{"id":18349,"key":"Government_Investment_and_PV_Manufacturing_-_Lit._Review","title":"Government Investment and PV Manufacturing - Lit. Review","latest":{"id":1212120,"timestamp":"2025-11-28T15:37:43Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{QAS notice}}\n\n''' Topical Journals and Resources '''\n\n* Energy Policy\n* EconPapers\n* [http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/papers/abstracts/ QED Working Papers]\n* Canadian Journal of Economics\n* International Journal of Energy, Environment and Economics\n* Energy Economics\n\nJournal of Energy Finance & Development, Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved, Publication History: Incorporated into Energy Economics\n\n* [http://web.archive.org/web/20140418142601/http://www.queensjdiexec.org:80/index.php?link=17&nav=1 John Deutsch International Executive Programs, Discussion Papers and Publications]\n* New Labor Forum\n\nJournals Ranked by Impact[http://web.archive.org/web/20150627004330/http://www2.lib.udel.edu:80/colldev/impact.htm]\n\n== Literature Reviews ==\n\n=== Searches ===\n\n* \"government investment\" in factory\n* government benefit cost analysis\n* government revenue\n* government investment programs\n* subsidy in Canada industry\n\n== Government Revenue ==\n\n=== [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/prv/on/menu-eng.html Ontario - Provincial corporation tax] ===\n\nThe Ontario basic income tax rate is 14%.Calculated using this [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pbg/tf/t2sch500/t2sch500-09e.pdf worksheet].\n\nCorporate minimum tax, paid if assets exceed $5,000,000 or total revenue exceeds $10,000,000 [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/prv/on/crprtmntx-eng.html], calculated using [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pbg/tf/t2sch510/t2sch510-09e.pdf worksheet].\n\nThe Ontario small business deduction reduces Ontario basic income tax by 8.5%.\n\nCapital tax: different depending on when you file the tax[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/prv/on/cptxthrfnncl-eng.html], either 0.15% before 2010, or 0.225% after 2010. A note on capital taxes for manufacturers is: \"A manufacturing corporation whose Ontario manufacturing labour cost is more than 20% of its total Ontario labour cost for the year can claim a capital tax credit for manufacturers. If the corporation's manufacturing labour cost is at least 50% of its total Ontario labour cost for the year, this credit will equal the amount of capital tax otherwise payable. Calculate the tax credit in Part 4 of Schedule 515, Ontario Capital Tax on Other Than Financial Institutions.\"\n\nOntario additional tax re: Crown royalties[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/prv/on/ddtnltx-eng.html]\n\nThere are a number of credits that could be received which are all found on the main site [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/prv/on/menu-eng.html].\n\n=== [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/rts-eng.html Federal Corporate tax rates] ===\n\nInfo can be found here [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/rts-eng.html].\n\nThe basic rate is 38%, 28% after federal tax abatement (although there are reductions if you are a small business).\nThe rate in Ontario is 14% for the higher tax bracket.\n\nIn general, while individual file their taxes yearly, manufacturing plants have to file the revenues and expenses monthly [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/pymnts/nstlmnts/rqrmnts/mnthly-eng.html]. You can calculate what a company would pay [http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/tx/bsnss/tpcs/crprtns/pymnts/nstlmnts/rqrmnts/menu-eng.html] by adding the Tax on Income, Tax on corporations paying dividends on taxable preferred shares and Additional tax on authorized foreign banks.\n\nA manufacturing plant would pay property tax which is based of size and location of the plant. The 'better' the location, the higher property tax.\n\nGST is paid to the government on all insurance claims.\n\n=== [http://web.archive.org/web/20101227031655/http://www.oecd.org:80/document/60/0,3343,en_2649_34897_1942460_1_1_1_1,00.html OECD Tax Database] ===\n\n# Table I.1.Marginal personal income tax and social security contribution rates on gross labour income (Excel file)\n# Table I.2.Average personal income tax and social security contribution rates on gross labour income (Excel file)\n# Table I.3.'All-in' average personal income tax rates at APW by family type (Excel file)\n# Table I.4.Top marginal personal income tax rates for employee (Excel file)\n# Table I.5.Central government personal income tax rates and thresholds (Excel file)\n# Table I.6.Sub-central personal income tax rates (general) (Excel file)\n# Table I.7.Sub-central personal income tax rates (tax on income at progressive rates) (Excel file)\n# Table II.1Corporate income tax rate (Excel file)\n# Table II.2Targeted corporate income tax rates (Excel file)\n# Table II.3Sub-central corporate income tax rates (Excel file)\n# Table II.4Overall statutory tax rates on dividend income (Excel file)\n# Table III.1Employee social security contribution rates\n# Table III.2Employer social security contribution rates\n# Table III.3Self-employed social security contribution rates\n# Table IV.1 VAT/GST rates\n\n== Government Investment ==\n\n''' The Cost of Air Pollution and Green House Gases '''\n\n<big>Ontario Medical Association, [http://web.archive.org/web/20070414131054/http://www.oma.org:80/Health/smog/report/ICAP2005_Report.pdf ICAP 2005 ] Report Illness Costs of Air Pollution, June 2005, ISBN 0-919047-54-8<ref>Ontario Medical Association, ICAP 2005 Report - Illness Costs of Air Pollution, 2005-2026 Health and Economic Damage Estimates, June 2005, http://web.archive.org/web/20070414131054/http://www.oma.org:80/Health/smog/report/ICAP2005_Report.pdf</ref></big>\n\nThis paper covers the health costs and damage estimates due to air pollution in Ontario in 2005 as predicted by the Ontario Medical Association (OMA). The paper estimates the projections in air pollution related illnesses and the associated costs from 2005 to 2026. The results are based on an \"Illness Costs of Air Pollution\" (ICAP) software model and findings on health effects and economic costs of air pollution in Ontario. The model has been updated in 2005, with an increased scientific understanding of smog's health effects. Included in the new OMA determinations of smog's toll are new health studies on the chronic effects of exposure, new air pollution and demographic data and extensive analysis of the principle studies on the health effects of air pollution.\n\nEven though there are improvements in the model, it is still noted that there are still gaps in scientific understanding and thus further improvements to ICAP will be possible in the future. Of most concern to the OMA is the lack of credible studies on doctors' office visits due to smog related illness. OMA has not included a value for this important and expensive impact, thus still ''underestimating'' smog's overall cost.\n\nICAP provides estimates of health effects according to four major health endpoints: Premature Death,Hospital Admissions, Emergency Room Visits and Minor Illnesses. Damages for each of these major health endpoints may be further broken down by more specific illness categories, age groups and geographic locations. The smog effects were estimated knowing the current data on air pollution due to ozone (O3), Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The projections were made ''assuming'' air quality does not improve.\n\n<big> DSS Management Consultants Inc. and RWDI Air Inc., [http://www.mei.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/electricity/cost%20benefit%20analysis%20dss%20report%20-%20executive%20summary.pdf Cost Benefit Analysis: Replacing Ontario's Coal-Fired Electricity Generation ], Prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Energy, April 2005 </big>\n\nThis report covers the methodology, data and results of an independent cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the financial costs and health and environmental damages associated with four electricity generation scenarios. The aim of the report was to identify the prospects for replacing all of Ontario's coal-fired generating facilities. The different scenarios include the use of coal-fired (base case), gas and/or nuclear electricity generation. Air quality modelling was used to project the emission profiles of each scenario and the monetary impact of each was estimated. The total cost of generation of electricity included the financial costs as well as the health and environmental damages. The health and environmental damages associated with coal was $127/MWh (77% of total cost), with gas-replacement was $20/MWh, with Nuclear/Gas mixture was $15/MWh and finally was $53.55/MWh when using stringent controls on coal fired plants.\n\nThe health impacts considered the effect of air quality on premature deaths, hospital admissions, emergency room visits minor illness cases by implementing each scenario. Environmental damages include economic damage estimates relating to the soiling of household materials, crop loss and greenhouse gas emissions.The estimates of economic damages for environmental effects are dominated by the costs of greenhouse gas control and carbon sequestration (or permit purchasing depending on which is less expensive). For example, with Scenario 1 (Base Case Coal-fired), greenhouse gas costs comprise 94% of the total estimated environmental damages. The study is limited to risks associated with ground-level ozone (O3)and particulate matter\n(primarily PM 2.5 microns. In addition, economic damages associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were estimated.The authors mention the limitation is being able to accurately estimate the health and environmental damages, and indicate room for further research.\n\n''' [http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Electricity_Generation-WSDC4D330A-1_En.htm Clean Air Online], Sources of Pollutions, Electricity Generation, Canada '''\n\nThe electricity sector is unique among industrial sectors in its very large contribution to emissions associated with nearly all air issues. Electricity generation produces a large share of Canadian nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions, which contribute to smog and acid rain and the formation of fine particulate matter. It is the largest uncontrolled industrial source of mercury emissions in Canada. Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which contributes to climate change. In addition, the sector has significant impacts on water and habitat and species. In particular, hydro dams and transmission lines have significant effects on water and biodiversity.\n\nIncludes stats on each pollutant and its source.\n\n''' [http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/brief_coal.html How Coal Works] '''\n\nCarbon emissions from burning coal are one of the leading causes of global warming. Acid rain, from sulfur emissions, is almost entirely due to coal burning. From mining to processing to transportation to burning to disposal, coal has more environmental impacts than any other energy source. While some of these can be lessened with effort, others, like carbon emissions, are an inevitable product of coal use. Its time to send our dirty old King into retirement.\n\n''' Government Programs for Businesses '''\n\nThis section outlines the available programs for [[renewable energy]] development in Ontario, Canada. The focus here will be potential for PV investment, although other energy technologies have specific programs.\n\n# '''ecoEnergy for Renewable Power'''<ref>Invest in Ontario, Government Programs, http://web.archive.org/web/20100724043157/http://www.investinontario.com:80/resources/government_programs_progdetails.asp?pID=266, Last Reviewed April 2008</ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20100724043157/http://www.investinontario.com:80/resources/government_programs_progdetails.asp?pID=266 ERP]\n* ''Eligible Recipient'': An eligible recipient is a business, institution or organization (e.g. an independent power producer, a provincial Crown corporation, an electrical utility or energy co-operative) that owns a qualifying project to produce electricity for sale in Canada, for use by its co-op members or for its own consumption.\n* ''Qualifying Projects'': A qualifying project is defined as a new or refurbished low-impact renewable-generating facility, or the clearly delineated expansion of an existing low-impact renewable-generating facility that is located in Canada.The qualifying project must be of a total rated capacity of 1 megawatt (MW) or greater, with the exception of wind energy projects that were commissioned after March 31, 2006, and before April 1, 2007, which must have a total capacity of at least 500 kilowatts (kW).\n* ''Funding'': ecoENERGY for Renewable Power will provide an incentive of one cent per kilowatt-hour for up to 10 years to eligible low-impact, renewable electricity projects constructed between April 1, 2007 and March 31, 2011.\n* The maximum contribution payable per qualifying project will be $80 million over 10 years.\n* The maximum contribution to an eligible recipient over the life of the ecoENERGY RP will be $256 million.\n# '''Technology Development Fund - Ontario Power Authority'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100813142327/http://www.investinontario.com:80/resources/government_programs_progdetails.asp?pID=265 TDF]\n* ''Description'': Financial assistance to support pre-commercial technologies or applications that have the potential to improve electricity supply, conservation or demand management.\n* ''Terms/Assistance/Benefits'': Maximum contribution by the OPA for any one project is $250,000.\n# '''Next Generation of Jobs Fund - Jobs & Investment Program ''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20100507113533/http://www.investinontario.com:80/resources/government_programs_progdetails.asp?pID=215 NGJF]\n* ''Description'': A five-year $1.15 billion strategy to support companies in business expansion /retention and attract foreign investment in green auto research, parts production and assembly; clean fuels research, development and commercialization; manufacturing, processing, environmental technologies; services (ICT & Financial), anchor investments to support cluster development; and opportunity based/ unique investments.\n* ''Terms/Assistance/Benefits'': The fund will provide up to 15% of the total eligible costs of an approved project. Eligible projects must meet thresholds of $25 million in investment or create /retain 100 jobs within five years.\n\n''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20170530042025/http://www.canelect.ca:80/en/electricityincanada/electricity_in_canada_snapshot_Demand_2009.html Electricity Generation in Canada] '''\n\nStats for demand, supply and capacity in Canada, including by province.\n\n''' Canadian Environmental Protection Act '''\n\nAvailable from the Government of Canada website here, [http://web.archive.org/web/20060925031504/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-15.31/text.html]\n\n== PV Thin Film Solar Manufacturing Plant ==\n\nVarious PV thin film manufacturing plants exist in the world today and the number being produced is growing.\n\n''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20090823051312/http://www.mw-zander.com:80/hld-index/hld-news.htm?&newsId=55681 M+W Zander completes factory to manufacture solar cells for Q-Cells in Malaysia] 500 megawatt annual output, June 16, 2009] '''\n\nEngineering company M+W Zander has designed and built a new solar cell manufacturing facility for Q-Cells, Malaysia, and has handed over the facility on schedule. This major project was completed within a tight construction time frame of less than 8 months to achieve Ready for Equipment. The three-storey solar-cell factory with eight production lines has an annual output of 500 megawatts (peak).\n\n[[File:Plant evolution.jpg]]\n\n [http://web.archive.org/web/20081114032813/http://www.yole.fr/pagesAn/products/Report_sample/PVD.jpg]\n\n[https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_Lj7sgQ8eELw/SPTkfwYR8kI/AAAAAAAAAcg/x5bi0qGvHuI/s1600-h/Top+20+PV_iSuppli.JPG Top PV suppliers]\n\n[http://www.energybusinessreports.com/shop/item.asp?itemid=1010&affillink=prl]\n\n''' Solar Generation - V - 2008 '''\n\n''' Solar electricity for over one billion people and two million jobs by 2020 '''\n\nThis report by the EPIA (European Photovoltaic Industry Association) and Green Peace captures the global status of the Solar Photovoltaic Industry in 2008.<ref>EPIA and Green Peace, Solar Generation - V - 2008, http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/documents/EPIA_SG_V_ENGLISH_FULL_Sept2008.pdf</ref> [http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/EPIA_docs/documents/EPIA_SG_V_ENGLISH_FULL_Sept2008.pdf/ Solar Generation - V - 2008]The report outlines the key political actions required and PV's contribution to Industry, Employment, Global Electricity Supply and the Environment projected to 2030.\n\nSome assumptions made include:\n\n* Carbon dioxide savings estimated to be an average of 0.6 kg of CO2 per kilowatt hour of output from a solar generator\n* Two scenarios used for the analysis in terms of worldwide growth of the Solar industry:\n# Advanced Scenario based on additional support mechanisms that lead to dynamic worldwide growth (growth rate 40%(2010)reduced to 15% (2030)\n# Moderate Scenario based on lower level of political commitment (growth rate 30% (2010)reduced to 10% (2030))\n\nIt is estimated that PV provides the following job creation:\n\n# Production: 10 jobs per MW\n# Installation: 33 jobs per MW (installers, retailers, engineers)\n# Wholesaling/ Indirect Supply: 3-4 jobs per MW\n# Research: 1-2 jobs per MW\n\nIn 2007, the German PV industry alone employed 42,000 people. In Germany, there are in fact currently more jobs in the PV sector than in the nuclear industry. The PV industry therefore has the potential to create vast amounts of employment.\n\n''' PV Status Report 2008 '''\n\nResearch, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics<ref>Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, PV Report 2008, European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre,Institute for Energy, Renewable Energies Unit,September 2008, http://web.archive.org/web/20150223221100/http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/refsys/pdf/PV%20Report%202008.pdf</ref> [http://web.archive.org/web/20150223221100/http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/refsys/pdf/PV%20Report%202008.pdf PV Report 2008]\n\n''' J. M. Pearce,Industrial Symbiosis for Very Large Scale Photovoltaic Manufacturing, Renewable Energy 33, pp. 1101-1108, 2008 '''\n\nISSN 0960-1481, DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2007.07.002.\n([https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V4S-4PJ6BJ9-1/2/f3df89a481dc23c1853d998d0d282cae http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V4S-4PJ6BJ9-1/2/f3df89a481dc23c1853d998d0d282cae])\n\nThe world's governments must take significant commitments in policy and investment directives in renewable technologies to drastically reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells are technically feasible renewable energy generators that provide a means to reducing GHGs and meeting our energy needs. \"This paper explores utilizing industrial symbiosis to obtain economies of scale and increased manufacturing efficiencies for solar PV cells in order for solar electricity to compete economically with fossil fuel-fired electricity. Government policies necessary to construct a multi-gigaWatt PV factory and complementary policies to protect existing solar companies are outlined and the technical requirements for a symbiotic industrial system are explored to increase the manufacturing efficiency while improving the environmental impact of PV.\"\n\nGovernment Programs Recognized: government-funded research, information/education campaigns, national renewable energy plans, regulations/standards, guaranteed markets, green pricing and financial incentives.\n\nGovernment Requirements: To get the scale of PV manufacturing required, the massive scale up and technology required in a single plant would require an initial investment of ~$600 million. Most governments are financially secure and politically stable enough to be the medium for change. The investment can be seen in the same way that that government reserves are kept in banks to earn interest. Benefits come in the formation of jobs, economic growth, reduced GHGs, energy stability and technological growth. Governments can stimulate the market and protect domestic plants by implementing PVs on its buildings and other maintained properties.\n\nOther interesting points: The photovoltaic market, Scale and photovoltaic manufacturing, Industrial Symbiosis\n\n''' [http://www.solarbuzz.com/Moduleprices.htm Solar Module Retail Price Environment] '''\n\nThe Case for reducing PV prices. The price decline trend from the beginning of 2009 continues in the June survey result. While the total number of price declines was lower this month, their individual magnitude caused the largest single month reduction in the United States index since the survey started in 2001.\n\nThe tracking of the lowest price band in the survey is measured against the number of prices below $4.75 per watt.\n\nAs of June 2009, there are currently 370 solar module prices below $4.75 per watt (€3.42 per watt) or 26.5% of the total survey. This compares with 313 prices below $4.75 per watt in May. The lowest retail price for a multi-crystalline silicon solar module is $2.48 per watt (€1.79 per watt) from a US retailer. The lowest retail price for a monocrystalline silicon module is $2.80 per watt (€2.02 per watt), from a US retailer.\n\nNote, however, that \"not all models are equal.\" In other words, brand, technical attributes and certifications do matter.\n\nThe lowest thin film module price is at $1.76 per watt (€1.26 per watt) from an Asian-based retailer. As a general rule, it is typical to expect thin film modules to be at a price discount to crystalline silicon (for like module powers). This thin film price is represented by a 130 watt module, albeit deliveries of this particular model are not available until July.\n\n''' [http://www.solarbuzz.com/Marketbuzz2009-intro.htm World PV Industry Report 2008] '''\n\nWorld solar photovoltaic (PV) market installations reached a record high of 5.95 gigawatts (GW) in 2008, representing growth of 110% over the previous year.\n\n''' David Owen,[http://web.archive.org/web/20091205074432/http://www.pv-tech.org:80/news/_a/top_stories_2008_-_fab_and_facilities_q-cells_leads_the_pack/ Top stories 2008: Fab and Facilities—Q-Cells leads the pack],2008 '''\n\nQ-Cells announced plans to build a thin-film manufacturing facility on a 60ha site in the Silicon Border business park located near Mexicali, Mexico. The $3.5 billion commitment also showed that Q-Cells had its eye on First Solar's top thin film position, as the size of the investment and site will allow Q-Cells to aggressively ramp in order to take advantage of the burgeoning US utility market.\n\nMalaysia has been a strong contender in PV manufacturing since First Solar and, in May, SunPower agreed to get on board. Tom Werner, CEO of SunPower, announced plans to build a new c-Si facility in Malaysia that will see 1GW of capacity by 2010.\n\nMasdar announced an ambitious Solar Cities project early in 2008. Applied Materials had secured a $2 billion order for its turnkey 'SunFab' line.\n\n''' Mark Osborne,[http://web.archive.org/web/20150908110125/http://www.solarserver.de/solarmagazin/download/pv_production_solar_report_0808_e.pdf PV production: The dawn of the \"gigawatt\" fab], 2008 '''\n\nWe discuss the opportunities for scaling PV manufacturing with Robert Gattereder,Managing Director of M+W Zander FE GmbH after a detailed study challenges the current mindset and forces manufacturers to consider scaling manufacturing to new heights.\n\n\"Manufacturing cost savings in the region of 15 percent were possible when production reached the gigawatt level\"\n\nM+W Zander believes that the waferbased gigawatt fab will need to be highly integrated and scalable. Due to capital costs and manufacturing ramp timescales, a gigawatt fab could be established in two major steps. The plant (see Figure 1, overleaf) would consist of approximately two 450MW modules with each module having a dedicated wafering, cell manufacturing and module assembly area.\n\nAccording to M+W Zander, thin film fabs could benefit from an area ratio improvement of as much as 12 percent when scaled to the gigawatt production level, as shown in Table 2. Another revealing aspect of the M+W Zander study is the ability for thin film facilities to be even more cost-competitive at the gigawatt scale. With overall utility cost savings as highlighted earlier, a comparison between wafer-based and thin film manufacturing (see Table 3) shows that thin film utility demands are significantly less than those for wafers.\n\n''' I-Micronews,[http://web.archive.org/web/20090227130741/http://www.imicronews.com:80/analysis/Photovoltaic-PV-manufacturing-capacity-reach-12-5GW-2008,1356.html Global Photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing capacity will reach 12.5GW in 2008],2008 '''\n\nBased on tracking 800 companies in the photovoltaic industry, Yole Developpement has a complete view on market statistics for worldwide PV production capacity.\n\nYole estimates the global capacity of thin films to be 2.5GW in 2008. This capacity is lower than the 10GW for wafer based technology, but the growth rate is much higher. Pushed by turnkey fab suppliers, the typical size of thin film projects jumped from 25MW in 2006 to 60-80MW in 2007 and to 500-1,000MW in 2008. For 2010, Gaetan Rull expects a minimum of 7GW of installed thin film production capacity.\n\n== Papers/Sources ==\n\n=== 2009 ===\n\n==== Robert Pollin and Heidi Garrett-Peltier,[http://www.greenenergyact.ca/Storage/25/1722_PERI_ON_Green_Jobs_Report.pdf Building the Green Economy],Employment Effects of Green Energy Investments for Ontario, 2009 ====\n\nThis report also makes it clear that most of these 'new' green-collar jobs are in fact\nfamiliar jobs, repurposed and expanded through investments in a low-carbon economy. The\ngreen economy will require construction, manufacturing and steel workers, as well as engineers,\nadministrators, accountants and research scientists. The people employed in these jobs will\nhelp consumers cut their energy use and hence bills by improving energy efficiency. And they\nwill create new industries and new economic opportunities for Ontarians to design, build and\ninstall the green energy technologies that this province, and the planet, need if we are to avoid\ndangerous levels of global warming.\n\nThe government of Ontario is poised to implement an ambitious Green Energy Act. This program\nhas the potential to produce substantial benefits to the citizens of Ontario, both in terms of\nenvironmental protection and the expansion of employment opportunities. The focus of this\nstudy is on the potential employment benefits of a green investment agenda for Ontario.\n\n==== J.K. Kaldellis, D. Zafirakis, E. Kondili, Optimum autonomous stand-alone photovoltaic system design on the basis of energy pay-back analysis, Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 9 June 2009 ====\n\nAbstract:\nStand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems comprise one of the most promising electrification solutions for covering the demand of remote consumers. However, such systems are strongly questioned due to extreme life-cycle (LC) energy requirements. For similar installations to be considered as environmentally sustainable, their LC energy content must be compensated by the respective useful energy production, i.e. their energy pay-back period (EPBP) should be found less than their service period. In this context, an optimum sizing methodology is currently developed, based on the criterion of minimum embodied energy. Various energy autonomous stand-alone PV-lead-acid battery systems are examined and two different cases are investigated; a high solar potential area and a medium solar potential area. By considering that the PV-battery (PV-Bat) system's useful energy production is equal to the remote consumer's electricity consumption, optimum cadmium telluride (CdTe) based systems yield the minimum EPBP (15 years). If achieving to exploit the net PV energy production however, the EPBP is found less than 20 years for all PV types. Finally, the most interesting finding concerns the fact that in all cases examined the contribution of the battery component exceeds 27% of the system LC energy requirements, reflecting the difference between grid-connected and stand-alone configurations.\n\n==== A. Focacci, Residential plants investment appraisal subsequent to the new supporting photovoltaic economic mechanism in Italy, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 7 May 2009 ====\n\n[http://web.archive.org/web/20101223082153/http://www.sciencedirect.com:80/science/article/B6VMY-4W7HHB1-1/2/aa701decfe860067a89c157489aa4dbe]\n\n==== Jennifer Cleary and Allison Kopicki, Preparing the Workforce for a \"Green Jobs\" Economy, John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, pp 1-12, February 2009 ====\n\nAs the United States embarks on its journey toward a clean energy economy, the buzz about\nthe promise of \"green jobs\" has gained momentum among politicians, media, community\norganizers, educators, and workforce development stakeholders. This brief identifies the types\nof jobs and skills that will be in demand in this green future and the factors that are driving the\nnew energy economy and the growth of its workforce. Finally, this brief considers strategies for\nbuilding competitive, flexible workforce systems that can respond to emerging employer needs\nand highlights best practices occurring around the nation.\n\n==== Mark Osborne,[http://web.archive.org/web/20100528173249/http://www.pv-tech.org:80/news/_a/evergreen_solar_shifts_manufacturing_future_to_china_targets_us1_w_in_2012/ Evergreen Solar shifts manufacturing future to China, targets US$1/W in 2012], May 2009 ====\n\n==== Tyler Hamilton,[http://www.thestar.com/Business/article/608451 1,200 'green jobs' in works for Kingston], The Star, March 2009 ====\n\n==== First Solar Inc.,[http://web.archive.org/web/20161019235102/http://investor.firstsolar.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=201491&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1259614&highlight= First Solar Passes $1 Per Watt Industry Milestone], 2009 ====\n\n==== Mark Osborne,[http://web.archive.org/web/20101104041414/http://www.pv-tech.org:80/news/_a/solarworld_targets_1gw_cell_production_in_freiberg/ SolarWorld targets 1GW cell production in Freiberg], May 2009 ====\n\n\"SolarWorld AG has celebrated the topping-out of its new crystalline solar cell manufacturing plant in Freiberg, Germany. The €350 million investment will enable SolarWorld to add approximately 500MW per annum of solar cell capacity by the end of 2010, resulting in 1GW of total capacity at its multiple facilities in Freiberg.\"\n\n==== [http://web.archive.org/web/20090806081848/http://www.nationalist.ie:80/the/Government-investment-in-AIBP-expected.5308054.jp Government investment in AIBP expected to lead to creation of 40 jobs],The Nationalist, 30th May 2009 ====\n\n=== 2008 ===\n\n==== [http://www.greenenergyact.ca/Storage/21/1268_PolicyPaperWorkIsntWorking.pdf Work Isn't Working for Ontario Families], The Role of Good Jobs in Ontario's Poverty Reduction Strategy,Campaign 2000, Toronto & York Region Labour Council, Canadian Labour Congress (Ontario Region),May, 2008 ====\n\nCampaign 2000, the Toronto & York Region Labour Council and the Canadian Labour Congress\n(Ontario Region) see roles for government, labour and the private sector in increasing the availability\nof good jobs in Ontario to re-build a broad middle-income sector and enable more Ontario parents to\nlift their families out of poverty. Restoring the centre to manufacturing workers is one challenge;\ngaining the centre for marginalized workers in bad jobs is another.\nWithin the broad range of its powers, the provincial government can do much to lead labour and\nthe private sector into a change process to the benefit of low-income children whose parents are\nstruggling to build a secure life. Regulation, unionization, stimulation of manufacturing for a\ngreen planet and public investment can all support parents toward a more secure standard of\nliving for their families and recreate a broad, stable social base for Ontario.\nStrategic approaches to strengthening the labour market in Ontario for low-income parents include:\n\n* Turning bad jobs into good jobs through regulation and unionization\n* Investing in essential public resources and maximizing the public benefit of public procurement\n* Stimulating manufacturing for the global green economy.\n\n==== Government of Canada investment to expand Manitoba biodiesel industry,Western Economic Diversification Canada, 2008] ====\n\n==== Robert Pollin, November 7, 2008, [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/11/heritage_response.html Green Investments and Jobs: A Response to the Heritage Foundation],Center for American Progress ====\n\n==== Industry Canada, [http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ic1.nsf/eng/04356.html Performance Report — For the Period Ending March 31, 2008] ====\n\n==== Brad Collins, US$4.5 trillion: Opportunity knocks, Renewable Energy Focus, Volume 9, Issue 2, March-April 2008,pp56-58, 60, ([http://web.archive.org/web/20090827131949/http://www.sciencedirect.com:80/science/article/B8JJF-4T5BWPN-1C/2/c0efbb91db87b16ce4e110ddd7960768 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JJF-4T5BWPN-1C/2/c0efbb91db87b16ce4e110ddd7960768]) ====\n\n==== Johannes VAN BIESEBROECK Bidding for Investment Projects:Smart Public Policy or Corporate Welfare?,pp 1-28, 2008 ====\n\n==== [http://dpc.senate.gov/dpcdoc.cfm?doc_name=fs-110-2-95#_edn7 The Cost of Inaction: Failing to Address Climate Change Stifles Green Job Creation ], 2008 ====\n\nthe opportunity still exists to invest in [[Green technology|green technologies]] that would generate manufacturing, construction and installation jobs and to protect against fossil fuel supply disruptions and price fluctuations. American leadership on climate change could play a vital role in stimulating green job creation while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions.\n\nPhotovoltaic (PV) panels generate 15.2 manufacturing jobs per megawatt installed and 7.1 construction and installation jobs per megawatt-more jobs in both categories than any other renewable energy source. Producing electricity from PV provides jobs to roofers, electricians, sheet metal workers, and other skilled laborers. Approximately 80 percent of the jobs in PV come from manufacturing and assembly. The remaining jobs come mostly from installing the PV panels. Many component parts must be manufactured to build solar PV systems, including metals, glass, raw silicon, batteries, wiring, and roof mounting structures to hold the solar panels in place. The solar panels must also be assembled prior to installation. Workers are needed to assemble the solar cells, to prepare them for installation, and connect them to the electrical grid. Finally, maintenance workers are needed to provide routine maintenance and repairs to the panels\n\n==== Ted Kesik and Anne Miller,[TORONTO GREEN DEVELOPMENT STANDARD COS T - B ENEFIT STUDY], pp 1-246, 2008 ====\n\nThe Toronto Green Development Standard is among a number of instruments being\nfashioned by the City of Toronto to address negative impacts associated with urban growth,\nbut it is not intended to address all issues related to [[sustainable development]]. It has instead\nbeen based on a bio-regional approach to green development that recognizes the unique\necosystem that Toronto shares with the numerous communities that border the Great Lakes.\n\n==== [http://www.ameinfo.com/166720.html Masdar breaks ground on photovoltaic factory in Germany], 2008 ====\n\nThe Masdar Initiative is Abu Dhabi's multi-faceted, multi-billion dollar investment in the development and commercialization of innovative technologies in renewable, alternative and sustainable energies as well as [[sustainable design]]. Masdar is driven by the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC), a wholly owned company of the government of Abu Dhabi through the Mubadala Development Company. In January 2008, Abu Dhabi announced it will invest $15 bn in Masdar, the largest single government investment of its kind. For more information about the Masdar Initiative, visit www.masdaruae.com.\n\n==== B.Shone, [http://www.mefl.com.au/documents/FiT_article__Crikey.pdf Feed-in Tariffs in Australia],Alternative Technology Association, 2008 ====\n\n=== 2000 - 2007 ===\n\n==== Western Economic Diversification Canada,[http://www.wd.gc.ca/eng/77_9650.asp Canada's New Government Assists Rural Diversification with Bio-Products Investment], 2007 ====\n\n==== Jenkins, Glenn and Chun-Yan Kuo, [http://web.archive.org/web/20170811095536/http://econ.queensu.ca/working_papers/papers/qed_wp_1133.pdf The Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital for Canada-An Empirical Update], QED Working Paper Number 1133, Department of Economics, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, 2007. ====\n\n==== [http://www.urbanhabitat.org/files/Community-Jobs-in-the-Green-Economy-web.pdf COMMUNITY JOBS IN THE GREEN ECONOMY], 2007 ====\n\nIn this report, we present an overview of key industries in the green economy, as\nwell as discussions about the necessary workforce development infrastructure\nneeded to train workers to take advantage of these opportunities. We also\nprovide some case studies of Americans who are already employed in these\njobs. Finally, we present strategies that cities can use to take advantage of\nthis new economic development engine. Our goal is to provide a roadmap\nfor community organizers, economic development practitioners, labor\nrepresentatives, and city managers who wish to learn about and create high\nquality, green jobs in their communities\n\n==== Ontario Ministry of Energy. Community+Small Project Support:Standard Offer-Expanding Renewable Energy Opportunities.Queen's Printer for Ontario; 2007. ====\n\n==== [http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftr/2007/nrgyftr2007ppndc-eng.pdf Canada Energy Future Reference Case and Scenarios to 2030],An Energy Market Assessment November 2007, pp 1 -414 ====\n\nhttp://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftr/2007/nrgyftr2007chptr4-eng.html#s4_9\n\n==== [https://solar-in-china.blogspot.com/2007_11_22_archive.html Trina making profits from Selling solar PV] ====\n\n==== Winfried Hoffmann, PV solar electricity industry: Market growth and perspective, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 90, Issues 18-19, 14th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, 23 November 2006, Pages 3285-3311,([https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V51-4KST3HK-1/2/c1d0d4600619ef3f7004102d1a313de5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V51-4KST3HK-1/2/c1d0d4600619ef3f7004102d1a313de5]) ====\n\n==== Randall Parker,[http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/003363.html Rapid Growth In Photovoltaics Demand Driven By Germany],Future Pundit 2006 ====\n\n==== Gregory F. Nemet, [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V2W-4GSC2NM-1/2/f42bc3300970b9f16d7fb04654723b70 Beyond the learning curve: factors influencing cost reductions in photovoltaics], Energy Policy, Volume 34, Issue 17, November 2006, Pages 3218-3232 ====\n\nAbstract:\nThe extent and timing of cost-reducing improvements in low-carbon energy systems are important sources of uncertainty in future levels of greenhouse-gas emissions. Models that assess the costs of climate change mitigation policy, and energy policy in general, rely heavily on learning curves to include technology dynamics. Historically, no energy technology has changed more dramatically than photovoltaics (PV), the cost of which has declined by a factor of nearly 100 since the 1950s. Which changes were most important in accounting for the cost reductions that have occurred over the past three decades? Are these results consistent with the notion that learning from experience drove technical change? In this paper, empirical data are assembled to populate a simple model identifying the most important factors affecting the cost of PV. The results indicate that learning from experience, the theoretical mechanism used to explain learning curves, only weakly explains change in the most important factors--plant size, module efficiency, and the cost of silicon. Ways in which the consideration of a broader set of influences, such as technical barriers, industry structure, and characteristics of demand, might be used to inform energy technology policy are discussed.\n\n==== Ken Gordon & Fraser Summerfield, [http://economics.uwo.ca/undergraduate/undergraduatereview/undergraduatereview05/2_Gordon_Summerfield.pdf Wind Energy in Canada], Government Role, 2005 ====\n\n==== Roger H. Bezdek, Robert M. Wendling,[http://misi-net.com/publications/ca-final-report.pdf JOBS CREATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA AND THE UNITED STATES], 2005, pp 1-99 ====\n\n==== A. Taylor, M. Bramley, M. Winfield, [http://www.climateactionnetwork.ca/e/publications/public-money-oil-gas.pdf Government Spending on Canada's Oil and Gas Industry], Undermining Canada's Kyoto Commitment, January 31, 2005, Commissioned by Climate Action Network Canada, The Pembina Institute, pp 1-57 ====\n\nGovernments in Canada, as well as elsewhere, subsidize a number of socially beneficial\nservices. These include, for example, health care, education and energy services. To the extent\nthat subsidies provided to the energy sector are for oil and gas developments, however, they\nare contributing to increased environmental impacts and hindering developments of\nenvironmentally friendly alternative energy options. The purpose of this study is to investigate\ngovernment expenditure on the oil and gas sector in Canada. To that end, we identify and\ndocument the various forms of public support provided to this industry by the federal\ngovernment. We focus on federal government support provided through grants (direct\nexpenditure), the tax system (tax expenditure) and government departments (program\nexpenditure) for conventional oil and gas as well as for oil sands between 1996 and 2002. We\nalso discuss provincial support for oil sands.\n\nIn the late 1980s and early 1990s, the federal government supported energy megaprojects. This\nincluded, for example, the Hibernia Development Project and heavy oil upgraders.2 Since 1995,\nfederal spending on non-renewable energy resources has been significantly reduced. While it is\ntrue, then, that current subsidies are lower than in the past, they are still substantial.\nGovernment expenditure on the oil and gas sector including tax, program and direct expenditure\ntotalled $1,085 million (2000$) in 1996 and $1,446 million (2000$) in 2002. The increase in\nexpenditure over this time period was 33%. Total expenditure from 1996 to 2002, inclusive, was\nequal to $8,324 million (2000$). The vast majority of the expenditure is associated with tax\ninitiatives and in particular the Canadian Development Expense, the Canadian Exploration\nExpense, the Resource Allowance and the Accelerated Capital Cost Allowance for oil sands.\nOther research has demonstrated relatively low taxation levels for the oil and gas sector, high\ntax concessions for oil sands4 and relatively high profits of oil and gas companies. In addition,\nprevious research comparing the amount of revenue collected from oil and gas developments in\nCanada with that collected in Alaska and Norway revealed that, relative to these international\nbenchmarks, companies extracting Canada's oil and gas, most of which belongs to the public,\nare receiving an implicit subsidy in the form of excessive profits that governments are failing to\ncapture through taxes, royalties and other revenue generating policy options.\n\n==== Joe Ruggeri & Melanie Doucet, [http://www.unb.ca/crisp/pdf/Government_spending_on_healthcare_as_public_investment.pdf GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON HEALTH CARE AS PUBLIC INVESTMENT], 2005 ====\n\nMost of the investment by the department of Health (86 percent) is in the form of investment in human capital. The results also show that thirty-eight percent of personal income tax expenditures and forty-four percent of goods and services tax expenditures can be treated as investment in human capital.\n\n==== [http://web.archive.org/web/20090815041821/http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca:80/eng/buildings_communities/buildings/pv_buildings/success_stories/spheral_solar.html Canada's First Vertically Integrated Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing Facility Opens in Cambridge Ontario: New Spheral Solar™ Technology],NRCAN, 2004 ====\n\nATS Automation Tooling Systems Inc. opened Canada's first full-scale 20-megawatt solar cell manufacturing line and unveiled its revolutionary new photovoltaic technology that will be produced from its highly automated Spheral Solar™ Power (SSP) plant - a 193,000 square feet facility located in south-western Ontario city of Cambridge.\n\nAlso in 2003, the Government of Canada, through Industry Canada's Technology Partnership Program, invested $25.5 million and an additional $4 million from TEAM to leverage a $67 million private sector spending to commercialise the Spheral Solar™ technology. The SSP facility currently employs 150 people and is planning to augment this '''workforce to 220''' by the end of this calendar year.\n\n==== Keshner MS, Arya R. Study of potential cost reductions resulting from super-large-scale manufacturing of PV modules. National Renewable Energy Laboratory final subcontract report, 2004,NREL/SR-520-36846. ====\n\n==== Genome Canada[http://www.genomecanada.ca/medias/PDF/EN/GCReport-Mar31041.pdf Interim Evaluation of Genome Canada],March 31, 2004 ====\n\n==== Sean P. McAlinden, Ph.D.,Kim Hill MPP,Bernard Swiecki,[http://web.archive.org/web/20120220014231/http://www.cargroup.org/pdfs/Alliance-Final.pdf Economic Contribution of the Automotive Industry to the U.S.Economy] – An Update,Economics and Business Group, Center for Automotive Research, Fall 2003 ====\n\nIn summary, the employment contribution currently associated with total automotive industry\nactivity in the United States is estimated to be about 3.5 million jobs in the private sector\nattributable to the industry directly and its suppliers, and 6.6 million when all spin-off effects are\nincluded. The compensation contribution is estimated to be about $152 billion attributable to the\nindustry directly and its suppliers, and $243 billion when all spin-off effects are included.\n\n==== Weiss I, Sprau P, Helm P. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01305121 The German PV solar power financing schemes reflected on the German PV market]. In: Proceedings of the third world conference on photovolt energy conversion, vol. 3; 2003.p. 2592–5. ====\n\nAbstract:\nSince the intmduction of the 100 000 Roofs Solar Power Programme and the new Renewable Energy Law (E L) the German PV Market is extending remarkablyThe German KfW-financing in the framework of the 100 000 PV roofs programme increased from 9 MW in 1999 to almost 80 MW in 2002. The perspectives for 2003 are in the order of magnitude of 100 MW and 2003 will become a huther and probably final booming year for PV roof installations since the Ktw-fmancing schemes level-off by the end of 2003.\n\nHowever, the production of PV modules in Germany comprises only one third of the installed PV power.Two thirds of the PV modules are imported. This shows that even a programme offering funding which i s close to rate-based mentive is not necesrady followed by the PV industry to install new production lines and/or to extend existing production facilities. While Japan was able to mcreasc the production capacity smultaneously with the programme, other counmes, such as Germany,experience a delay of the extension of production capacities for PV modules with respect to the demand.\n\nThis Paper outlines the funding programs in several countries.The main characteristics of a PV market, which led to the tremendously extending market volume, are as\nfollows:\n\n* a positive public opinion of citizens concerning renewable energies resulting in a high demand - high grants and high commitment through state and federal governments\n* involvement of utilities in renewable energy sources\n* high number of market participants from manufacturers to system installers and distributors\n* long-term perspectives for investors\n\n==== Brad Heavner & Susannah Churchill, Renewables Work, Job Growth from Renewable Energy, Development in California, CALPIRG Charitable Trust, June 2002. ====\n\nEach new solar, wind, biomass, or fuel cellrelated\njob created is, in effect, a vote for\nenergy security, price stability, and generally\na vote to buy American. Renewable energy\nis a plentiful resource in the U.S., and therefore\neach new job in this field is another job,\nand another dollar of gross national product,\nthat we choose to reinvest in the American\neconomy as opposed to providing as a subsidy\nto OPEC and other nations.\n\nThus, each new solar system, windmill, or\nfuel cell sold represents new economic activity\nand growth. This has two effects: 1)\ninvestments in renewables are truly investments\nin job creation; and 2) with relatively\nfew of these systems in the field, the cost\ndeclines through learning. This learning\ncurve will result in dramatic decreases in per\nunit costs as sales ramp up. A double victory.\n\nTable 1. EPRI Employment Rates with Annual Reduction (jobs/MW)\nThe study concluded that wind and\nPV create 40% more jobs per dollar of investment\nthan coal.\nThis study also calculated job creation in\nthe different work activities involved. For\nsolar, 30% of the jobs would be for module\nassembly, 42% for other manufacturing activities, 21% for distribution and contracting,\nand 7% for servicing.\n\nNote on Units\n\n==== Harberger, Arnold C. and Glenn P. Jenkins, [http://www.fiscalreform.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=892&Itemid=160 Manual on Cost Benefit Analysis for Investment Decisions], Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, 2002 ====\n\n==== David Johnson and Roger Wilkins,[http://dpc.senate.gov/dpcdoc.cfm?doc_name=fs-110-2-95#_edn7 The Net Benefit to Government of Higher Education: A \"Balance Sheet\" Approach],Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 5/02, pp 1-40, 2002 ====\n\n==== [http://wwf.ca/newsroom/?1062 New Analysis Shows Economic Benefits From Meeting Kyoto Target], 2002 ====\n\nEnergy-efficiency innovations, cleaner fuels and other measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will generate jobs and economic growth for Canada, according to a study by the Boston-based Tellus Institute released in Ottawa today.\n\n\"The benefit of implementing these policies to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions would exceed the costs. Our study forecasts the net addition of 52,000 Canadian jobs by 2012, and a $2 billion addition to the GDP, over and above the growth forecast in 'business as usual' Canadian government projections.\"\n\n==== Peter Foreman,[http://ach.sagepub.com.proxy.queensu.ca/cgi/reprint/6/1/31 The transfer of accounting technology: a study of the Commonwealth of Australia government factories, 1910-1916], Accounting History, Vol. 6, No. 1, 31-59 (2001) ====\n\nAbstract: The establishment of government factories by the Commonwealth of Australia, 1910-1916, required, inter alia, the development of an accounting system to suit the commercial activities carried on by government. All these factories were suppliers to the defence forces. Their primary aim was not profit generation, but the maintenance of facilities that could be expanded rapidly in time of need. Some of these factories were in direct competition with private industry and it was important that their costs and prices compared favourably with the nongovernment sector. The Australian government introduced a system of accounting that was developed by John Jensen, a Defence Department public servant. Jensen espoused scientific management techniques observed during a visit to the USA and Canada in 1910. This study explores the origins of, and influences on, the accounting system as established by Jensen. It does so through the use of the technology transfer construct advanced by Jeremy (1991). The conclusion reached is that Taylorist precepts were significantly modified to meet the particular control requirements and the environmental factors faced by Australian governments.\n\n==== Jean-Baptiste Lesourd,[http://web.archive.org/web/20090827112203/http://www.sciencedirect.com:80/science/article/B6VHC-42BSJ62-6/2/dcc168846e9a9695c18f7c16d0b91ac2 Solar photovoltaic systems: the economics of a renewable energy resource], Environmental Modelling & Software, Volume 16, Issue 2, March 2001, Pages 147-156 ====\n\nAbstract:\nThis paper analyses some emerging aspects of the economics of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. While the 1997 cost of photovoltaic systems is estimated as 5.5 US$/Wp, a 1997 cost estimate for photovoltaic grid-connected electricity is (deflated terms) 0.25 or (nominal terms) 0.29 US$/kWh, for US sunbelt conditions, prevailing US capital market conditions, and an economic lifetime of 20 years. This compares to about 0.10 US$/kWh for conventional electricity production. Other estimates for are, respectively, in deflated and nominal terms and in US$/kWh, 0.30 and 0.35 (average US conditions), 0.29 and 0.33 (average Western European conditions), 0.23 and 0.27 (sunbelt European conditions), and 0.33 and 0.34 (average Japanese conditions). Assuming a longer system lifetime (30 years) lowers these costs by 15-20%. Dividing costs by 2, a reasonable future possibility, would bring them close to competitiveness. Further cost decreases, although possible, are still uncertain. The structure and future evolution of the world photovoltaic industry are also discussed.\n\n==== d'Estaintot T. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=916239 European commission-supported R&D activities in the field of photovoltaics]. In: Proceedings of 28th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2000. p. 1734–5 ====\n\nAbstract\nSince 1980, the European Commission has funded medium to long term research photovoltaics projects for over 150 Million Euros in addition to short term research, demonstration and infrastructure projects as well as promotional programmes. For example, JOULE, THERMIE, ALTENER are well-known EC programmes within the PV community. Today, the Fourth Framework Programme (FP4) which has launched those R&D activities during the period 1994-1998 sees its PV projects coming to an end, while new ones are starting under the Fifth Framework Programme (FP5: 1999-2002). Photovoltaics has a strong position among the new and renewable energy sources that have been selected as priority themes within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (EESD) main EC programme of FP5. International collaboration of European organizations outside EU-15 is being encouraged at research level to maximize mutual benefits and avoid unnecessary overlaps or duplication. In particular, EU/US cooperation in the field of PV is part of an Implementing Arrangement that follows the 1997 Science and Technology Agreement signed between the two regions\n\n=== 1900s ===\n\n==== Irma Adelman,[http://web.archive.org/web/20140923002923/http://www.iseg.utl.pt/disciplinas/mestrados/dci/adelman.pdf THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT],California Agricultural Experiment Station, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Working Paper No. 890, 1999 ====\n\n==== Michael T. Eckhart, [http://repp.org/repp_pubs/pdf/solFinUS.pdf Financing Solar Energy in the U.S.], 1999, Scoping Paper ====\n\nThis document is a \"scoping paper\" on the subject of financing the end-use applications (the \"markets\") for solar energy in the U.S.2 The purpose of a scoping paper,\nsomewhat like \"terms of reference,\" is to describe the subject, characterize the current situation, and identify and assess the key issues. The next step, based on the scoping\npaper, will be a published policy paper entitled \"Financing Solar Energy in the U.S.\"\n\nWestern Canada's biodiesel industry will receive a boost thanks to a $330,000 investment from Western Economic Diversification Canada to develop and market BioFleet, a new program to increase awareness of the biodiesel industry and showcase its environmental benefits.\n\nOver the long term, a $1 million increase in green investment spending that is offset by a $1 million reduction in spending within the oil industry will still produce a net increase of 12.5 jobs in U.S.\n\n==== Glenn P. Jenkins and Henry B.F. Lim,[http://www.queensjdiexec.org/publications/qed_dp_127.pdf Evaluation of Investments for the Expansion of an Electricity Distribution System],Development Discussion Papers No.670, December 1998, pp1-64 ====\n\n==== Townley, Peter G. C., Principles of Cost-Benefit Analysis in a Canadian Context, Scarborough: Prentice Hall Canada Inc., 1998 ====\n\n==== Paul D. Maycock,[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V51-3SN13XC-3S/2/7df61033cfcb2aa942440d7300768762 Cost reduction in PV manufacturing impact on grid-connected and building-integrated markets], Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 47, Issues 1-4, October 1997, Pages 37-45 ====\n\nAbstract:\nIn the past three years there have been several key events or changes that can lead to fully economic, massive deployment to the grid-connected and central PV markets. The factors discussed in this report include:\n(1) Significant cost reduction in single crystal and polycrystal silicon so that modules profitably priced at $3.10-$3.30 per peak watt and installed grid-connected systems with installed cost of $5.50 per watt are being offered. (2) Several new thin film plants - amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium diselenide are being built for 1996, 1997 production with greatly reduced costs. (3) Government subsidized volume orders for PV in grid-connected houses (Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and the United States) provide volume (2000 + units per year) that lead to reduced costs. (4) Environmental benefits for PV are being applied in Europe and Japan permitting 'early adopters' to enter the market. (5) Government and commercial acceptance of PV building integrated products, especially in Europe, are expanding PV markets. The combination of these forces lead to the prediction that an 'accelerated' market mode could start in the year 2000.\n\n==== Ellis J, Peake S. Renewable energy promotion in IEA countries.Renewable Energy 1996;9(1-4):1175–8. ====\n\n==== David F. Larcker, Lawrence Revsine, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/247064?seq=2 The Oil and Gas Accounting Controversy: An Analysis of Economic Consequences], The Accounting Review, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Oct., 1983), pp. 706-732, American Accounting Association ====\n\n==== Carliss Baldwin, Donald Lessard, Scott Mason, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3550782 Budgetary Time Bombs: Controlling Government Loan Guarantees], Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Sep., 1983), pp. 338-346 ====\n\nAn important deficiency of federal budgets is\nthat they omit the expected costs of\npolicies that guarantee private borrowings.\nAlthough guarantees do not involve immediate\ncash spending, they are costly because they\ncommit the government to future (contingent)\ncash outlays. Thus the expected cost of\nguarantees should enter the 'envelope' of\nplanned spending so that resources can be\nconsistently allocated among the government's\ngoals or among departments. How could this\nbe done? The authors explain the calculation of\na guarantee's cash grant equivalent, and argue\nthat this measure should be listed as a cost for\nbudgeting, planning and control.\n\nGovernments use financial incentives to induce\nprivate firms to undertake investments that\nare deemed to be socially desirable, but which\nare not privately feasible. Such investments\ninclude projects which create jobs in thin labour\nmarkets as well as projects which preserve jobs\nby assisting distressed corporations such as\nMassey-Ferguson or Chrysler. Types of incentives\ninclude cash grants, guarantees, concessionary\nloans, direct investments, and tax preferences\nsuch as tax holidays, tax credits, or\nspecial depreciation allowances.\n\npaper indicates Framework for computing cash grant-equivalents\n\n==== Jenkins, Glenn P., \"The Public-Sector Discount Rate for Canada: Some Further Observations.\" In: Canadian Public Policy, Summer 1981. ====\n\n==== Glenn P. Jenkins, [http://queensjdiexec.org/publications/qed_dp_33.pdf Inflation and Cost-Benefit Analysis],QED, pp1-23, 1978 ====\n\nThere are six ways in which inflation can affect the financial analysis of a project:\n\n# Additional loan of equity needed throughout the life of the project must be done at the price level of the given year\n# Inflation reduces the value of the tax deduction through depreciation (capital cost allowance), since the depreciated value of the asset decreases with inflation\n# Tax implications for companies that hold inventories of inputs and outputs. Using the historical value of the inventory, the taxable income would be overestimated.\n# Impact on nominal interest rates: i = r + gPe (The existence of inflation forces the borrower to repay his loans faster than he usually would)\n# Nominal interest and taxable income: in most countries, interest payments (expense) are deductible from income for income tax calculation.\n# Effect on real value of cash balances. (inflation tax on cash balances)\n\ni = r + R + (1+ r + R)gPe\n\nThe steps required for carrying out the analysis of correctly accounting for inflation are outlined.\n\n==== Canada, Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, Benefit-Cost Analysis Guide, Ministry of Supply and Services, 1976 ====\n\n==== David F. Bradford,[https://www.jstor.org/pss/1806627 Constraints on Government Investment Opportunities and the Choice of Discount Rate], © 1975 American Economic Association. ====\n\n==== Jenkins, Glenn P., [http://queensjdiexec.org/publications/qed_dp_7.pdf Measurement of Rates of Return and Taxation from Private Capital in Canada.] In: Benefit-Costs Analysis, W.A. Niskanen et al., editors, Aldine, 1972 ====\n\n==== Agnar, Sandmo and Jacques Dreze, \"Discount Rates for Public Investment in Closed and Open Economics.\" In: Economica, November 1971 ====\n\n=== Other ===\n\n==== The Report of the National Advisory Panel on Sustainable Energy Science and Technology, [http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eneene////science/conall/funfin-eng.php Funding of Canadian Energy S&T] ====\n\nThe Need for Canada to increase its funding in R&D for sustainable energy resources, compared to other countries.\n\n==== Crina Viju, William A. Kerr and James Nolan, [http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/21321/1/sp06vi03.pdf Subsidization of the Biofuel Industry:Security vs. Clean Air?],pp 1-41 ====\n\nAs the current price of biofuel is considerably greater than the price of fossil fuel alternatives, the governments around the world are heavily\nsubsidizing the development of this industry. This paper focuses on the growth of biofuel industry in Canada and US. We develop a theoretical model to examine whether or not\nthe same governmental policy (subsidization) yields different results i.e. a different level of optimal subsidies under different current objectives. We consider that subsidizing the\ndevelopment of the biofuel industry in the present is equivalent to buying an option on its use for future goals – energy security or reduced GHG emissions- so our research uses\noption value theory to assess these alternatives. The theoretical model yields an optimal subsidy option function for each of the two countries. Furthermore, under the scenario of\nobtaining different optimal levels of subsidies in the two countries, trade disputes can arise. A numerical simulation method is proposed to quantify the optimal level of subsidy\noption for each country.\n\n==== 'Lolade Ososami, [http://www.abraham-law.com/abrahamandcopublication/TaxationasatoolforRevenue%20Generation.pdf A closer look at Taxation as a tool for Revenue Generation and the Promotion of Investment in Nigeria], pp 1-3 ====\n\n==== [http://web.archive.org/web/20120305145558/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/labr69a-eng.htm Average hourly wages of employees by selected characteristics and profession, unadjusted data, by province (monthly)] ====\n\n==== [http://www.worldsalaries.org/canada.shtml Canada Average Salaries and Expenditures] ====\n\n==== Ontario's Engineers Salaries ====\n\n==== [http://www.interec.net/salary/servlet/SkyServlet?country=Canada&handler=SalSurvey&horizontal-axis=Degree&specialization=Mechanical Salart Survey for Engineers in Canada] ====\n\n==== [http://www.livingin-canada.com/work-salaries-wages-canada.htmlv Salaries and Wages in Canada | Canadian Salary Guide] ====\n\n==== [http://www.misi-net.com/publications.html MISI Papers], Jobs, Investment in Energy Sector] ====\n\n==== [http://social.thinfilmtoday.com/node?page=6 Thin Film Today], updates in Solar Industry ====\n\n==== SolarBuzz, [http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsFunding.htm Solar PV Funding Programs] ====\n\n\"A variety of funding mechanisms have been used to stimulate growth in the solar photovoltaic (PV) market, extend electricity generation in remote rural areas and support research, development and technology demonstration....Another factor behind market stimulation is to capture the jobs that can be created by the development of such a major new industry, whether in manufacturing or marketing of PV products and services. Funding has therefore sought to break the \"chicken and egg\" situation of an industry with an emerging technology that needs a big enough market to generate the commercial returns necessary to provide the investment that will make it cost competitive in the long term.\"\n\n==== SolarBuzz,[http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsCosts.htm Solar PV Industry Cost and Price Trends] ====\n\n== Resources ==\n\n* [http://www.solarbuzz.com/CompanyListings/Canada.htm Canadian Solar Companies List]\n\n== Citation List ==\n\n<references />\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n| author = User:Kadra09\n| description = Government funding supports solar growth. Appropedia examines investment impacts on jobs, industry trends, and long-term economic sustainability.\n}}\n\n[[Category:Queens Applied Sustainability Group Literature Reviews]]\n[[Category:Photovoltaics]]"}