATION]] or [[#DIGESTION|DIGESTION]] processes.\n:F - charge d'alimentation\n:S - materia prima organica\n\n''' FENESTRATION '''\n\n(sol). An opening in a building that admits light and/or air.\n:F - fenestration\n:S - ventanaje\n\n''' FERMENT '''\n\n(biocon). A transformation or [[#DECOMPOSITION|DECOMPOSITION]] of [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] by the catalytic effect of [[#ENZYMATIC|ENZYMATIC]] action. To cause or undergo the action of [[#FERMENTATION|FERMENTATION]].\n:F - fermenter\n:S - fermentar\n\n''' FERMENTABLE SUGAR '''\n\n(alc). (See: [[#MONOSACCHARIDE|MONOSACCHARIDE]])\n:F - sucre fermentable\n:S - azucar fermentable\n\n''' FERMENTATION '''\n\n(alc) (chem). [1] A biological sequence of [[#ENZYMATIC|ENZYMATIC]] reactions that convert sugars to carbon dioxide and [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]] in the absence of [[#FREE OXYGEN|FREE OXYGEN]]. The term generally refers to metabolism in the absence of oxygen. [2] The process by which [[#YEAST|YEAST]] changes sugar to [[#ALCOHOL|ALCOHOL]] in the absence of air. [3] The process of chemical change in [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]] brought about by living organisms.\n:F - fermentation\n:S - fermentacion\n\n''' FERMENTATION PERIOD '''\n\n(gen) (meas). The length of time required for a substance to [[#FERMENT|FERMENT]].\n:F - duree de fermentation\n:S - periodo de fermentacion\n\n''' FERMENTATION TANK '''\n\n(alc). The container in which [[#FERMENTATION|FERMENTATION]] takes place in an [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] production operation.\n:F - cuve de fermentation\n:S - tanque de fermentacion\n\n''' FERMENTER '''\n\n(gen). (See: [[#FERMENTATION TANK|FERMENTATION TANK]])\n:F - fermenteur\n:S - fermentador\n\n''' FETCH AREA '''\n\n(wind). The geographic area over which the wind passes shortly before reaching a [[#WIND MACHINE|WIND MACHINE]]. It is considered in the selection of a site for a wind-powered device.\n:F - portee du vent\n:S - extension expuesta\n\n''' FIRE BACK '''\n\n(constr). A metal plate set in a [[#CHIMNEY|CHIMNEY]] to control the back [[#DRAFT|DRAFT]] of flames.\n:F - contre-feu\n:S - respaldo refractario\n\n''' FIREBOX '''\n\n(gen). The area in a stove, oven, or [[#PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR|PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR]] in which combustion occurs.\n:F - chambre de combustion\n:S - caja refractaria\n\n''' FIRE BRICK '''\n\n(constr). A type of brick with a high melting point that is used to line [[#FLUES|FLUES]], [[#CHIMNEYS|CHIMNEYS]], furnaces, and fireplaces.\n:F - brique refractaire\n:S - ladrillo refractario\n\n''' FIXED-DOME DIGESTER '''\n\n(biocon). [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|A BIOGAS DIGESTER]] in which the gasholder is an integral part of the digester, rather than a [[#FLOATING GAS CAP|FLOATING GAS CAP]]. This type of digester is usually used to produce fertilizer. [[#METHANE|METHANE]] is considered a by-product.\n:F - digesteur a dome fixe\n:S - digestor de sombrerete fijo\n\n''' FLAT BLACK PAINT '''\n\n(sol). A nonglossy black paint with a relatively high [[#ABSORPTANCE|ABSORPTANCE]].\n:F - peinture noire mate\n:S - pintura negra uniforme\n\n''' FLAT-PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). A device that uses an [[#ABSORBER PLATE|ABSORBER PLATE]] to [[#COLLECT SOLAR RADIATION|COLLECT SOLAR RADIATION]] without assistance of devices to concentrate the sun's rays.\n:F - capteur solaire a panneau plan\n:S - colector solar de placa lisa\n\n''' FLOAT '''\n\n(hydr). The [[#BUCKET|BUCKET]] of a [[#WATER WHEEL|WATER WHEEL]].\n:F - aube\n:S - paleta [1]\n\n''' FLOATING GAS CAP '''\n\n(biocon). A lid over a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]] that rises or falls with the production of [[#METHANE|METHANE]].\n:F - cloche a gaz flottante\n:S - sombrerete movible\n\n''' FLOW '''\n\n(gen). The volume of a substance passing a point per unit time (e.g., meters per second, gallons per hour, etc.)\n:F - debit\n:S - flujo\n\n''' FLOW DESIGN '''\n\n(hydr) (meas). The [[#FLOW|FLOW]] rate at which a [[#TURBINE|TURBINE]] is designed to operate.\n:F - debit nominal\n:S - diseno de flujo\n\n''' FLUE '''\n\n(const). A passageway in a [[#CHIMNEY|CHIMNEY]] that vents gases produced during combustion. The flue opening can be regulated to control the [[#DRAFT|DRAFT]] in the oven or stove, thus changing the rate of combustion.\n:F - carneau\n:S - conducto de humos\n\n''' FLUE GAS DRYING '''\n\n(heat). [[#THERMAL|THERMAL]] drying using gases in a [[#FLUE|FLUE]] as the source of heat.\n:F - sechage au gaz de carneau\n:S - secado por gases del conducto\n\n''' FLUID '''\n\n(gen). Any substance that [[#FLOWS|FLOWS]], such as a liquid or gas. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot resist changes in their shape when acted upon by a force.\n:F - fluide\n:S - fluido\n\n''' FLUIDIZED BED GASSIFIER '''\n\n(prod). A type of [[#PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR|PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR]] in which air [[#FLOWS|FLOWS]] upward through a bed of suitably-sized fuel particles fast enough to buoy the particles and give them an appearance of great agitation. The fuel particles generally are small. This type of combustion reduces the sulphur-dioxide emissions when coal is burned.\n:F - gazogene a lit fluidise\n:S - gasificador en lecho fluidizado\n\n''' FLUME '''\n\n(hydr). [1] [[#HEAD RACE|A HEAD RACE]] in the form of a trough or [[#CHANNEL|CHANNEL]] that carries water to a [[#WATER WHEEL|WATER WHEEL]]. [2] A waterway, usually made of wood and often supported on a trestle, that conveys water to be used for [[#POWER|POWER]], transportation, etc.\n:F - [1] coursier; [2] canal d'amenee\n:S - canaleta\n\n''' FLYWHEEL '''\n\n(gen) (impl). A rotating element attached to the shaft of a machine to maintain uniform angular velocity and revolutions per minute.\n:F - volant\n:S - volante\n\n''' FOCUSING COLLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). A type of [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] that focuses the sun's rays on a sinqle point.\n:F - capteur a concentration [2]\n:S - colector enfocante\n\n''' FOLD-UP REFLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). A portable type of folding mirror used in [[#SOLAR COOKERS|SOLAR COOKERS]] to reflect sunlight.\n:F - reflecteur pliant\n:S - reflector plegable\n\n''' FOOT-POUND '''\n\n(gen) (meas). The amount of [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] required to lift one pound of a substance one foot.\n:F - pied-livre\n:S - libra-pie\n\n''' FORCED CONVECTION '''\n\n(heat). The use of a pump or blower to control the [[#FLOW|FLOW]] of heat into a heated [[#FLUID|FLUID]] (e.g. circulating warm air in a room or dwelling with a pump or blower).\n:F - convection forcee\n:S - conveccion forzada\n\n''' FOSSIL FUELS '''\n\n(fos). Nonrenewable, naturally-occurring fuels from [[#ORGANIC MATTER|ORGANIC MATTER]]. These include coal, crude oil, and natural gas.\n:F - combustibles fossiles\n:S - combustibles fosiles\n\n''' FRACTIONATING COLUMN '''\n\n(alc). A vertical tube or column attached to an [[#ALCOHOL STILL|ALCOHOL STILL]] that is usually filled with packing or intersected with plates. An internal [[#REFLUX|REFLUX]] results in a separation between the high and low boiling fractions inside the column. Those with the lowest boiling point [[#DISTILL|DISTILL]] out. (See also: [[#DISTILLATION COLUMN|DISTILLATION COLUMN]])\n:F - colonne de fractionnement\n:S - columna de fraccionar\n\n''' FRANCIS TURBINE '''\n\n(hydr). [[#WATER TURBINE|A WATER TURBINE]] that operates on a low or medium [[#HEAD|HEAD]] and is often installed in large [[#HYDROELECTRIC|HYDROELECTRIC]] plants. Water enters the turbine radially and leaves axially.\n:F - turbine de Francis\n:S - turbina Francis\n\n''' FREE OXYGEN '''\n\n(bio). Oxygen in the atmosphere, which can be extracted at no cost. Conversely, oxygen extracted at a cost would cause the substance from which the oxygen molecules were taken to [[#DECOMPOSE|DECOMPOSE]].\n:F - oxygene libre\n:S - oxigeno libre\n\n''' FRESNEL COLLECTOR '''\n\n(sol). A type of [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] consisting of a concentric series of rings with reflecting surfaces. These rings focus [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] onto an [[#ABSORBER PLATE|ABSORBER PLATE]].\n:F - capteur a lentille de Fresnel\n:S - colector Fresnel\n\n''' FRESNEL LENS '''\n\n(sol). A type of lens built up from a number of narrow concentric segments. It is used in [[#SOLAR CONCENTRATORS|SOLAR CONCENTRATORS]].\n:F - lentille de Fresnel\n:S - lente de Fresnel\n\n''' FRICTION '''\n\n(gen). Surface resistance to relative motion, which slows down movement and causes heat.\n:F - frottement\n:S - friccion\n\n''' FRICTION HEAD '''\n\n(hydr). [[#HEAD|HEAD]] or [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] lost due to [[#FRICTION|FRICTION]] created by the contact between a moving stream of water and the conduit through which it is moving. In pipes, the friction head is also caused by bends in the pipelines, changes in the pipe diameter, valves, and couplings.\n:F - perte frictionnelle\n:S - perdida de carga por rozamiento\n\n''' FRUCTOSE]](alc) '''\n\n(chem). [[#FERMENTABLE|A FERMENTABLE]] sugar commonly found in fruit. Fructose can be used as a [[#FEEDSTOCK|FEEDSTOCK]] in [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] production.\n:F - fructose\n:S - fructosa\n\n''' FUEL EFFICIENCY '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The ratio of heat produced by a fuel for doing work to the available heat of the fuel. Fuel [[#EFFICIENCY|EFFICIENCY]] is determined by the nonheat-forming materials in the fuel and the nonwork-producing heat that is developed by the fuel.\n:F - rendement du combustible\n:S - eficiencia del combustible\n\n''' FUELWOOD '''\n\n(heat). Any type of wood that can be used to fuel a fire.\n:F - bois de chauffe\n:S - lena\n\n''' FULL SAIL '''\n\n(wind) (arc). [[#COMMON SAIL|A COMMON SAIL]] with the cloth fully spread.\n:F - aile deployee\n:S - aspa completamente estirada\n\n''' FUNGUS '''\n\n(bio). One of numerous plants in the division of Thallophyta characterized by a lack of chlorophyll, including [[#YEAST|YEAST]], molds, and mushrooms. Fungi do not require [[#FREE OXYGEN|FREE OXYGEN]] to survive. (Plural: fungi)\n:F - champignon\n:S - hongo\n\n''' FURLING '''\n\n(wind). Rollinq up and tying back [[#SAILS|SAILS]] of a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]] to keep the [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] from turning.\n:F - ferlage\n:S - aferramiento\n\n''' FURLING SPEED '''\n\n(wind). (See: [[#CUT-OUT SPEED|CUT-OUT SPEED]])\n:F - vitesse de ferlage\n:S - velocidad maxima admisible\n\n== G ==\n\n''' GASAHOL '''\n\n(alc). A gasoline substitute or supplement derived from 10 percent [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] and 90 percent unleaded gasoline. (Syn: gasohol)\n:F - carburol\n:S - gasohol\n\n''' GAS CAP '''\n\n(biocon). (See: [[#GASHOLDER|GASHOLDER]])\n:F - cloche a gaz\n:S - tapa de gas\n\n''' GAS DIGESTION '''\n\n(biocon). The second stage of [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]] generation, during which [[#METHANE|METHANE]] ([CH.sub.4]) is produced.\n:F - digestion de gaz\n:S - digestion de gas\n\n''' GASHOLDER '''\n\n(biocon). (1) A container for holding the [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]] produced in a [[#DIGESTER|DIGESTER]]. The size of the holder depends on the rates of gas production and gas use. (See also: [[#FLOATING GAS CAP|FLOATING GAS CAP]])\n:F - gazometre\n:S - gasometro\n\n''' GASIFICATION '''\n\n(prod). The conversion of wood or coal to [[#COMBUSTIBLE GAS|COMBUSTIBLE GAS]] without leaving a combustible residue.\n:F - gazeification\n:S - gasificacion\n\n''' GASIFIER '''\n\n(prod). A special type of furnace in which the air supply to the [[#COMBUSTION ZONE|COMBUSTION ZONE]] is carefully metered. This promotes the production of [[#COMBUSTIBLE GASES|COMBUSTIBLE GASES]] as wood or coal are burned.\n:F - gazogene\n:S - gasificador\n\n''' GAS PRODUCTION RATE '''\n\n(biocon) (meas). The quantity of [[#METHANE|METHANE]] generated per unit of time. It generally is expressed as cubic feet/day or cubic meters/day. The figure should be quoted under standard conditions of temperature and pressure.\n:F - taux de production du gaz\n:S - tasa de produccion de gas\n\n''' GAS SCRUBBER '''\n\n(gen). (See: [[#SCRUBBING|SCRUBBING]])\n:F - epurateur de gaz\n:S - lavagases\n\n''' GAS STORAGE CAPACITY '''\n\n(biocon). The maximum amount of [[#METHANE|METHANE]] that a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]] is able to store. The amount generally is expressed in cubic feet or cubic meters.\n:F - capacite de stockage de gaz\n:S - capacidad de almacenamiento de gas\n\n''' GAS TURBINE '''\n\n(auto). An [[#ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE|ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE]] in which a gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is directed against the [[#BLADES|BLADES]] of a [[#TURBINE|TURBINE]]. The [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] in the expanding gas is thereby converted into useful mechanical energy.\n:F - turbine a gaz\n:S - turbina de gas\n\n''' GEAR RATIO '''\n\n(gen) (meas). The number of revolutions required of one gear to turn another gear, which generally is of a different size.\n:F - demultiplication\n:S - relacion de los engranajes\n\n''' GENERATOR '''\n\n(elec) (impl). A device that converts mechanical [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] into electrical energy.\n:F - generateur\n:S - generador\n\n''' GENGAS '''\n\n(prod). (See: [[#PRODUCER GAS|PRODUCER GAS]])\n:F - gaz pauvre de gazogene\n:S - gengas\n\n''' GEOPRESSURED RESERVOIR '''\n\n(geo). [[#GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR|A GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR]] consisting of porous sands that contain water or [[#BRINE|BRINE]] at high temperatures and pressure.\n:F - reservoir sous geopression\n:S - tanque de presion geotermica\n\n''' GEOTHERMAL '''\n\n(geo). Of or relating to the heat of the Earth's interior.\n:F - geothermique\n:S - geotermico\n\n''' GEOTHERMAL FIELD '''\n\n(geo). A geographical region with known [[#GEOTHERMAL POWER|GEOTHERMAL POWER]] sources that might be tapped to produce [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]].\n:F - zone geothermique\n:S - zona geotermica\n\n''' GEOTHERMAL POWER '''\n\n(geo). [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] obtained from [[#GEOTHERMAL|GEOTHERMAL]] sources. Geothermal power is tapped in three ways: by using hot water, steam, or [[#DRY STEAM|DRY STEAM]]. Each may be used to drive a [[#TURBINE|TURBINE]].\n:F - energie geothermique\n:S - energia geotermica\n\n''' GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR '''\n\n(geo). A water reserve created near a [[#HOT DRY ROCK RESERVOIR|HOT DRY ROCK RESERVOIR]] to develop a potential [[#GEOTHERMAL POWER|GEOTHERMAL POWER]] site.\n:F - reservoir geothermique\n:S - tanque geotermico\n\n''' GEOTHERMAL STEAM '''\n\n(geo). Steam drawn from sources within the Earth.\n:F - vapeur geothermique\n:S - vapor geotermico\n\n''' GEYSER '''\n\n(geo). Natural steam or hot water spouts in active [[#GEOTHERMAL|GEOTHERMAL]] regions.\n:F - geyser\n:S - geiser\n\n''' GIN POLE '''\n\n(wind). A long board or pipe used to improve the leverage in lifting a [[#TOWER|TOWER]] for a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]].\n:F - fleche de levage\n:S - mastil grua\n\n''' GLAZING '''\n\n(impl) (sol). A transparent sheet that admits sunlight to a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] and then inhibits the escape of heat. Commonly used glazing materials include [[#ACETATE|ACETATE]], acrylic, fiber-reinforced plastics, and glass.\n:F - vitrification\n:S - vidriado\n\n''' GLOBAL RADIATION '''\n\n(sol). The combination of [[#DIFFUSED RADIATION|DIFFUSED RADIATION]], [[#DIRECT RADIATION|DIRECT RADIATION]], and [[#REFLECTED RADIATION|REFLECTED RADIATION]]. (See: [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]])\n:F - rayonnement global\n:S - radiacion global\n\n''' GLUCOSE '''\n\n(chem) (alc). The most common sugar, which is derived from [[#STARCH|STARCH]] during the [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] production process.\n:F - glucose\n:S - glucosa\n\n''' GOBAR GAS '''\n\n(biocon). (See: [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]])\n:F - bio-gaz\n:S - gas gobar\n\n''' GOVERNOR '''\n\n(gen) (impl). A device that regulates the speed of an engine or other device under varying conditions of load and pressure. Also a device for regulating the [[#FLOW|FLOW]] or pressure of a [[#FLUID|FLUID]] passing through a device.\n:F - regulateur\n:S - regulador\n\n''' GRAIN ALCOHOL '''\n\n(alc). [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]] made from grain by [[#DISTILLATION|DISTILLATION]].\n:F - alcool de grains\n:S - alcohol de granos\n\n''' GRAM CALORIE '''\n\n(gen). The amount of [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] required to raise one gram of water one degree [[#CELSIUS|CELSIUS]].\n:F - calorie [2]\n:S - caloria-gramo\n\n''' GRAMLAXMI GAS '''\n\n(biocon). (See: [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]])\n:F - bio-gaz\n:S - gas gramlaxmi\n\n''' GRATE '''\n\n(impl) (heat). A frame of metal bars that holds fuel above the floor of a firebox. It usually is used in a boiler, [[#GASIFIER|GASIFIER]], fireplace, or stove.\n:F - grille\n:S - parilla\n\n''' GRAVITY CONVECTION]] heat). '''\n\n(See: [[#NATURAL CONVECTION|NATURAL CONVECTION]])\n:F - convection par pesanteur\n:S - conveccion por gravedad\n\n''' GUIDE VANES '''\n\n(hydr) (impl). Surfaces that direct water to the appropriate parts of [[#TURBINE BLADES|TURBINE BLADES]] or [[#BUCKETS|BUCKETS]] so as to increase [[#POWER|POWER]] output.\n:F - aubes directrices\n:S - alabe director\n\n''' GUSSET '''\n\n(constr) (wind). A triangular metal brace for reinforcing a corner or angle. It is commonly used in [[#TOWER|TOWER]] construction.\n:F - gousset\n:S - esquinero\n\n''' GUST '''\n\n(wind). A sudden, brief increase in [[#WIND VELOCITY|WIND VELOCITY]] that is then followed by calmer air.\n:F - rafale\n:S - rafaga\n\n''' GUYED TOWER '''\n\n(impl) (wind). [[#WINDMILL TOWER|A WINDMILL TOWER]] that is supported by [[#GUY WIRES|GUY WIRES]].\n:F - pylone haubanne\n:S - torre atirantada\n\n''' GUY WIRE '''\n\n(wind) (impl). A cable that stabilizes a structure and keeps it in position. For example, wires attached to a [[#WINDMILL TOWER|WINDMILL TOWER]] so that it cannot move or shake from the force of the wind.\n:F - hauban\n:S - retenida de alambre\n\n== H ==\n\n''' HARNESS '''\n\n(ani). The gear or tackle, other than a [[#YOKE|YOKE]], used on draft animals to pull a vehicle or drive an implement. It differs from a yoke, which joins together draft animals.\n:F - harnais\n:S - arnes\n\n''' HEAD '''\n\n(hydr) (meas). [1] The vertical distance from the point where water enters an intake to the point where the water leaves a [[#HYDROPOWER|HYDROPOWER]] device. It is generally measured in feet or meters. The product of the head times the [[#FLOW|FLOW]] is a measurement of potential [[#POWER|POWER]]. [2] The vertical distance a liquid must be pumped from its source to its point of use or storage.\n:F - chute d'eau [1]-[2]\n:S - altura\n\n''' HEADER '''\n\n(sol). The pipe that runs across the top of an [[#ABSORBER PLATE|ABSORBER PLATE]] to gather or distribute [[#HEAT TRANSFER FLUID|HEAT TRANSFER FLUID]] from or to the grid pipes that run across the absorber surface. Some headers run along the bottom of the absorber plate.\n:F - entree-sortie\n:S - tubo colector\n\n''' HEADRACE '''\n\n(hydr). [[#CANAL|A CANAL]] or conduit that feeds water into a mill, [[#WATER WHEEL|WATER WHEEL]], or [[#TURBINE|TURBINE]].\n:F - bief d'amont\n:S - canal de llegada\n\n''' HEAD WATER '''\n\n(hydr). The water upstream of a [[#DAM|DAM]] or a [[#HYDROPOWER|HYDROPOWER]] plant.\n:F - eau d'amont\n:S - aguas arriba\n\n''' HEAT CAPACITY '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The amount of heat required to raise by one degree the temperature of a unit mass of a substance.\n:F - capacite thermique\n:S - capacidad calorifica\n\n''' HEAT ENERGY '''\n\n(heat). [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] in the form of heat.\n:F - energie thermique\n:S - energia calorifica\n\n''' HEAT EXCHANGER '''\n\n(heat) (impl). A device, such as a coiled copper tube immersed in a tank of water which is used to transfer heat from one [[#FLUID|FLUID]] to another through a separating wall. [[#CONDENSER|A CONDENSER]] is one type of heat exchanger.\n:F - echangeur de chaleur\n:S - termopermutador\n\n''' HEAT GAIN '''\n\n(heat). The increase of heat in a space resulting from [[#DIRECT RADIATION|DIRECT RADIATION]] and from the heat given off by such other sources as [[#THERMAL MASS|THERMAL MASS]], a stove, a fireplace, humans, or animals.\n:F - apport de chaleur\n:S - ganancia calorifica\n\n''' HEATING VALUE '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a specific amount of fuel. This is a measure of [[#FUEL EFFICIENCY|FUEL EFFICIENCY]].\n:F - pouvoir calorifique\n:S - valor calorifico\n\n''' HEAT LOSS '''\n\n(heat). An unwanted decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space. Heat is usually lost through [[#CONVECTION|CONVECTION]].\n:F - perte de chaleur\n:S - perdida calorifica\n\n''' HEAT PUMP '''\n\n(heat) (impl). A mechanical device that transfers heat from a heat source to a [[#HEAT SINK|HEAT SINK]]. This process causes the source to cool and the sink to become warmer.\n:F - pompe a chaleur\n:S - bomba calorifica\n\n''' HEAT RATE TRANSFER COEFFICIENT '''\n\n(heat) (meas). The rate at which heat is transferred per hour, per unit surface, per degree of temperature difference.\n:F - coefficient de transmission de chaleur\n:S - coeficiente de transferencia del consumo calorifico\n\n''' HEAT-REFLECTIVE GLASS '''\n\n(sol). A type of glass designed to reflect [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]].\n:F - verre a pouvoir reflechissant thermique\n:S - vidrio reflector de calor\n\n''' HEAT SINK '''\n\n(sol). A body that is capable of accepting and storing heat. It therefore may also act as a heat source.\n:F - puits de chaleur\n:S - sumidor de calor\n\n''' HEAT TAX '''\n\n(heat). Referring to the [[#HEAT ENERGY|HEAT ENERGY]] that becomes unavailable for further use whenever [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] is converted from one form to another.\n:F - chaleur perdue\n:S - gravamen calorifico\n\n''' HEAT TRANSFER FLUID '''\n\n(sol). (See: [[#HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM|HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM]])\n:F - fluide caloporteur\n:S - fluido de termotransferencia\n\n''' HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM '''\n\n(sol). The [[#FLUID|FLUID]] that is heated in a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] for conducting heat to another place or substance.\n:F - caloporteur\n:S - medio de termotransferencia\n\n''' HELICAL SAIL WINDMILL '''\n\n(wind). The name for a particular type of [[#HORIZONTAL-AXIS|HORIZONTAL-AXIS]], [[#SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL|SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL]]. It usually is used for low-lift water pumping.\n:F - eolienne a ailes helicoidales\n:S - molino con aspas helicoidales\n\n''' HELIO-ELECTRICAL PROCESS '''\n\n(sol). A process by which [[#PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES|PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES]] convert [[#SOLAR ENERGY|SOLAR ENERGY]] into electricity.\n:F - processus helioelectrique\n:S - proceso helioelectrico\n\n''' HELIOSTAT '''\n\n(sol) (impl). A solar-focusing instrument consisting of a mirror mounted on an [[#AXIS|AXIS]] that is moved by clockwork. The heliostat reflects sunbeams in one direction, usually to a central [[#ABSORBER|ABSORBER]] located in a [[#TOWER|TOWER]].\n:F - heliostat\n:S - heliostato\n\n''' HELIOTHERMAL '''\n\n(sol). [1] A process that uses [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] to produce heat. [2] A device that absorbs [[#RADIATION|RADIATION]] on a blackened surface and converts it into heat.\n:F - heliothermique\n:S - heliotermico\n\n''' HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS '''\n\n(sol). A process by which [[#SOLAR ENERGY|SOLAR ENERGY]] is used to provide [[#THERMAL ENERGY|THERMAL ENERGY]] for space heating, space cooling, and domestic water heating.\n:F - processus heliothermique\n:S - proceso heliotermico\n\n''' HELIOTHERMOMETER '''\n\n(sol) (meas). An instrument that measures heat from the sun.\n:F - heliothermometre\n:S - heliotermometro\n\n''' HELIOTROPIC '''\n\n(sol) (impl). Turning toward light. It describes devices that [[#TRACK|TRACK]] the sun, following its movement across the sky.\n:F - heliotropique\n:S - heliotropico\n\n''' HORIZONTAL AIR MILL '''\n\n(wind) (arc). (See: [[#HORIZONTAL-AXIS WINDMILL|HORIZONTAL-AXIS WINDMILL]])\n:F - moulin a vent a arbre horizontal\n:S - molino de aire horizontal\n\n''' HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR '''\n\n(wind). [[#WIND MACHINE|A WIND MACHINE]] with cloth sails in which the [[#WIND SHAFT|WIND SHAFT]] is situated on a horizontal plane.\n:F - eolienne a ailes en toile sur axe horizontal\n:S - rotor de eje horizontal\n\n''' HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL '''\n\n(wind). [[#WINDMILL|A WINDMILL]] driven by a [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] on a horizontal [[#WIND SHAFT|WIND SHAFT]].\n:F - eolienne a arbre horizontal\n:S - molino de eje horizontal\n\n''' HORIZONTAL WATERMILL '''\n\n(hydr). [[#WATERMILL|A WATERMILL]] driven by a horizontal wheel mounted on a vertical shaft. (Syn: Greek Mill; Norse Mill)\n:F - moulin a eau horizontal\n:S - molino hidraulico horizontal\n\n''' HORIZONTAL WATER WHEEL '''\n\n(hydr). (See: [[#HORIZONTAL WATERMILL|HORIZONTAL WATERMILL]])\n:F - roue hydraulique horizontale\n:S - rueda hidraulica horizontal\n\n''' HORSEPOWER '''\n\n(gen). A unit of [[#POWER|POWER]] equal to 33,000 [[#FOOT POUNDS|FOOT POUNDS]] per minute, 550 foot pounds per second, or 746 [[#WATTS|WATTS]].\n:F - cheval-vapeur\n:S - potencia util\n\n''' HOT DRY ROCK '''\n\n(geo) A system for using [[#GEOTHERMAL POWER|GEOTHERMAL POWER]]. A hole is drilled and the deep rock cracked. This may be done hydraulically, as is done in conventional oil fields, or with explosives. Water is injected into the fractured rock, allowed to heat, and then withdrawn as steam for use as an [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] source.\n:F - roche chaude et seche\n:S - roca seca caliente\n\n''' HOT WATER RESERVOIR '''\n\n(geo). (See: [[#GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR|GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR]])\n:F - reservoir d'eau chaude\n:S - tanque de agua caliente\n\n''' HOUR ANGLE '''\n\n(sol) (meas). The angular displacement of the sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation of the Earth on its [[#AXIS|AXIS]] at 15 [degrees] per hour (morning [+] afternoon [-]).\n:F - angle horaire\n:S - angulo hora\n\n''' HUB EXTENSION '''\n\n(wind). A piece of pipe that sticks out from the front of the hub of a [[#ROTOR|ROTOR]] on a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]]. It provides a place to attach [[#GUY WIRES|GUY WIRES]] to strengthen the [[#BLADES|BLADES]] or [[#SAILS|SAILS]].\n:F - rallonge de moyeu\n:S - extension del cubo\n\n''' HUMIDIFIER '''\n\n(gen). A mechanical means for increasing the relative humidity in an enclosed area by injecting water vapor into the air.\n:F - humidificateur\n:S - humidificador\n\n''' HUMUS '''\n\n(biocon). Well-decomposed organic soil material consisting of the residues from plant and animal matter together with the cell substances of soil organisms and various inorganic materials.\n:F - humus\n:S - humus\n\n''' HYBRID GENERATOR '''\n\n(biocon). A two-stage [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]] design consisting of a larger batch-fed, [[#ACID|ACID]]-producing, cold phase, and a smaller [[#CONTINUOUS-FEED|CONTINUOUS-FEED]], [[#METHANE|METHANE]]-producing, heated phase. Alternatively, any digester that separates acid and methane production.\n:F - generateur hybride\n:S - generador hibrido\n\n''' HYBRID POWER SYSTEM '''\n\n(gen). A system, such as one might find within a home, that derives its heating, lighting, and other [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] from several interconnected sources. One or more of these sources generally would come from [[#RENEWABLE ENERGY|RENEWABLE ENERGY]].\n:F - energie heterogene, systeme d'\n:S - sistema de energia hibrida\n\n''' HYBRID SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM '''\n\n(sol). A heating or cooling system that uses both [[#ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING|ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING]] and [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]] methods in its design. At least one of the system's significant [[#THERMAL ENERGY FLOWS|THERMAL ENERGY FLOWS]] is by natural means, and at least one is by forced means.\n:F - energie solaire heterogene, systeme d'\n:S - sistema de energia solar hibrida\n\n''' HYDRATE '''\n\n(chem). A solid material resulting from the combination under pressure of a gas with water.\n:F - hydrate\n:S - hidrato\n\n''' HYDRAULIC RAM '''\n\n(hydr) (impl). A water pump that uses the [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] of descending water to raise a part of the water to a height greater than that of the source. It requires no other power than the energy from the descending water.\n:F - belier hydraulique\n:S - ariete hidraulico\n\n''' HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME '''\n\n(biocon) (meas). The number of days an average volume of [[#SLURRY|SLURRY]] remains in a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]].\n:F - duree de retention hydraulique\n:S - periodo de retention hidraulica\n\n''' HYDROELECTRIC '''\n\n(hydr). Relative to a system in which the potential [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] of falling water is harnessed by releasing it from [[#DAMS|DAMS]] or through a [[#PENSTOCK|PENSTOCK]] downward through [[#WATER TURBINES|WATER TURBINES]].\n:F - hydro-electrique\n:S - hidroelectrico\n\n''' HYDROLOGIC CYCLE '''\n\n(hydr). The cycle in which water passes through different states. It begins as atmospheric water vapor. It then becomes a liquid through precipitation. Next it flows along the ground surface, where it is useful as an energy source. Finally, it returns to its original form through evaporation and transpiration.\n:F - cycle hydrologique\n:S - ciclo hidrologico\n\n''' HYDROLOGY '''\n\n(hydr). The science of water systems on or beneath the Earth's surface.\n:F - hydrologie\n:S - hidrologia\n\n''' HYDROLYSIS '''\n\n(alc) (chem). The chemical process that breaks complex organic molecules into simple molecules. For example, [[#STARCH|STARCH]] and [[#CELLULOSE|CELLULOSE]] can be hydrolyzed by [[#ACIDS|ACIDS]] or [[#ENZYMES|ENZYMES]] to produce simple sugars, which can be [[#FERMENTED|FERMENTED]] to form [[#ETHANOL|ETHANOL]].\n:F - hydrolyse\n:S - hidrolisis\n\n''' HYDROMETER '''\n\n(impl) (meas). An instrument used to determine the density or [[#SPECIFIC GRAVITY|SPECIFIC GRAVITY]] of [[#FLUIDS|FLUIDS]].\n:F - hydrometre\n:S - hidrometro\n\n''' HYDROPOWER '''\n\n(hydr). [[#POWER|POWER]] produced by falling water. The term is used to identify a type of electricity-generating station or any energy output in which the main mover is driven by [[#FLOW|FLOW]]ing water.\n:F - puissance hydraulique\n:S - potencia hidraulica\n\n''' HYDROPOWER SYSTEM '''\n\n(hydr). A system in which the potential [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] of [[#FLOW|FLOW]]ing water is used to create electricity or to mechanically drive machines, by impounding it behind [[#DAMS|DAMS]] and then diverting it through a [[#CHANNEL|CHANNEL]] to a [[#WATER TURBINE|WATER TURBINE]].\n:F - systeme de puissance hydraulique\n:S - sistema de potencia hidraulica\n\n''' HYDROXYL '''\n\n(biocon). A monovalent group consisting of a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom linked together. Most [[#BASES|BASES]] contain hydroxyl groups. (See also: [[#BASE|BASE]])\n:F - hydroxyle\n:S - hidroxilo\n\n''' HYGROMETER '''\n\n(impl) (meas) (sol). A device for measuring the humidity of the air. It is used in designing [[#SOLAR HEATING|SOLAR HEATING]] and [[#SOLAR COOLING|SOLAR COOLING]] systems.\n:F - hygrometre\n:S - higrometro\n\n== I ==\n\n''' IMPERMEABLE DRY ROCK '''\n\n(geo). Rock systems in [[#GEOTHERMAL|GEOTHERMAL]] regions where the heat is contained almost entirely in impermeable rock.\n:F - roche seche impermeable\n:S - roca seca impermeable\n\n''' IMPULSE TURBINE '''\n\n(hydr). [[#TURBINE|A TURBINE]] driven by high velocity [[#JETS|JETS]] of water or steam that are produced by forcing the water or steam through a nozzle.\n:F - turbine a action\n:S - turbina de impulsion\n\n''' INCIDENT ANGLE '''\n\n(sol) (hydr). [1] The angle between the sun's rays and a line perpendicular (normal) to the irradiated surface. The incident angle determines both the intensity of the [[#DIRECT RADIATION|DIRECT RADIATION]] component striking the surface and the ability of the surface to reflect, transmit, or [[#ABSORB|ABSORB]] the sun's rays. [2] In the case of [[#HYDROPOWER|HYDROPOWER]] devices, the angle between the water intake and a line perpendicular to the [[#BUCKETS|BUCKETS]].\n:F - angle d'incidence\n:S - angulo incidente\n\n''' INCIDENT RADIATION '''\n\n(sol) (meas). The quantity of [[#RADIANT ENERGY|RADIANT ENERGY]] striking a surface per unit time and unit area.\n:F - rayonnement incident\n:S - radiacion de incidencia\n\n''' INDIAN-TYPE DIGESTER '''\n\n(biocon). [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|A BIOGAS DIGESTER]] primarily designed to produce [[#METHANE|METHANE]]. These digesters usually have [[#FLOATING GAS CAPS|FLOATING GAS CAPS]].\n:F - digesteur type indien\n:S - digestor de tipo indio\n\n''' INDIRECT CONVERSION '''\n\n(sol). The indirect use of [[#SOLAR ENERGY|SOLAR ENERGY]] from such sources as solar-produced winds, thermal currents in air and water, and wave action.\n:F - conversion indirecte\n:S - conversion indirecta\n\n''' INDIRECT SOLAR ENERGY '''\n\n(sol). A system in which [[#SOLAR ENERGY|SOLAR ENERGY]] is [[#COLLECTED|COLLECTED]] and used through mechanical means.\n:F - energie solaire indirecte\n:S - energia solar indirecta\n\n''' INDIRECT SOLAR GAIN '''\n\n(sol) . [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]] system in which heat is stored between the [[#COLLECTING|COLLECTING]] and the distributing surfaces (e.g., [[#TROMBE WALL|TROMBE WALL]]).\n:F - apport solaire indirect\n:S - ganancia solar indirecta\n\n''' INDIRECT SOLAR HEATING '''\n\n(sol). A method of solar heating in which [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] is [[#COLLECTED|COLLECTED]] in [[#FLAT PLATE|FLAT PLATE]] or [[#CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS|CONCENTRATING COLLECTORS]] that are mounted on a roof, a wall, or apart from a building. Pumps or fans are used to circulate [[#HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS|HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS]] through the collectors and then back to a heat storage medium.\n:F - chauffage solaire indirect\n:S - calefaccion solar indirecta\n\n''' INDUCTION MOTOR '''\n\n(elec) (wind). A common type of motor, which, when modified slightly and driven by the rotary action of a [[#WINDMILL|WINDMILL]] or [[#TURBINE|TURBINE]], provides [[#ALTERNATING CURRENT|ALTERNATING CURRENT]] (ac).\n:F - moteur a induction\n:S - motor de induccion\n\n''' INFILTRATION '''\n\n(heat). The unchecked movement of outdoor air into a building through cracks around windows and doors or in walls, roofs, and floors. Infiltration generally refers to cold air during the winter and hot air during the summer.\n:F - infiltration\n:S - infiltracion\n\n''' INFLUENT '''\n\n(biocon). [[#BIOMASS|BIOMASS]] mixed with water for use in a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]].\n:F - affluent\n:S - influente\n\n''' INFRARED RADIATION '''\n\n(sol). Electromagnetic [[#RADIATION|RADIATION]] from the sun or a warm body that has wavelengths longer than the red end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation is experienced as heat.\n:F - radiation infrarouge\n:S - radiacion infraroja\n\n''' INOCULATION '''\n\n(biocon). Adding a [[#SEED|SEED]] of [[#ANAEROBIC BACTERIA|ANAEROBIC BACTERIA]] to a [[#BIOGAS GENERATOR|BIOGAS GENERATOR]].\n:F - inoculation\n:S - inoculacion\n\n''' INOCULUM '''\n\n(biocon). A sample of partially [[#DIGESTED SLURRY|DIGESTED SLURRY]], and its associated [[#BACTERIA|BACTERIA]], that is added at the start of [[#DIGESTION|DIGESTION]] to a [[#BIOGAS DIGESTER|BIOGAS DIGESTER]]. It provides sufficient micro-organisms for the digestion process to proceed at a satisfactory rate. Without this seeding, there generally is a prolonged wait before a digester begins producing gas. (Syn: seed)\n:F - inoculum\n:S - inoculum\n\n''' INSOLATION '''\n\n(sol). The rate at which [[#ENERGY|ENERGY]] from the sun reaches the Earth's surface. Insolation generally is measured in [[#BTU|BTU]]/square feet (meters)/day.\n:F - insolation\n:S - insolacion\n\n''' INSULATED STEAM COOKER '''\n\n(sol). A small, insulated cooking box in which steam acts as the heating agent. Water heated to steam by a [[#SOLAR COLLECTOR|SOLAR COLLECTOR]] flows into the box, condenses, and drips back into the [[#COLLECTOR|COLLECTOR]].\n:F - rechaud a vapeur isole\n:S - cocinilla aislada de vapor\n\n''' INTEGRATED HEATING '''\n\n(sol). A method of [[#SOLAR HEATING|SOLAR HEATING]] in which [[#SOLAR RADIATION|SOLAR RADIATION]] is intercepted and absorbed by a massive exterior wall or roof pond, which usually doubles as a heat storage container. Heat flows to the rooms by [[#CONDUCTION|CONDUCTION]], or natural [[#CONVECTION|CONVECTION]]. This is a form of [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]].\n:F - chauffage integre\n:S - calefaccion solar integrada\n\n''' INTEGRATED SYSTEM '''\n\n(biocon). A system in which the outputs of one activity are used as inputs in other related activities. For example, a [[#BIOGAS|BIOGAS]] system in which the [[#EFFLUENT|EFFLUENT]] is used as a nutrient to enrich an aquaculture environment. In exchange, [[#BIOMASS|BIOMASS]] from the aquaculture may be used as [[#INFLUENT|INFLUENT]] to the [[#DIGESTER|DIGESTER]].\n:F - systeme integre\n:S - sistema integrado\n\n''' INVERTER '''\n\n(elec) (wind). A device that converts [[#DIRECT CURRENT|DIRECT CURRENT]] (dc) to [[#ALTERNATING CURRENT|ALTERNATING CURRENT]] (ac). It often is used with [[#WIND GENERATORS|WIND GENERATORS]].\n:F - onduleur\n:S - invertidor\n\n''' IRRIGATION WHEEL '''\n\n(hydr). (See: [[#NORIA|NORIA]])\n:F - roue hydraulique d'irrigation\n:S - rueda de irrigacion\n\n''' ISOLATED SOLAR GAIN '''\n\n(sol). [[#PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING|A PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING]] system in which heat is collected in one area to be used in another. (See also: [[#SOLAR GREENHOUSE|SOLAR GREENHOUSE]])\n:F - apport solaire isole\n:S - ganancia solar aislada\n\n{{Page data\n| authors = User:Kili\n}}"}