{"id":27502,"key":"Comparison_of_motors","title":"Comparison of motors","latest":{"id":1223876,"timestamp":"2026-01-08T23:36:07Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"This article compares motors, primarily on their efficiency and usability in a given location.\n\n== Comparison of the engine types ==\n\n{| border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"text-align:left\"\n| Type\n| Efficiency\n| Fabrication requirements\n| Difficulty of production\n| Durability\n| Difficulty of repair\n| Production cost\n|-\n| colspan=\"9\" | ''' Engines using a (modestly) heated/compressed liquid (ie water)'''\n|-\n| Piston steam engine\n| 15%?\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Steam turbine (bladed rotor)\n| 35%<ref>[http://www.turbinesinfo.com/steam-turbine-efficiency/ Steam turbine efficiency between 10-40%, efficiency calculated between fuel and energy produced by turbine (so including efficiency losses through extra conversion of heat to steam)]</ref><ref>[http://www.powermems.be/gasturbine.html When the efficiency is calculated between the energy in the steam and the turbine, it's a lot higher, upto some 70-80%]</ref>\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Steam turbine (Tesla)\n| 40%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Fuel cell\n| ?\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| colspan=\"9\" | ''' Engines using a (cold) compressed gas (ie expanding air, wind, ...)'''\n|-\n| Compressed air engine\n| 26%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| [[WECS|Bladed rotor]] (wind harvester or [[Solar updraft tower|solar heat harvester]])\n| 42-48%<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine_design 70 to 80% of Betz' law limit]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20121218192602/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/mragheb/www/NPRE%20475%20Wind%20Power%20Systems/Aeorodynamics%20of%20Rotor%20Blades.pdf Extraction efficiency of the kinetic wind energy depends heavily on the size of the blades use, doubling the size quadrupels the kinetic energy extraction and vice versa, 42-48% extraction is the upper limit]</ref>\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| colspan=\"9\" | ''' Engines using a modestly heated (non-deflagrative) gas (ie air, nitrogen, ...<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20200130075019/http://sesusa.org:80/types.htm Working gas of Stirling engines is either air, nitrogen, helium or hydrogen</ref>)'''\n|-\n| Stirling engine\n| upto 40%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| colspan=\"9\" | ''' Engines using a very hot (deflagrative) liquid/gas (ie gasoline, hydrogen, ...)'''\n|-\n| [[Fuel-powered turbine]]\n| 15-30%<ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/microturbines.php Efficiency of gas-powered turbines (microturbines)</ref><ref>[http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Thermal_efficiency_of_gas_turbine Gas turbine efficiency also depends on size (microturbines being less efficient), but primarily on the heat of the gas (not all heat can be extracted by the time the gas leaves the engine)]</ref><ref>The higher end of the efficiency range (30%) can only be attained using recuperated turbines, unrecuperated turbines are but 15% efficient</ref><ref>To extract more heat (and increase efficiency), turbines with more sets of blades can be used (spaced at some end apart), and the tube guiding the heat can be elongated, the whole thus acting more like a \"multi-stage unit\"</ref><ref>An additional method to extract more heat is to place the tube upwards (rather than horizontal ie as for jet-powered vehicles -a horizontal stance is only useful for propulsive purposes, not ie electricity generation)- and offcourse to burn a very limited amount of fuel, this would in effect make a fuel-powered [[Solar updraft tower|updraft tower]]</ref>\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Internal combustion engine (Otto)\n| 30%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Internal combustion engine (Diesel)\n| 35-50%<ref>Efficiency range depends on the cycle (2 or 4-stroke) and the compression ratio. Large low-speed (2-stroke) diesel engines typically having a efficiency of 50%, medium/high speed 4-stroke stroke engines have a efficiency of 35%</ref>\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| colspan=\"9\" | ''' Engines using electricity'''\n|-\n| Electric engine (Brushed motor)\n| 40-80%<ref>[http://traxxas.com/forums/showthread.php?458368-Brushed-vs-BL-motor-efficiency Effiency varies greatly under the load, at optimal speed, they can be as efficient as brushed motors]</ref><ref>The efficienct of both brushed and brushless motors differs greatly upon the design as well, the more poles the more efficient the engine is, the number of poles if often less with smaller motors</ref>\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Electric engine (Brushless motor)\n| 85-90%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Electric engine (squirrelcage_rotor_induction_motor)\n| 90%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|-\n| Electric engine (Switched reluctance motor)\n| between 90 and 100%\n| ?\n| ?\n| ??\n| ?\n|\n|}\n\n== The appropriate use of the different engines ==\n\n{{Main|Improving system efficiency by combining engines}}\n\nA lot of inefficient (fuel-burning) engines generally have very little efficiency and lose most energy in the form of heat. Ie internal combustion (IC) engines lose 70% of their energy in the form of heat, which makes them insuitable for tasks such as transport, ... In applications where this generated heat can be reused (ie for space heating), the 70% inefficiency can be recovered.<ref>http://www.gizmag.com/go/4936/ , http://www.cleanpowertechnologies.com/ , and http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/aug/27/alternativeenergy.energy : solution to reclaim energy from waste heat by means of liquid matter cooling; original design not efficient though (steam engine=15% efficient, stirling upto 40%)</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphic_Lab/Illustration_workshop/Archive/May_2010#Internal_combustion_engine_cooling Marine IC engine liquid matter cooling with stirling engine]</ref>This means that these engines are most suitable as a combined heat and power system, ie for use in greenhouses, ... The same is true with a multitude of different engines (see above).\n\n=== IC engines ===\n\nInternal combustion engines can be fed using various fuels; ie diesel and petrol but also biofuels and wood gas. Fuels alternative from diesel and petrol reduce the efficieny of the system since energy is lost in the fuel production. For example, with [http://web.archive.org/web/20140726013157/http://www.gekgasifier.com/ wood gas], we find that we lose 25% efficiency (production is 75% efficient).\n\nThus, if ie IC-engines were to be used for inappropriate tasks as transport, the system will attain a efficiency of 3/4_X_30%= 22,5%. The production of the other fuels (ie pure plant oil, produced from waste vegetable oil) may be even less efficient. From an ecologic and a appropriate standpoint, these supplemental losses are irrelevant, and the system used for these inappropriate tasks will still be much more ecologic than by using diesel/petrol for the same tasks, simply because plants are already in the ecosystem where fossil oils are not. However, appropriately seen, we can never justify their use for inappropriate uses as transport, even if it is already better than their same use using fossil fuels.\n\n== See also ==\n\n* [[Comparison of IC engines]]\n\n== References ==\n\n* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_efficiency Engine efficiency article wikipedia]\n\n<references />\n\n{{Page data\n| license = CC-BY-SA-3.0\n| description = Different motors fit different roles. Appropedia shows how choosing the right type improves energy and function.\n}}\n\n[[Category:Comparisons]]\n[[Category:Energy]]"}