{"id":31310,"key":"Hybrid_fuel_cell","title":"Hybrid fuel cell","latest":{"id":1209405,"timestamp":"2025-11-28T02:16:03Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"Fuel cells are emerging as an attractive power supply source for applications such as distributed generation power systems<br>and electrical vehicles. Hybrid fuel cell technology can be applied to various fields: electricity power plants, automotive manufacturing,<br>cogeneration, smartphone, construction and etc. Hybrid fuel cells has the following advantages: cleanness, high efficiency and high<br>reliability. Fuel cells operate without the efficiency limitation of the Carnot cycle and without the pollution associated withe the combustion<br>of fossil fuels.<ref>A. Dalvi and M. Guay. 2009. Control and Real-time Optimization of an Automotive Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System. Control EngineeringPractice17(2009)924–938.</ref> However, there are also disadvantages: it cannot store energy, the response is slow, difficult to cold start<br>and its output voltage fluctuates with the load.<ref>Jin, K et al. 2009. A Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. VOL.56, NO.4.</ref>\n\nSee [[Fuel cell]]{{W|Fuel cell}} on Wikipedia.\n\n[[File:Fc1.jpg]]\n\n<br>''Simple fuel cell and air compressor power system.''<br><br>\n\n[[File:Fc2.jpg]]\n\n<br>''Photograph of the hybrid fuel cell power system.''<br><br>\n\n== Types Fuel Cells ==\n\n* '''Hydrogen Fuel Cell'''\n\nElectricity, water and heat can be produced when hydrogen and oxygen combined as a fuel cell. If compared to batteries<br>which has limited lifespan, the fuel cell will produce electricity as long as the fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, and nver losing its charge.<ref>Hydrogen Energy. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/hydrogen</ref>\n\n* '''Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)'''\n\nPolymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells employ a polymer membrane with acid side groups to conduct protons from the<br>anode to cathode. Water management in the fuel cell is critical for PEM fuel cell operation. Sufficient water must be absorbed into<br>the membrane to ionize the acid groups; excess water can flood the cathode of the fuel cell diminishing fuel cell performance<br>limiting the power output.<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/~benziger/PEMFC.pdf</ref>\nSee Youtube video of [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yowRvfFtMgQ/ How PEM Fuel Cell works].\n\n* Direct Methanol Fuel Cell\n* Alkaline Fuel Cells\n* Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells\n* Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell\n* Solid Oxide Fuel Cell\n* Regenerative Fuel Cell\n\n''For comparison of fuel cells, see [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_types.html/ here]<ref>http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_types.html</ref>''\n\n== Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System Models ==\n\n* Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR),<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20120629030116/http://www.engin.umich.edu:80/~cre/asyLearn/bits/cstr/</ref> see also Continuous stirred-tank reactor{{W|Continuous stirred-tank reactor}} at Wikipedia.\n* Compressor Model<ref>Pukrushpan, J.T.,Peng,H., and Stefanopoulou,A.G.(2004). Control of Fuel Cell Power Systems.</ref>\n\n== A Sample Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System ==\n\n== Components of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System ==\n\n<br>\n\n# Full Cell<br>\n# Unidirectional Converter<br>\n# Bidirectional Converter<br>\n# Battery\n# Inverter\n\n[[File:Fc3.jpg]]\n\n''Main circuit of whole system''\n\n== Operation Principle ==\n\n# Cold Start\n# Overload\n\n== Power Management ==\n\n# Operation Conditions of the Battery\n# Operation Conditions of the Fuel Cell\n# Power Flow of the Power System\n# Slip-In Point and Slip-Out Point\n\n== Implementation of Control Circuit ==\n\n# Unidirectional Converter Control\n# Bidirectional Converter Control\n# Power Management Control\n\n(Note: for the complete design and analysis of this proposed sample hybrid fuel cell power system, please read [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D4668419&authDecision=-203/ ''A Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System''] by Jin et al.<ref>Jin, K et al. 2009. A Hybrid Fuel Cell Power System. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. VOL.56, NO.4. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fstamp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Ftp%3D%26arnumber%3D4668419&authDecision=-203</ref>)\n\n== Applications ==\n\n* [[Hybrid vehicles]]\n* Clean Power Generation, see article [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1432990/ ''Hybrid Fuel-Cell Strategies for Clean Power Generation''].<ref>Rajashekara, K. 2005. Hybrid Fuel-Cell Strategies for Clean Power Generation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. 41, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2005. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1432990</ref>\n\nSee how hydrogen fuel cells applied to aircraft:\n\n{{Video|XzeCQblYHic}}\n\n== Challenges of Hybrid Fuel Cell Technology ==\n\n* Cost\n* Durability and Reliability\n* System Size\n* Air, Thermal and Water Management\n* Improved Heat Recovery Systems\n\nPlease read [http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_challenges.html/ Fuel Cell Technology Challenges].<ref>Fuel Cell Technology Challenges, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/fc_challenges.html</ref>\n\n== References ==\n\n<references />\n\n<br><br><br>\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n}}\n\n[[Category:Fuel cells]]\n[[Category:CMAS801]]\n[[Category:Energy]]\n[[Category:Energy videos]]"}