{"id":70376,"key":"Etch_based_anti-reflective_coatings_-_Literature_Review","title":"Etch based anti-reflective coatings - Literature Review","latest":{"id":1211880,"timestamp":"2025-11-28T14:56:32Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{MY5490 notice}}\n\n== Searches ==\n\n* Antireflective coating photovoltaic\n* antireflective coating solar\n* glass texturization solar\n\n== Misc relevant information ==\n\nTwo ways to classify etch based ARCs:\n\n# Dry or wet etch\n# Maskless or mask assisted\n\n== Journals ==\n\n* Nanotechnology\n* Materials Science and Engineering: B\n* Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells\n* Solar Energy Materials\n* Solar Energy\n* Renewable Energy\n* Small (ambitious choice - and doesn't exactly fit in)\n* Thin Solid Films (may not be the best fit)\n\n== Introduction and background ==\n\n1.'''Review paper on ARCs:'''\n\nRaut, H.K., Ganesh, V.A., Nair, A.S. and Ramakrishna, S., 2011. Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review. Energy & Environmental Science, 4(10), pp.3779-3804.<ref>Raut, H.K., Ganesh, V.A., Nair, A.S. and Ramakrishna, S., 2011. [http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2011/ee/c1ee01297e Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review]. Energy & Environmental Science, 4(10), pp.3779-3804.</ref>\n\n* only section 7.2.1 is relevant\n* describes metal assisted chemical etching (MACE) in detail\n* Introduces laser ablation\n* lots of references in this section that can contribute towards introduction\n\n5. '''sub wavelength structures'''\n\nSahoo, K.C., Lin, M.K., Chang, E.Y., Lu, Y.Y., Chen, C.C., Huang, J.H. and Chang, C.W., 2009. Fabrication of antireflective sub-wavelength structures on silicon nitride using nano cluster mask for solar cell application. Nanoscale research letters, 4(7), p.680.<ref>Sahoo, K.C., Lin, M.K., Chang, E.Y., Lu, Y.Y., Chen, C.C., Huang, J.H. and Chang, C.W., 2009. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11671-009-9297-7 Fabrication of antireflective sub-wavelength structures on silicon nitride using nano cluster mask for solar cell application]. Nanoscale research letters, 4(7), p.680.</ref>\n\n* new method - Ni nano clusters\n* annealed in forming gas - not available here.\n\n6. '''Porous Si as ARC'''\n\nStrehlke, S., Bastide, S., Guillet, J. and Levy-Clement, C., 2000. Design of porous silicon antireflection coatings for silicon solar cells. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 69, pp.81-86.<ref>Strehlke, S., Bastide, S., Guillet, J. and Levy-Clement, C., 2000. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephane_Bastide/publication/222688126_Design_of_Porous_Silicon_Antireflection_Coatings_for_Silicon_Solar_Cells/links/02bfe51094ee026340000000.pdf Design of porous silicon antireflection coatings for silicon solar cells.] Materials Science and Engineering: B, 69, pp.81-86.</ref>\n\n* electrochemical etching\n* 7% effective reflectance between 400 and 1000 nm\n\n7. '''Optical absorption in nanopillars\n\nTsakalakos, L., Balch, J., Fronheiser, J., Shih, M.Y., LeBoeuf, S.F., Pietrzykowski, M., Codella, P.J., Korevaar, B.A., Sulima, O., Rand, J. and Davuluru, A., 2007. Strong broadband optical absorption in silicon nanowire films. J. Nanophotonics, 1(1), p.013552.<ref>Tsakalakos, L., Balch, J., Fronheiser, J., Shih, M.Y., LeBoeuf, S.F., Pietrzykowski, M., Codella, P.J., Korevaar, B.A., Sulima, O., Rand, J. and Davuluru, A., 2007. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Umakant_Rapol/publication/228342704_Strong_broadband_optical_absorption_in_silicon_NW_films/links/00b7d5286e4bb6c67e000000.pdf Strong broadband optical absorption in silicon nanowire films.] J. Nanophotonics, 1(1), p.013552.</ref>\n\n* nanostructure created by galvanic etching\n\n8. '''Bottom up Si NW'''\n\nStelzner, T., Pietsch, M., Andrä, G., Falk, F., Ose, E. and Christiansen, S., 2008. Silicon nanowire-based solar cells. Nanotechnology, 19(29), p.295203.<ref>Stelzner, T., Pietsch, M., Andrä, G., Falk, F., Ose, E. and Christiansen, S., 2008. [http://bg.unam.bilkent.edu.tr/jc/topics/Photovoltaic%20Overview/papers/Silicon%20nanowire-based%20solar%20cells.pdf Silicon nanowire-based solar cells.] Nanotechnology, 19(29), p.295203.</ref>\n\n* interesting process and background\n* epitaxial growth not possible at MTU at present\n\n11. '''PR mask and RIE based ARC'''\n\nLalanne, P. and Morris, G.M., 1997. Antireflection behavior of silicon subwavelength periodic structures for visible light. Nanotechnology, 8(2), p.53.<ref>Lalanne, P. and Morris, G.M., 1997. [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/8/2/002/pdf Antireflection behavior of silicon subwavelength periodic structures for visible light.] Nanotechnology, 8(2), p.53.</ref>\n\n13. Woelfle, M., Olliaro, P. and Todd, M.H., 2011. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/894705197?pq-origsite=gscholar Open science is a research accelerator.] Nature Chemistry, 3(10), p.745.<ref>Woelfle, M., Olliaro, P. and Todd, M.H., 2011. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/894705197?pq-origsite=gscholar Open science is a research accelerator.] Nature Chemistry, 3(10), p.745.</ref>\n\n14. Baden, T., Chagas, A.M., Gage, G., Marzullo, T., Prieto-Godino, L.L. and Euler, T., 2015. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002086 Open Labware: 3-D printing your own lab equipment.] PLoS Biol, 13(3), p.e1002086.<ref>Baden, T., Chagas, A.M., Gage, G., Marzullo, T., Prieto-Godino, L.L. and Euler, T., 2015. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002086 Open Labware: 3-D printing your own lab equipment.] PLoS Biol, 13(3), p.e1002086.</ref>\n\n15. Pearce, J.M., 2012. [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6100/1303 Building research equipment with free, open-source hardware.] Science, 337(6100), pp.1303-1304.<ref>Pearce, J.M., 2012. [http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6100/1303 Building research equipment with free, open-source hardware.] Science, 337(6100), pp.1303-1304.</ref>\n\n16. Daniel K, F., 2012. [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1870004_18950.htm Open-source hardware is a low-cost alternative for scientific instrumentation and research.] Modern Instrumentation, 2012.<ref>Daniel K, F., 2012. [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-1870004_18950.htm Open-source hardware is a low-cost alternative for scientific instrumentation and research.] Modern Instrumentation, 2012.</ref>\n\n18. Pearce, J.M., 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0bOKAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Open-Source+Lab:+How+to+Build+Your+Own+Hardware+and+Reduce+Research+Costs&ots=ueDNheStu2&sig=gznzHn0k5j7WW2CUARS5DOHX4I4#v=onepage&q=Open-Source%20Lab%3A%20How%20to%20Build%20Your%20Own%20Hardware%20and%20Reduce%20Research%20Costs&f=false Open-source lab: How to build your own hardware and reduce research costs.] Newnes.<ref>Pearce, J.M., 2013. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0bOKAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Open-Source+Lab:+How+to+Build+Your+Own+Hardware+and+Reduce+Research+Costs&ots=ueDNheStu2&sig=gznzHn0k5j7WW2CUARS5DOHX4I4#v=onepage&q=Open-Source%20Lab%3A%20How%20to%20Build%20Your%20Own%20Hardware%20and%20Reduce%20Research%20Costs&f=false Open-source lab: How to build your own hardware and reduce research costs.] Newnes.</ref>\n\n19. Woelfle, M., Olliaro, P. and Todd, M.H., 2011. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/894705197?pq-origsite=gscholar Open science is a research accelerator.] Nature Chemistry, 3(10), p.745.<ref>Woelfle, M., Olliaro, P. and Todd, M.H., 2011. [http://search.proquest.com/docview/894705197?pq-origsite=gscholar Open science is a research accelerator.] Nature Chemistry, 3(10), p.745.</ref>\n\n20. Rundle, G., 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hbJ_CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT30&dq=A+Revolution+in+the+Making:+3D+Printing,+Robots+and+the+Future+rundle&ots=Xi1hPspZho&sig=zwlPFobeYAxB9wYdQgScLDNZPl4#v=onepage&q=A%20Revolution%20in%20the%20Making%3A%203D%20Printing%2C%20Robots%20and%20the%20Future%20rundle&f=false A Revolution in the Making.] Simon and Schuster.<ref>Rundle, G., 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hbJ_CwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT30&dq=A+Revolution+in+the+Making:+3D+Printing,+Robots+and+the+Future+rundle&ots=Xi1hPspZho&sig=zwlPFobeYAxB9wYdQgScLDNZPl4#v=onepage&q=A%20Revolution%20in%20the%20Making%3A%203D%20Printing%2C%20Robots%20and%20the%20Future%20rundle&f=false A Revolution in the Making.] Simon and Schuster.</ref>\n\n21. Pearce, J.M., 2014. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7485/full/505618d.html Laboratory equipment: Cut costs with open-source hardware.] Nature, 505(7485), pp.618-618.<ref>Pearce, J.M., 2014. [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v505/n7485/full/505618d.html Laboratory equipment: Cut costs with open-source hardware.] Nature, 505(7485), pp.618-618.</ref>\n\n22. Pearce, J.M., 2015. [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-7200941_53076.htm Quantifying the value of open source hard-ware development.] Modern Economy, 6(01), p.1.<ref>Pearce, J.M., 2015. [http://file.scirp.org/Html/1-7200941_53076.htm Quantifying the value of open source hard-ware development.] Modern Economy, 6(01), p.1.</ref>\n\n23. Zwicker, A.P., Bloom, J., Albertson, R. and Gershman, S., 2015. [http://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.4900746 The suitability of 3D printed plastic parts for laboratory use.] American Journal of Physics, 83(3), pp.281-285.<ref>Zwicker, A.P., Bloom, J., Albertson, R. and Gershman, S., 2015. [http://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.4900746 The suitability of 3D printed plastic parts for laboratory use.] American Journal of Physics, 83(3), pp.281-285.</ref>\n\n24. Han, K.S., Shin, J.H. and Lee, H., 2010. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024809004309 Enhanced transmittance of glass plates for solar cells using nano-imprint lithography.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(3), pp.583-587.<ref>Han, K.S., Shin, J.H. and Lee, H., 2010. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024809004309 Enhanced transmittance of glass plates for solar cells using nano-imprint lithography.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(3), pp.583-587.</ref>\n\n* can do this with LIGA\n\n25. Gombert, A., Glaubitt, W., Rose, K., Dreibholz, J., Bläsi, B., Heinzel, A., Sporn, D., Döll, W. and Wittwer, V., 2000. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00022-0 Antireflective transparent covers for solar devices.] Solar Energy, 68(4), pp.357-360.<ref>Gombert, A., Glaubitt, W., Rose, K., Dreibholz, J., Bläsi, B., Heinzel, A., Sporn, D., Döll, W. and Wittwer, V., 2000. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00022-0 Antireflective transparent covers for solar devices.] Solar Energy, 68(4), pp.357-360.</ref>\n\n* porous media\n* periodic or stochastic subwavelength surface-relief structures\n\n26. Wang, X. and Shen, J., 2010. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10971-009-2095-y Sol–gel derived durable antireflective coating for solar glass.] Journal of sol-gel science and technology, 53(2), pp.322-327.<ref>Wang, X. and Shen, J., 2010. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10971-009-2095-y Sol–gel derived durable antireflective coating for solar glass.] Journal of sol-gel science and technology, 53(2), pp.322-327.</ref>\n\n* TiO2 ARC by dip coating\n\n36. Helsch, G. and Deubener, J., 2012. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.12.010 Compatibility of antireflective coatings on glass for solar applications with photocatalytic properties.] Solar Energy, 86(3), pp.831-836.<ref>Helsch, G. and Deubener, J., 2012. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.12.010 Compatibility of antireflective coatings on glass for solar applications with photocatalytic properties.] Solar Energy, 86(3), pp.831-836.</ref>\n\n39. Verma, L.K., Sakhuja, M., Son, J., Danner, A.J., Yang, H., Zeng, H.C. and Bhatia, C.S., 2011. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.02.017 Self-cleaning and antireflective packaging glass for solar modules.] Renewable Energy, 36(9), pp.2489-2493.<ref>Verma, L.K., Sakhuja, M., Son, J., Danner, A.J., Yang, H., Zeng, H.C. and Bhatia, C.S., 2011. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.02.017 Self-cleaning and antireflective packaging glass for solar modules.] Renewable Energy, 36(9), pp.2489-2493.</ref>\n\n44. Lampert, C.M., 1987. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-983X(87)90067-1 Advanced optical materials for energy efficiency and solar conversion.] Solar & wind technology, 4(3), pp.347-379.<ref>Lampert, C.M., 1987. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0741-983X(87)90067-1 Advanced optical materials for energy efficiency and solar conversion.] Solar & wind technology, 4(3), pp.347-379.</ref>\n\n49. Ackley, D.E. and Tauc, J., 1977. [https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.002806 Silicon films as selective absorbers for solar energy conversion.] Applied optics, 16(11), pp.2806-2809.<ref>Ackley, D.E. and Tauc, J., 1977. [https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.16.002806 Silicon films as selective absorbers for solar energy conversion.] Applied optics, 16(11), pp.2806-2809.</ref>\n\n== Methods ==\n\n2a. '''Biomimicry to make pillars'''\n\nLi, Y., Zhang, J. and Yang, B., 2010. Antireflective surfaces based on biomimetic nanopillared arrays. Nano Today, 5(2), pp.117-127.<ref>Li, Y., Zhang, J. and Yang, B., 2010. [http://supramol.jlu.edu.cn/people/upload/file/20150428/20150428102003_25963.pdf Antireflective surfaces based on biomimetic nanopillared arrays]. Nano Today, 5(2), pp.117-127.</ref>\n\n* uses biomimicry to make surface rough\n* dry etching to make high aspect ratio structures\n\n2b. Xu, H., Lu, N., Qi, D., Hao, J., Gao, L., Zhang, B. and Chi, L., 2008. Biomimetic antireflective Si nanopillar arrays. Small, 4(11), pp.1972-1975.<ref>Xu, H., Lu, N., Qi, D., Hao, J., Gao, L., Zhang, B. and Chi, L., 2008. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lifeng_Chi/publication/23389540_Biomimetic_Antireflective_Si_Nanopillar_Arrays/links/54b254720cf28ebe92e19a79.pdf Biomimetic antireflective Si nanopillar arrays.] Small, 4(11), pp.1972-1975.</ref>\n\n3. '''RIE based texturization'''\n\nNositschka, W.A., Voigt, O., Manshanden, P. and Kurz, H., 2003. Texturisation of multicrystalline silicon solar cells by RIE and plasma etching. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 80(2), pp.227-237.<ref>Nositschka, W.A., Voigt, O., Manshanden, P. and Kurz, H., 2003. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024803001661 Texturisation of multicrystalline silicon solar cells by RIE and plasma etching]. Solar energy materials and solar cells, 80(2), pp.227-237.</ref>\n\n* Uses O2 and SF6 - both present here.\n* PECVD Si3N4 - we can sputter this instead, not as conformal as PECVD but might work\n\n4. '''MACE'''\n\nFang, H., Li, X., Song, S., Xu, Y. and Zhu, J., 2008. Fabrication of slantingly-aligned silicon nanowire arrays for solar cell applications. Nanotechnology, 19(25), p.255703.<ref>Fang, H., Li, X., Song, S., Xu, Y. and Zhu, J., 2008. [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/19/25/255703/meta Fabrication of slantingly-aligned silicon nanowire arrays for solar cell applications]. Nanotechnology, 19(25), p.255703.</ref>\n\n* uses Ag instead of Au\n* formation of pillars, completely non reflective surface\n\n9. '''Porous Si'''\n\nSchirone, L., Sotgiu, G. and Califano, F.P., 1997. Chemically etched porous silicon as an anti-reflection coating for high efficiency solar cells. Thin Solid Films, 297(1), pp.296-298.<ref>Schirone, L., Sotgiu, G. and Califano, F.P., 1997. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609096094369 Chemically etched porous silicon as an anti-reflection coating for high efficiency solar cells.] Thin Solid Films, 297(1), pp.296-298.</ref>\n\n* HF/HNO3 based etching\n\n10. '''ZnO nanostructures'''\n\nLee, Y.J., Ruby, D.S., Peters, D.W., McKenzie, B.B. and Hsu, J.W., 2008. ZnO nanostructures as efficient antireflection layers in solar cells. Nano letters, 8(5), pp.1501-1505.<ref>Lee, Y.J., Ruby, D.S., Peters, D.W., McKenzie, B.B. and Hsu, J.W., 2008. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/nl080659j ZnO nanostructures as efficient antireflection layers in solar cells.] Nano letters, 8(5), pp.1501-1505.</ref>\n\n* seeding process in solution\n\n==== Experimental ====\n\n12. Dhankani, K.C. and Pearce, J.M., 2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2016.07.001 Open source laboratory sample rotator mixer and shaker.] HardwareX.<ref>Dhankani, K.C. and Pearce, J.M., 2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2016.07.001 Open source laboratory sample rotator mixer and shaker.] HardwareX.</ref>\n\n* experimental set up for ARC based on this\n\n17. Zhang, C., Anzalone, N.C., Faria, R.P. and Pearce, J.M., 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059840 Open-source 3D-printable optics equipment.] PloS one, 8(3), p.e59840.<ref>Zhang, C., Anzalone, N.C., Faria, R.P. and Pearce, J.M., 2013. [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059840 Open-source 3D-printable optics equipment.] PloS one, 8(3), p.e59840.</ref>\n\n* chopper for monochromator to be used for transmission measurements using the Gimbal system\n\n29. Gombert, A., Rose, K., Heinzel, A., Horbelt, W., Zanke, C., Bläsi, B. and Wittwer, V., 1998. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(98)00084-1 Antireflective submicrometer surface-relief gratings for solar applications.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 54(1), pp.333-342.<ref>Gombert, A., Rose, K., Heinzel, A., Horbelt, W., Zanke, C., Bläsi, B. and Wittwer, V., 1998. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-0248(98)00084-1 Antireflective submicrometer surface-relief gratings for solar applications.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 54(1), pp.333-342.</ref>\n\n* The optical properties of surface-relief gratings, structured on a submicrometer scale, were investigated by effective-medium approaches and by rigorous diffraction theory. Linear and crossed surface-relief gratings in photoresist were prepared on relatively large areas with a holographic process. From the photoresist gratings, nickel masters were produced and then used for an embossing process. With this process, the surface-relief gratings were transferred into an ORMOCER film on a glass pane. The angle-dependent transmittance and the reflectance of glass panes coated with structured ORMOCER films were measured. Transmittance values of more than 98% can be achieved.\n\n32. Gombert, A., Glaubitt, W., Rose, K., Dreibholz, J., Bläsi, B., Heinzel, A., Sporn, D., Döll, W. and Wittwer, V., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01780-5 Subwavelength-structured antireflective surfaces on glass.] Thin Solid Films, 351(1), pp.73-78.<ref>Gombert, A., Glaubitt, W., Rose, K., Dreibholz, J., Bläsi, B., Heinzel, A., Sporn, D., Döll, W. and Wittwer, V., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01780-5 Subwavelength-structured antireflective surfaces on glass.] Thin Solid Films, 351(1), pp.73-78.</ref>\n\n* solgel\n* surface relief structures\n\n33. Cathro, K., Constable, D. and Solaga, T., 1984. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(84)90131-2 Silica low-reflection coatings for collector covers, by a dip-coating process.] Solar Energy, 32(5), pp.573-579.<ref>Cathro, K., Constable, D. and Solaga, T., 1984. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(84)90131-2 Silica low-reflection coatings for collector covers, by a dip-coating process.] Solar Energy, 32(5), pp.573-579.</ref>\n\n34. Prado, R., Beobide, G., Marcaide, A., Goikoetxea, J. and Aranzabe, A., 2010. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.02.031 Development of multifunctional sol–gel coatings: anti-reflection coatings with enhanced self-cleaning capacity.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(6), pp.1081-1088.<ref>Prado, R., Beobide, G., Marcaide, A., Goikoetxea, J. and Aranzabe, A., 2010. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2010.02.031 Development of multifunctional sol–gel coatings: anti-reflection coatings with enhanced self-cleaning capacity.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 94(6), pp.1081-1088.</ref>\n\n* coatings consisting of two-layer stacks with a mesoporous SiO2 AR layer and a dense/mesoporous TiO2 layer\n\n36. Nostell, P., Roos, A. and Karlsson, B., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00257-6 Optical and mechanical properties of sol-gel antireflective films for solar energy applications.] Thin solid films, 351(1), pp.170-175.\t<ref>Nostell, P., Roos, A. and Karlsson, B., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00257-6 Optical and mechanical properties of sol-gel antireflective films for solar energy applications.] Thin solid films, 351(1), pp.170-175.</ref>\n\n37. Raut, H.K., Nair, A.S., Dinachali, S.S., Ganesh, V.A., Walsh, T.M. and Ramakrishna, S., 2013. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.12.023 Porous SiO 2 anti-reflective coatings on large-area substrates by electrospinning and their application to solar modules.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 111, pp.9-15.<ref>Raut, H.K., Nair, A.S., Dinachali, S.S., Ganesh, V.A., Walsh, T.M. and Ramakrishna, S., 2013. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.12.023 Porous SiO 2 anti-reflective coatings on large-area substrates by electrospinning and their application to solar modules.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 111, pp.9-15.</ref>\n\n38. Kluth, O., Rech, B., Houben, L., Wieder, S., Schöpe, G., Beneking, C., Wagner, H., Löffl, A. and Schock, H.W., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00085-1 Texture etched ZnO: Al coated glass substrates for silicon based thin film solar cells.] Thin solid films, 351(1), pp.247-253.<ref>Kluth, O., Rech, B., Houben, L., Wieder, S., Schöpe, G., Beneking, C., Wagner, H., Löffl, A. and Schock, H.W., 1999. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00085-1 Texture etched ZnO: Al coated glass substrates for silicon based thin film solar cells.] Thin solid films, 351(1), pp.247-253.</ref>\n\n45. Inal, O.T. and Scherer, A., 1986. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01117346?LI=true Optimization and microstructural analysis of electrochemically deposited selective solar absorber coatings.] Journal of materials science, 21(3), pp.729-736.<ref>Inal, O.T. and Scherer, A., 1986. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01117346?LI=true Optimization and microstructural analysis of electrochemically deposited selective solar absorber coatings.] Journal of materials science, 21(3), pp.729-736.</ref>\n\n== Results and discussions ==\n\n27. Rubin, M., 1985. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165163385900528 Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses.] Solar energy materials, 12(4), pp.275-288.<ref>Rubin, M., 1985. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165163385900528 Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses.] Solar energy materials, 12(4), pp.275-288.</ref>\n\n* useful background for experiments\n* effect of substrate on measured values\n\n28. Bagley, B.G., Vogel, E.M., French, W.G., Pasteur, G.A., Gan, J.N. and Tauc, J., 1976. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(76)90070-3 The optical properties of a soda-lime-silica glass in the region from 0.006 to 22 eV.] Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 22(2), pp.423-436.<ref>Bagley, B.G., Vogel, E.M., French, W.G., Pasteur, G.A., Gan, J.N. and Tauc, J., 1976. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(76)90070-3 The optical properties of a soda-lime-silica glass in the region from 0.006 to 22 eV.] Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 22(2), pp.423-436.</ref>\n\n* useful background for experiments\n* effect of substrate on measured values\n\n30. Springer, J., Rech, B., Reetz, W., Müller, J. and Vanecek, M., 2005. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2004.02.020 Light trapping and optical losses in microcrystalline silicon pin solar cells deposited on surface-textured glass/ZnO substrates.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 85(1), pp.1-11.<ref>Springer, J., Rech, B., Reetz, W., Müller, J. and Vanecek, M., 2005. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2004.02.020 Light trapping and optical losses in microcrystalline silicon pin solar cells deposited on surface-textured glass/ZnO substrates.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 85(1), pp.1-11.</ref>\n\n* ZnO layers of different thickness and applied wet chemical etching in diluted HCl.\n* Adjust ZnO texture and thickness almost independently.\n\n31. Hutchins, M.G., Topping, A.J., Anderson, C., Olive, F., Van Nijnatten, P., Polato, P., Roos, A. and Rubin, M., 2001. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01042-2 Measurement and prediction of angle-dependent optical properties of coated glass products: results of an inter-laboratory comparison of spectral transmittance and reflectance.] Thin Solid Films, 392(2), pp.269-275.<ref>Hutchins, M.G., Topping, A.J., Anderson, C., Olive, F., Van Nijnatten, P., Polato, P., Roos, A. and Rubin, M., 2001. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01042-2 Measurement and prediction of angle-dependent optical properties of coated glass products: results of an inter-laboratory comparison of spectral transmittance and reflectance.] Thin Solid Films, 392(2), pp.269-275.</ref>\n\n35. Karlsson, J. and Roos, A., 2000. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00083-9 Modelling the angular behaviour of the total solar energy transmittance of windows.] Solar energy, 69(4), pp.321-329.\n\n* angular dependance of transmission\n* will be useful when characterizing Gimbal system\n\n40. Ballif, C., Dicker, J., Borchert, D. and Hofmann, T., 2004. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2003.12.004 Solar glass with industrial porous SiO 2 antireflection coating: measurements of photovoltaic module properties improvement and modelling of yearly energy yield gain.] Solar energy materials and solar cells, 82(3), pp.331-344.<ref>Ballif, C., Dicker, J., Borchert, D. and Hofmann, T., 2004. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2003.12.004 Solar glass with industrial porous SiO 2 antireflection coating: measurements of photovoltaic module properties improvement and modelling of yearly energy yield gain.] Solar energy materials and solar cells, 82(3), pp.331-344.</ref>\n\n41. Cathro, K.J., Constable, D.C. and Solaga, T., 1981. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(81)90044-X Durability of porous silica antireflection coatings for solar collector cover plates.] Solar energy, 27(6), pp.491-496.<ref>Cathro, K.J., Constable, D.C. and Solaga, T., 1981. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(81)90044-X Durability of porous silica antireflection coatings for solar collector cover plates.] Solar energy, 27(6), pp.491-496.</ref>\n\n46. Patel, S.N., Inal, O.T., Singh, A.J. and Scherer, A., 1985. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(85)90010-3 Optimization and thermal degradation study of black nickel solar collector coatings.] Solar energy materials, 11(5), pp.381-399.<ref>Patel, S.N., Inal, O.T., Singh, A.J. and Scherer, A., 1985. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1633(85)90010-3 Optimization and thermal degradation study of black nickel solar collector coatings.] Solar energy materials, 11(5), pp.381-399.</ref>\n\n48. Hutchins, M.G., 1983. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-4583(83)90111-5 Selective thin film coatings for the conversion of solar radiation.] Surface technology, 20(4), pp.301-320.<ref>Hutchins, M.G., 1983. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-4583(83)90111-5 Selective thin film coatings for the conversion of solar radiation.] Surface technology, 20(4), pp.301-320.</ref>\n\n== papers to read in detail ==\n\n42. Jurisson, J., Peterson, R.E. and Mar, H.Y.B., 1975. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.568712 Principles and applications of selective solar coatings. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 12(5), pp.1010-1015.]<ref>Jurisson, J., Peterson, R.E. and Mar, H.Y.B., 1975. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.568712 Principles and applications of selective solar coatings. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 12(5), pp.1010-1015.]</ref>\n\n43. Selvakumar, N. and Barshilia, H.C., 2012. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.10.028 Review of physical vapor deposited (PVD) spectrally selective coatings for mid-and high-temperature solar thermal applications.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 98, pp.1-23.<ref>Selvakumar, N. and Barshilia, H.C., 2012. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.10.028 Review of physical vapor deposited (PVD) spectrally selective coatings for mid-and high-temperature solar thermal applications.] Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 98, pp.1-23.</ref>\n\n47. Niklasson, G.A. and Granqvist, C.G., 1983. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00540724 Surfaces for selective absorption of solar energy: an annotated bibliography 1955–1981.] Journal of Materials science, 18(12), pp.3475-3534.<ref>Niklasson, G.A. and Granqvist, C.G., 1983. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00540724 Surfaces for selective absorption of solar energy: an annotated bibliography 1955–1981.] Journal of Materials science, 18(12), pp.3475-3534.</ref>\n\n* complete bibliography with >500 papers\n\n== References ==\n\n<references />\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n}}\n\n[[Category:5490-2017]]\n[[Category:Photovoltaics]]"}