{"id":87713,"key":"Job_loss_via_automation","title":"Job loss via automation","latest":{"id":717744,"timestamp":"2023-04-14T13:26:34Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{MOST}}{{MOST literature review notice}}\n\n=== Search Entries ===\n\n* Job Loss Automation \n* Job automation between countries\n* Job “automation” impact\n* Job automation industries\n* Job automation substitution of labor\n* Automation low skilled workers\n* Automation job displacement\n* Automation risk based on task content\n* Task automation probability\n* High task automation occupations\n* Labor augmentation technological progress\n* Robot tax\n* Retraining workforce automation\n* Universal Income\n* Basic Universal income and inflation\n\n=== Who is at risk?: work and automation in the time of COVID-19 ===\n\nWallace-Stephens, F., & Morgante, E. (2020). \"[https://www.thersa.org/globalassets/_foundation/new-site-blocks-and-images/reports/2020/10/work_and_automation_in_time_of_covid_report.pdf Who is at risk?: work and automation in the time of COVID-19.]\"\n\n* Pandemic rapidly accelerating rate of technological change as well as shining light on possible automated industries going forward\n* Pre-pandemic industries at risk include agriculture, waste management, and simple manufacturing\n* high furlough take up industries are at a high risk of automation\n\n=== Automation: is it really different this time?. ===\n\nWajcman, J. (2017). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-4446.12239?casa_token=M0qDkJYskQ8AAAAA%3AJoeAvtVzlea-lmz93uUKLR74QY5gXUekceAca24XJWGSlF5dZSJ63ML56ky_qVu2kpVPD1WgMpU Automation: is it really different this time?]. The British journal of sociology, 68(1), 119-127.\n\n* previously predicted job destruction is not what we thought it would be\n\n=== Drivers of automation and consequences for jobs in engineering services: an agent-based modelling approach ===\n\nKyvik Nordås, H., & Klügl, F. (2020). Drivers of automation and consequences for jobs in engineering services: an agent-based modelling approach (No. 2020: 16).\n\n* How profitable is it to automate a task or industry?\n* Marketing automation and steps prior to automation\n* automating decision making to increase production speed/output\n\n=== The Substitution of Labor: From Technological Feasibility to Other Factors Influencing Job Automation ===\n\nTeigland, R., van der Zande, J., Teigland, K., & Siri, S. (2018). The Substitution of Labor: From Technological Feasibility to Other Factors Influencing Job Automation. ''The Substitution of Labor from Technological Feasibility to Other Factors Influencing Job Automation (2018''.\n\n* Repetitive cognitive jobs have a high percentage of automation, such as cashiers, bank tellers, and telephone operators.\n* Routine tasks are most of the time simple to automate, while nonroutine task are more difficult and while possible, often times still requires human oversight.\n\n=== Exploring the Use of Robotic Process Automation in Local Government ===\n\nLindgren, I. Exploring the Use of Robotic Process Automation in Local Government. ''EGOV-CeDEM-ePart 2020'', 249.\n\n* Automating case handling; the process of collecting, managing and assessing information\n* Automating case handling processes will increase efficiency in local government\n* However automating case handling processes will require a restructuring of how case handling processes are run.\n\n=== The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs To Computerization? ===\n\nFrey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerization? ''Technological Forecasting and Social Change'', ''114'', 254–280.\n\n* The automation of results in the task only preforming to the ability of the programmer.\n* \"routine tasks are not sufficiently well understood to be specified in computer code.\"\n* Jobs at risk include transportation and logistics occupations\n\n=== Revisiting the risk of automation ===\n\nArntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2017). [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271682/1-s2.0-S0165176517X00086/1-s2.0-S0165176517302811/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDgaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQDBDhtRPvgfDXnsdBgt7rjbs8BZ5AUTWlFz1IufRXc4tQIgM9dS23x1eKjWeE1EHwHgMXlwXmVq0RO8cDs5s6DNp8oqtAMIIRADGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDCV4a7St9LVXsXyXDCqRA5yXyGalC%2FB16ur%2FiMDIr8qi3xQbR79owFXXrMdApZNWf7Iu5wtrgWYi3wADE8LZD47Psis75T3GOehp6entYjdjx0ZEvAX%2BRDTc0ulZEyvI8XEbos%2FkaQczPpbqTzUppcHeftFWi%2B8DM7v9v7SYnJO45x5bAkWR9qejb7qk%2BzpnJa5bBS07L%2BWzLOhnrvTqQpfRE%2Ba%2BRr%2FlWeDMoROm%2BxmhA5zaWhdwDTnN0c0bwuXb5SDhZi%2FjTNhdQzy0fOQLTw08WAsCoiK%2Bi1LNZ4xRy5qNfXoGTAnuAW%2F1NzLHTl8G%2FTmyY1%2FBRe0o6WyhfOZ%2BdAeYwQt6z6pGL1AABBR8%2BwNGvvr0Lw6D8JSGrzqJvRRe0bfMxNiSxaNZS36q9CB3KhhWsypK9pLB%2FC5SQypb%2BHEP0pNPY7IaM1V1XWS0M7079Fg9ebLC0Wyi1qNYDVKjHbrcJDw%2BkWGpvCDNHPCkozqV10qNFJJe62xSdBm1GfmgGMpV%2BuFPyUtoTWa%2F4%2BNaQBAT1bvXosigvJvV8REmWHsvMOWovYAGOusBqF8g5CFJAlqHahQLdiQ38ZOZ3Xb8tvmpMaXdg%2F1V%2Bl3p5JobYZCsQpzDJ8Sv2YqC1cKpFqAxe6hlrVYnj%2Bjv%2Bh7zOuWxoBE3UWIusMqY8yegRjoHY9os%2F3DBuyMo%2FpUGDeoUKydnNPjHQn7WtXuO681xnA5YFNjwbxOBtt72dCC9ZIEr3EbO7v2NdXSXgcSPfh%2BYg0wWgfKviz51QyDv9RdGHEEjCPWQV3zjZRFjVqMlUvYvdMq2LWITJSyQgXEIjn0G2XSdVYjyky%2BTYp%2FvixwDVqFwsSgx0RMd79qqRR%2FYBGztOocKo9hPzA%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20210126T004421Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYQ3VREDVX%2F20210126%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=a8c2301a6cf9ce0665040a7f828c2e8e3150497d8802d8bd051dfa10288fc497&hash=48517c2394ae7684388051ffeb5c7c2976044483bf993695b987b4bb0d82bf61&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0165176517302811&tid=spdf-93693f26-1231-4d4c-b1de-91b37befd3cc&sid=4c3201154ee758493c0b14b69617882ded02gxrqa&type=client Revisiting the risk of automation]. ''Economics Letters'', ''159'', 157-160.\n\n* Automation risk is low in occupations involved with programming, presenting, training, or influencing others.\n* using the job level approach as opposed to the occupation level approach, overall risk of automation drops from 38% to 9 %\n* Occupation level approach doesn't take non- automatable niches of broad spectrum jobs at a higher risk of automation into account.\n\n=== The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. ===\n\nArntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2016). [https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5jlz9h56dvq7-en.pdf?expires=1611859537&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=64CA639174BA92CDF9F544CDB1C7E95C The risk of automation for jobs in OECD countries: A comparative analysis.]\n\n* Breaks down issues with the Frey and Osborne study, which uses occupation based approach to calculate automation risk\n* Using the same data from the Frey and Osborne study with a singular task approach, this article re estimates future automation risk\n* \"Automatability is lower in countries which already invest a lot in ICT\"\n\n=== Job Transition: A Case of Mitigation Against Automation? ===\n\nPANHALEUX, P. (2020). [https://tik-db.ee.ethz.ch/file/529c275a1975365bc1109915857d94b8/panhaleux.pdf JOB TRANSITION: A CASE OF MITIGATION AGAINST AUTOMATION?] PHILIPPE PANHALEUX, ARYAZ EGHBALI, ROGER WATTENHOFER. ''The Value of Work and Its Rules between Innovation and Tradition:‘Labour Is Not a Commodity’Today'', 23.\n\n* Uses the Gaussian process to determine risk of automation\n* Provides a middle ground on automation probability\n* Looks at possible transitions of high risk job types to other jobs based on demand for work in low risk job types.\n\n=== Automation, workers’ skills and job satisfaction ===\n\nSchwabe, H., & Castellacci, F. (2020). Automation, workers’ skills and job satisfaction. ''Plos one'', ''15''(11), e0242929.\n\n* says 40% risk of automation, but that was based on a poll where just individual workers were asked what they thought\n* Occupation types are broken down into\n** Agriculture, forestry, and fishing\n** Industry (Highest risk)\n** Construction\n** Services\n\n=== What Can Machines Learn and What Does It Mean for Occupations and the Economy? ===\n\nBrynjolfsson, E., Mitchell, T., & Rock, D. (2018, May). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26452702.pdf?casa_token=Pn5ze7VItsoAAAAA:ylu5iWCMYGZPwFeXunt_UKpyhQ4PtgXd4GcUF_3edO1Yi5tjb12gr56MjB_XRkRG5z893btRPY0UONKb38XdOk2WsKNDytD-yfjcDZOCciySzq8 What can machines learn, and what does it mean for occupations and the economy?]. In ''AEA Papers and Proceedings'' (Vol. 108, pp. 43-47).\n\n* Using O* Net data to calculate suitability for machine learning of given occupations.\n* Top 5 highest suitability for machine learning occupations are as follows:\n*# Concierges\n*# Mechanical drafters\n*# Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors\n*# Credit authorizers\n*# Brokerage clerks\n\n=== How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, jobs, and skills ===\n\nBessen, J. E. (2016). How computer automation affects occupations: Technology, jobs, and skills. ''Boston Univ. school of law, law and economics research paper'', (15-49).\n\n* Partially automated jobs could actually <u>create jobs</u> by causing a higher demand\n\n=== Adjusting Tax Policy to the Challenges of Digitalization, Inequality and Technological Unemployment ===\n\nBerberov, A. B., & Milogolov, N. S. (2020). [https://pps.ranepa.ru/Publication2/2020/79834b24-caa0-41fc-be28-50830e7c929b/Adjusting%20Tax%20Policy%20to%20the%20Challenges%20of%20Digitalizatio.pdf Adjusting Tax Policy to the Challenges of Digitalization, Inequality and Technological Unemployment.]\n\n* In the short term, we will see a rising unemployment due to automation\n* tax revenues decrease as a result of low skill workers losing their jobs\n* Possible tax competition between countries of different stages of development.\n\n=== Automation, wage inequality and implications of a robot tax ===\n\nZhang, P. (2019). Automation, wage inequality and implications of a robot tax. International review of Economics & finance, 59, 500-509.\n\n* Three sectors:\n*# Robot-Producing sector\n*# Robot-Using sector\n*# non-automatable sector\n* \"acceleration in automation will widen the wage gap\" & \"tax on robots will narrow down the gap unconditionally\"\n* Capital Relocation Effect: Capital in the robot-producing sector will flow into the robot-using sector\n* Displacement Effect: Robots employed in the robot-using sector will reduce the unskilled wage rate\n\n=== The Fourth Industrial Revolution and a Possible Robot Tax ===\n\nErdoğdu, M. M., & Karaca, C. (2017). [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57609041/BergsoyDanePopovicInstitutionandEconomicPolicyIJOPEC.pdf?1540193020=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DEkonomik_Buyume_Daha_Iyi_Kurumlara_Sahip.pdf&Expires=1617372489&Signature=ZeYieuL6yOpl2m5sLy83dowT8ENONSVFAfqfS8rrakELWhYiZYqPyDJsUAxGWk-jc7qxiVQWZ9WrJxmgYhOyCQnjbYIR8iTidbwsQJTrHEIaUwkpC~RaBjLWnwo1ztxRSeOvvK6~ufPvt6GMeEiQo-q3WBa02bwswiCrdWRfwbEgAObDmTXHjCMfVUbJJaXAXBS8DA06YQL5fuqslU-qWANh-jFCSHQnGNhvInmwjrexSehnrtEwpIlWDKtKoHW6wBrmYfeMY0nyWlxt65XqStYeFPuSBEUXebNRBuTh4h5l~auz-y1Rf6-2KbprUJI19Zi0pDLMEQm3tUI6jPcyMA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=104 The fourth industrial revolution and a possible robot tax.] ''Institutions & economic policies: Effects on social justice, employment, environmental protection & growth'', 103-122.\n\n* Internet of Things is likely to produce as much as $14.4 trillion in economic benefits (Schwab, 2017)\n* silicon valley companies produced similar revenue to 1990s car companies with ten times fewer employees (Manyika & Chui, 2014, August 13)\n* Universal Basic Dividend (UBD) which is an equal distribution of all dividend capital raised by companies in a given country\n\n=== Retraining and reskilling workers in the age of automation ===\n\nIllanes, P., Lund, S., Mourshed, M., Rutherford, S., & Tyreman, M. (2018). [http://18.188.153.92/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/retraining-and-reskilling-workers-in-the-age-of-automation-_-mckinsey-company.pdf Retraining and reskilling workers in the age of automation.] ''McKinsey Global Institute''.\n\n* Portion of work force changing work categories, which will require retraining\n* \"Generation\" Is a good retraining model, offers free training if skills required for existing jobs with high job retention\n\n=== Robotic process automation as an emerging career opportunity ===\n\nSchlegel, D., & Kraus, P. [https://publikationen.reutlingen-university.de/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/2815/file/2815.pdf Robotic process automation as an emerging career opportunity]: an analysis of required qualifications and skills.\n\n* Looks at job loss and new job availability in Germany, as a result of automation\n* Finance and accounting jobs were highly effected by robotic process automation\n* A majority of new jobs require at least a background in IT\n\n=== Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation ===\n\nManyika, J., Lund, S., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Woetzel, J., Batra, P., ... & Sanghvi, S. (2017). [https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/public%20and%20social%20sector/our%20insights/what%20the%20future%20of%20work%20will%20mean%20for%20jobs%20skills%20and%20wages/mgi%20jobs%20lost-jobs%20gained_report_december%202017.pdf Jobs lost, jobs gained: Workforce transitions in a time of automation.] ''McKinsey Global Institute'', ''150''.\n\n=== Report with Recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics ===\n\nEuropean Parliament, Committee on Legal Affairs (2017), [https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0005_EN.html Report with Recommendations to]\n\n[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0005_EN.html the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics] (A8-0005/2017)\n\n=== The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond ===\n\nSchwab, K. (2017). [http://apps2.mpic.gov.my/edokumen/dokumen/202012101459360.The%20Fourth%20Industrial%20Revolution_%20what%20it%20means%20and%20how%20to%20respond.pdf The fourth industrial revolution. Currency.]\n\n=== Technological Adaptation, Cities, and New Work ===\n\nLin, J. (2011). Technological adaptation, cities, and new work. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(2), 554-574.\n\n=== Embracing the Internet of Everything To Capture Your Share of $14.4 Trillion ===\n\nBradley, J., Barbier, J., & Handler, D. (2013). [https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoE_Economy.pdf Embracing the Internet of Everything to Capture Your Share of $14.4 Trillion], White Paper\n\n=== The Future of Jobs Report 2020 ===\n\nWorld Economic Forum. (2020). [http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf The Future of Jobs Report 2020]. World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.\n\n=== Telehealth and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and narrative analysis ===\n\nKruse, C. S., Krowski, N., Rodriguez, B., Tran, L., Vela, J., & Brooks, M. (2017). [https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/7/8/e016242.full.pdf Telehealth and patient satisfaction: A systematic review and narrative analysis.]\n\n=== Opening the Frey/Osborne black box: Which tasks of a job are susceptible to computerization? ===\n\nBrandes, P., & Wattenhofer, R. (2016). [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1604.08823.pdf;%20data:%20https://disco.ethz.ch/jobs-study Opening the Frey/Osborne black box: Which tasks of a job are susceptible to computerization?]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.08823.\n\n=== Industrial Growth and Industrial Revolutions ===\n\nColeman, D. C. (1956). Industrial growth and industrial revolutions. Economica, 23(89), 1-22.\n\n=== The second industrial revolution, 1870-1914 ===\n\nMokyr, J., & Strotz, R. H. (1998). [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.478.7503&rep=rep1&type=pdf The second industrial revolution, 1870-1914]. Storia dell’economia Mondiale, 21945.\n\n=== Origins and pathways of innovation in the third industrial revolution ===\n\nTaalbi, J. (2019). Origins and pathways of innovation in the third industrial revolution. Industrial and corporate change, 28(5), 1125-1148.\n\n=== Accelerating Workforce Reskilling for the Fourth Industrial Revolution ===\n\nWorld Economic Forum. (2017). [http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_EGW_White_Paper_Reskilling.pdf Accelerating workforce reskilling for the fourth industrial revolution: An agenda for leaders to shape the future of education, gender and work.] Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum.\n\n=== The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Higher Education ===\n\nPenprase, B. E. (2018). [https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/23279/1006877.pdf?sequence=1#page=216 The fourth industrial revolution and higher education.] ''Higher education in the era of the fourth industrial revolution'', ''207''.\n\n=== The future of employment. ===\n\nFrey, C. B., & Osborne, M. (2013). [http://sep4u.gr/wp-content/uploads/The_Future_of_Employment_ox_2013.pdf The future of employment.]\n\n=== Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation ===\n\nAutor, D. H. (2015). [https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.3.3?mod=article_inline Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation]. ''Journal of economic perspectives'', ''29''(3), 3-30.\n\n=== Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the “other 99 percent” ===\n\nAutor, D. H. (2014). [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/344/6186/843.full.pdf Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the “other 99 percent”]. Science, 344(6186), 843-851.\n\n=== COVID-19 educational disruption and response ===\n\nUNESCO (2020a). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from <nowiki>https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse</nowiki>.\n\n=== The importance of self‐service kiosks in developing consumers' retail patronage intentions ===\n\nLee, H. J., Fairhurst, A. E., & Lee, M. Y. (2009). The importance of self‐service kiosks in developing consumers' retail patronage intentions. ''Managing Service Quality: An International Journal''.\n\n=== Implementing successful self-service technologies. ===\n\nBitner, M. J., Ostrom, A. L., & Meuter, M. L. (2002). Implementing successful self-service technologies. Academy of management perspectives, 16(4), 96-108.\n\n=== Open Textbook Proof-of-Concept via Connexions. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning ===\n\nBaker, J., Thierstein, J., Fletcher, K., Kaur, M., & Emmons, J. (2009). Open Textbook Proof-of-Concept via Connexions. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 10(5). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v10i5.633</nowiki>\n\n{{Page data}}"}