{"id":92934,"key":"3D_Printed_Adult_Male_Tibial_Bone_Models","title":"3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models","latest":{"id":1224271,"timestamp":"2026-01-09T00:27:37Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{Tibial Fracture Fixation notice}}\n\n{{Medical equipment data}}\n\n[[File:Tibial Fracture Fixation Team Logo.jpg|thumb]]\n\n{{Device data|tool-settings=https://www.3dprinteros.com/supported-3d-printers/|software=https://octoprint.org/, https://www.astroprint.com/remote-printing, https://www.3dprinteros.com/open-source-cloud-client-for-3d-printers/}}\n\n[[File:Drilling Direction Arrows on Base of Male Model 2.jpg|thumb|These 3D printed bone models feature a semi-engraved model number, gender symbol, and two drilling direction arrows on the base of each model to assist with model identification and proper orientation of the simulator.]]\n\n[[File:Inspect the Top.jpg|thumb|The top of each model displays the outer cortex and inner cancellous bone porosity and microstructure which provide visual fidelity to the surgical simulator.]]\n\n[[File:3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models v3.0.jpg|600px]]\n\nThese 3D printed models accurately simulate bone length and diameter, external contour, cross-sectional shape, bicortical anatomy, cortical hardness, cancellous bone porosity, and microstructure, and far cortex thickness for adult, non-obese males at left tibial shaft fracture pin drilling sites for modular external fixation.<ref name=\":6\">Ugochukwu EG, Ugbem LP, Ijomone OM, Ebi OT. Estimation of Maximum Tibia Length from its Measured Anthropometric Parameters in a Nigerian Population. J Forensic Sci Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Jun 27];2:222-8. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.jfsmonline.com/text.asp?2016/2/4/222/197928</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":0\">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  —  National Institutes of Health. Human tibia and fibula. [Internet]. Bethesda, (MD): NIH 3D Print Exchange; 2014 May 29 [cited 2021 Aug 17]. Available from: <nowiki>https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3DPX-000169</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gosman JH, Hubbell ZR, Shaw CN, Ryan TM. Development of cortical bone geometry in the human femoral and tibial diaphysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013 May;296(5):774-87. doi: 10.1002/ar.22688. Epub 2013 Mar 27. PMID: 23533061.</ref><ref name=\":8\">Ultimaker. Ultimaker PLA Technical Data Sheet [Internet]. Ultimaker Support. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: <nowiki>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-UltimakerPLA-TDS</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Vian, Wei Dai and Denton, Nancy L., \"Hardness Comparison of Polymer Specimens Produced with Different Processes\" (2018). ASEE IL-IN Section Conference. 3. <nowiki>https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/aseeil-insectionconference/2018/tech/3</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":9\">Society For Biomaterials 30th Annual Meeting Transactions, page 332. Femoral Cortical Wall Thickness And Hardness Evaluation. K. Calvert, L.A. Kirkpatrick, D.M. Blakemore, T.S. Johnson. Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN.</ref><ref>Meyers, M. A.; Chen, P.-Y. (2014). Biological Materials Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-01045-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Forrest AM, Johnson AE, inventors; Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc., assignee. Artificial bones and methods of making same. United States patent 8,210,852 B2. Date issued 2012 Jul 3.</ref><ref>National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. What is Bone? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The National Institutes of Health (NIH); 2018. [Cited 2021 Aug 17]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/what-is-bone</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Maeda K, Mochizuki T, Kobayashi K, Tanifuji O, Someya K, Hokari S, Katsumi R, Morise Y, Koga H, Sakamoto M, Koga Y, Kawashima H. Cortical thickness of the tibial diaphysis reveals age- and sex-related characteristics between non-obese healthy young and elderly subjects depending on the tibial regions. J Exp Orthop. 2020 Oct 6;7(1):78. doi: 10.1186/s40634-020-00297-9. PMID: 33025285; PMCID: PMC7538524.</ref> These models feature a semi-engraved model number, gender symbol, and drilling direction arrows on the base of each model to assist with model identification and proper orientation. Each model has a vise attachment to allow the user to secure the model inside a standard vise clamp to maximize safety during simulation training. When a model is placed inside a standard vise clamp, the bone model will be properly positioned to simulate a patient in the supine position. These open-source, locally reproducible, and high fidelity 3D printed bone models teach essential irrigation and debridement, powered and manual drilling, and modular external fixation skills that are transferable to the performance of other limb-saving and life-saving surgeries that require hardware stabilization and fixation.<ref>Debas, H. T., P. Donkor, A. Gawande, D. T. Jamison, M. E. Kruk, and C. N. Mock, editors. 2015. Essential Surgery. Disease Control Priorities, third edition, volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648 -0346-8. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.</ref>\n\n== Find Local 3D Print On Demand Services ==\n\nOn-site access to a 3D printer is not required to reproduce these bone models. The open-source 3D files can be downloaded by any 3D printing organization anywhere. Please go to this [[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Find 3D Print On Demand Services|link]] to follow step-by-step instructions on how to find 3D print on demand services in your region.\n\n== On-Site or Remote Access to a 3D Printer ==\n\nAll the 3D printed models print support-free and are designed to be made on any fused filament fabrication 3D printer that has a build volume Z height of 200 mm or more (at 100% scale) or a minimum build volume Z height of 180 mm (less than 100% scale).\n\n# If you have on-site access to a fused filament fabrication 3D printer with a minimum build volume Z height of 180 mm, you can load the 3D files (.STL) into the printer's slicer program, go into the advanced settings in the slicer program to input the customized print settings to create the print file (.GCODE) for your 3D printer.\n# If you don't have a 3D printer on-site but can access a remotely connected fused filament fabrication 3D printer with a minimum build volume Z height of 180 mm, you can use the following open-source remote 3D printing software programs to load the 3D files (.STL), input the customized print settings, and electronically send the print file (.GCODE) to a local, networked and [https://www.3dprinteros.com/supported-3d-printers/ supported 3D printer:]\n* [https://octoprint.org/ Octoprint]\n* [https://www.astroprint.com/remote-printing Astroprint]\n* [https://cloud.3dprinteros.com/#/ 3DPrinterOS]\n\n== 3D Printer Build Volume Z Height Requirements ==\n\n=== Print at 100% Scale with a Build Volume Z Height of 200 mm or Higher ===\n\n '''All the 3D printed models print support-free and are designed to be made at 100% scale on any single or multi-extruder, fused filament fabrication 3D printer with a build volume Z height of 200 mm or more.'''\nThese include but are not limited to the following commercially available 3D printers:\n\n# Creality Ender 3 ($189 USD)<ref>https://www.creality3dofficial.com/products/official-creality-ender-3-3d-printer?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIn76Xn4_A9wIVD4FaBR0klwSJEAAYAyAAEgIzRvD_BwE</ref>\n# Prusa i3MK3S ($999 USD)<ref>https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-i3-mk3s/</ref>\n# LulzBot TAZ SideKick 747 ($1,285 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/sidekick747?ref=null</ref>\n# Ultimaker 2+ Connect ($2,750 USD)<ref>https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-2-plus-connect?utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=2022_Alwayson_srengineer_traffic_do_US</ref><ref name=\":4\">https://www.dynamism.com/ultimaker.html?APC=P870</ref>\n# Lulzbot TAZ Workhorse ($2,950 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/lulzbot-taz-3d-printer-workhorse-boxed-for-retail-na-kt-pr0051na?ref=KT-PR0051NA</ref>\n# FlashForge Creator 3 ($2,999 USD)<ref>https://www.flashforgeshop.com/product/flashforge-creator-3-3d-printer-for-industrial-use</ref><ref>https://flashforge-usa.com/products/flashforge-creator3-independent-dual-extruder-3d-printer</ref>\n# LulzBot TAZ Pro S ($3,995 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/taz-pro-s?ref=KT-PR0055NA</ref>\n# LulzBot TAZ Pro ($4,950 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/taz-pro?ref=KT-PR0050NA</ref>\n# LulzBot TAZ Pro XT ($5,495 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/lulzbot-taz-3d-printer-pro-xt-boxed-for-retail-na-kt-pr0056na?ref=KT-PR0056NA</ref>\n# Ultimaker S5 ($6,950 USD)<ref name=\":4\" /><ref>https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-s5?utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=2022_Alwayson_srengineer_traffic_do_US</ref>\n# Ultimaker S5 Pro Bundle System ($11,369 USD)<ref name=\":4\" /><ref>https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-s5-pro-bundle?utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=2022_Alwayson_srengineer_traffic_do_US</ref><ref>https://www.dynamism.com/ultimaker-s5-probundle-1.html</ref>\n# Ultimaker 2+ Extended (discontinued as of October 6, 2021)<ref>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011987939-The-Ultimaker-2-Extended-specifications</ref><ref>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360016868480-Product-discontinuance-notice</ref>\n\n=== Print at Less than 100% Scale with a Build Volume Z Height of 180 mm to 200 mm ===\n\n '''If the 3D printer has a maximum build volume Z height between ~180 mm to 200 mm, the [[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models]] must be uniformly rescaled to be printed at less than 100% scale. For example, the Ultimaker S3 3D Printer has a maximum build volume Z height of 200 mm and can manufacture the [[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models]] at 95% scale.'''\nThese include but are not limited to the following open-source, open filament 3D printers:\n\n# Prusa Mini ($349-$399 USD)<ref>https://www.prusa3d.com/category/original-prusa-mini/</ref>\n# LulzBot TAZ SideKick 289 ($1,085 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/sidekick289?ref=null</ref>\n# LulzBot Mini 2 ($1,495 USD)<ref>https://lulzbot.com/store/lulzbot-mini-v2-0-boxed-for-retail-na-kt-pr0047na?ref=KT-PR0047NA</ref>\n# Ultimaker S3 ($4,450 USD)<ref name=\":4\" /><ref>https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-s3?utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=2022_Alwayson_srengineer_traffic_do_US</ref>\n# Ultimaker 3 (discontinued as of spring of 2020)<ref>https://ultimaker.com/3d-printers/ultimaker-3</ref>\n# Prusa MK2/S\n\nThe average maximum length of the left tibial bone from a Nigerian population is 40.80 ± 3.91 cm (mean ± standard deviation) with minimum and maximum values of 34.60 cm to 56.0 cm.<ref>Ugochukwu EG, Ugbem LP, Ijomone OM, Ebi OT. Estimation of Maximum Tibia Length from its Measured Anthropometric Parameters in a Nigerian Population. J Forensic Sci Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Jun 27];2:222-8. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.jfsmonline.com/text.asp?2016/2/4/222/197928</nowiki>.</ref> Our Team Lead recommends scaling each Adult Tibial Bone Model to no smaller than 18.0 cm (180 mm) for a total tibial bone length of 36.0 cm (360 mm). Therefore, a fused filament fabrication 3D printer that has a maximum build volume Z height of ~180 mm or more can be used to manufacture the 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models.\n\n== Filament Requirements ==\n\n '''Orthopedic surgical simulation training requires using bone models with visual, tactile, and acoustic fidelity. Please do not change the filament material and colour and do not revise the print settings because they have been pre-tested by our designers to ensure the fidelity of our gender-specific models.'''\n\n=== White Polylactic Acid Filament ===\n\n '''These 3D printed bone models must be digitally manufactured using white polylactic acid (PLA) filament because PLA filament has a hardness value that is very similar to human cortical bone.<ref name=\":8\" /><ref name=\":10\" /><ref name=\":9\" />'''\n\n=== Proper Storage of PLA Filament ===\n\nPLA is a moisture-sensitive material which may become brittle if improperly stored.<ref>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360012101319-How-to-store-material</ref> According to one filament manufacturer, \"To check the quality of PLA, try to snap the filament. If the PLA filament snaps easily, it is too brittle for use and should be replaced.\"\n\nProper storage of PLA requires storage:\n\n* in a re-sealable bag with the silica gel desiccant provided to minimize moisture uptake\n* out of direct sunlight and in a dry and cool location (the optimal storage temperature for PLA is between -20°C to +30°C)\n* for a maximum shelf life of 1 year once the filament has been taken out of its original packaging.\n\n=== Fresh PLA Filament ===\n\n '''To minimize the risk of mechanical failure of the bone models during orthopedic surgical simulation training, it is highly recommended to use fresh PLA filament just out of its original packaging.'''\n\n=== Advance Notice for Large Volume Orders ===\n\nPLA filament is usually imported in low to middle income countries. If you want to order a large number of 3D printed bone models, please notify your local 3D printing organization well in advance to ensure adequate stock of fresh PLA filament will be available.\n\n=== Optional: Check PLA Filament Technical Data Sheet for Shore Hardness D Value ===\n\n '''When possible, try to use PLA filament with a Technical Data Sheet confirming that the filament's Shore Hardness D value is within the 3-sigma range (~79D to 93D) for the Shore Hardness D measurements of 86.7D + 1.91D (ave. ± s.d., n=1815) for human cortical bone.'''<ref name=\":10\" /><ref name=\":9\" />\n\n== Common Problems and Solutions ==\n\nWhen importing STL files into your slicer program, check that the Z height of each STL is properly scaled in the printer slicer application.\n\n* Model 1: Z height is 202.2127 mm at 100% scale\n* Model 2: Z height is 202.2275 mm at 100% scale\n* Model 3: (under revision)\n\nTo prevent printing failures, it's recommended to use (i) fresh PLA filament just out of its packaging, or (ii) a [https://all3dp.com/2/best-filament-dryer-diy-dry-box/ commercially available filament dryer] before printing to remove moisture that may have accumulated in the PLA filament after removal from its packaging.\n\nBefore printing, inspect the printer head (extruder). If it requires cleaning, heat up and carefully clean the printer head without touching it directly to avoid thermal injury.\n\nWatch the first several printed layers to ensure proper adhesion of the filament to the print bed.\n\nIf the printed object does not adhere to the print bed, check that the printing temperature is around 215 degrees Celsius (or within the specific filament manufacturer's recommended temperature range) and decrease the layer height to 0.2 mm.\n\nIf you are using a glass print bed (like the print bed for the [[Ultimaker S5 3D Printer]]), you may need to use the manufacturer's recommended adhesion sheet, glue, hairspray or blue painter's tape or add a brim to help ensure the object adheres to the print bed.<ref>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011987760-How-to-use-adhesion-sheets-for-the-Ultimaker-3</ref>\n\n== Cost Savings ==\n\nThese data-driven, gender-specific, easy to print, labor-saving, eco-friendly, hygienic, and cruelty-free bone simulation models are not made with natural rubber latex, are designed with safety features to protect users, and can be locally reproduced to offer the highest fidelity, standardized orthopedic surgical simulation training at the lowest cost.\n\nThe costs of the 3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Models will vary depending on the region's 3D printing organizations, and locally available brands of filament. To help local 3D printing organizations calculate their pricing for 3D printing these bone models, we have provided links to a useful [https://blog.prusaprinters.org/how-to-calculate-printing-costs_38650/ blog article] and an online [https://blog.prusaprinters.org/3d-printing-price-calculator_38905/ price calculator]. In Nigeria, one 750 gram roll of Ultimaker White PLA filament (Shore Hardness 83D) costs €33 Euros which is equal to about 5¢ USD per gram.<ref name=\":8\" /><ref>Kuunda 3D Ltd. Personal communication. July 14, 2021.</ref>\n\nIn 2022, the 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 produced by a local 3D printing business in Nigeria at 95% scale is $11.25 and $10.90 USD (not including local taxes or shipping costs). The estimated filament weight and printing times for the 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 at 95% scale are 190 grams and 147 grams and 8 hours and 5 minutes, and 6 hours and 25 minutes, respectively. In 2021, the 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 produced by a local 3D printing business in Nigeria cost $9.35 and $9.30 USD, respectively.<ref name=\":1\">AIGE Limited. 3D printers. [Internet]. 3D Printers | AIGE Limited. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.aige.info/3d-printers</nowiki>.</ref> The estimated printing times for the 3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 are 9 hours and 46 minutes, and 7 hours and 47 minutes, respectively.\n\nThe [[Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator]] is easy and quick to assemble and does not require any tools, specialized equipment, technical expertise, or time-consuming preparation to build, install, operate and maintain this simulator within the intended place of use. The benefits of 3D printing the [[Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator]] (3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2) locally in Nigeria are that the purchase cost is 2.5 times cheaper and the production time is over 70 times faster than purchasing a comparable artificial bone product that is imported from abroad, and the purchase cost is 7 times cheaper than acquiring a human cadaveric tibia prepared by a local university anatomy lab.<ref name=\":1\" /><ref name=\"sawbones\">Sawbones. Tibia, Plastic Cortical Shell, Large - SKU:1104-9. [Internet]. Vashon, (WA): Sawbones; [cited 2021 Aug 26]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sawbones.com/tibia-large-left-solid-white-plastic-no-canal-1104-9.html</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":5\">Dr. Habila Umaru. Personal communication. May 13, 2021.</ref><ref name=\":10\" /> By purchasing locally made 3D printed bone models for [[Modular External Fixation for an Open Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture|modular external fixation skills training]], the learner also supports the local economy while saving on customs dues, processing fees, and international shipping costs that would be incurred when using artificial bone products that are not made locally.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ 2022 Comparison of Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator Locally Made in Nigeria to a Commercially Available Artificial Bone Product and Human Cadaveric Bone\n!\n! Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator\n(3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2)\n! Sawbones Tibia, Plastic Cortical Shell, Left\n(SKU:1104-9)<ref name=\":10\" />\n! Human Cadaveric Tibia\n(Prepared by an University Anatomy Lab in Nigeria)<ref name=\":5\" />\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Features and Materials\n| 3D printed, biorenewable plastic anatomic bone models are made with a rigid plastic shell and inner cancellous material.\n| Plastic cortical shell models are made of a rigid plastic shell with inner cancellous material.\n|\n* Human cadaveric tibial bone specimen prepared by an anatomy lab.\n* Age of donor may not be known.\n* Requires wet storage (which incurs additional fees)\n\n|-\n! Fracture Simulation\n| Simulates a transverse mid-shaft fracture of the tibia for modular external fixation training.\n| Requires additional preparation by user to simulate a fracture.\n| Requires additional preparation to simulate a fracture.\n|-\n! Fracture Encapsulation\n| Encapsulates transverse fracture with cellophane.\n| Does not encapsulate or re-attach fracture.\n| No. This would incur additional preparation and storage fees.\n|-\n! Vise Attachment\n| Contains a vise attachment to safely secure the model inside a standard vise clamp.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Dimensions\n| Tibia with an overall length of 41 cm.\n| Tibia with an overall length of 42 cm.\n| Varies.<ref name=\":6\" />\n|-\n! Unit Cost\n| $22.15 USD<ref name=\":1\" />\n| $56 USD\n| $150.00 USD<ref name=\":5\" />\n|-\n! Production Time\n| 14 hours 30 minutes (when Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 are printed consecutively).\n| Ready to ship in 42 days or more.<ref name=\":3\" />\n| Depends on local availability of cadaver specimens which is difficult to predict.\n|}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ 2021 Comparison of Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator Locally Made in Nigeria to a Commercially Available Artificial Bone Product and Human Cadaveric Bone\n!\n! Tibial Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator\n(3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2)\n! Sawbones Tibia, Plastic Cortical Shell, Left\n(SKU:1104-9)<ref name=\":4\" />\n! Human Cadaveric Tibia\n(Prepared by an University Anatomy Lab in Nigeria)<ref name=\":5\" />\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Features and Materials\n| 3D printed, biorenewable plastic anatomic bone models are made with a rigid plastic shell and inner cancellous material.\n| Plastic cortical shell models are made of a rigid plastic shell with inner cancellous material.\n|\n* Human cadaveric tibial bone specimen prepared by an anatomy lab.\n* Age of donor may not be known.\n* Requires wet storage (which incurs additional fees)\n\n|-\n! Fracture Simulation\n| Simulates a transverse mid-shaft fracture of the tibia for modular external fixation training.\n| Requires additional preparation by user to simulate a fracture.\n| Requires additional preparation to simulate a fracture.\n|-\n! Fracture Encapsulation\n| Encapsulates transverse fracture with cellophane.\n| Does not encapsulate or re-attach fracture.\n| No. This would incur additional preparation and storage fees.\n|-\n! Vise Attachment\n| Contains a vise attachment to safely secure the model inside a standard vise clamp.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Dimensions\n| Tibia with an overall length of 41 cm.\n| Tibia with an overall length of 42 cm.\n| Varies.<ref name=\":6\" />\n|-\n! Unit Cost\n| $18.65 USD<ref name=\":1\" />\n| $53.50 USD\n| $150.00 USD<ref name=\":5\" />\n|-\n! Production Time\n| 17 hours 33 minutes (when Adult Male Tibial Bone Models #1 and #2 are printed consecutively).\n| Ready to ship in 21 days or more.<ref name=\":4\" /><ref name=\":3\" />\n| Depends on local availability of cadaver specimens which is difficult to predict.\n|}\n\nNote: A product comparison was not made with the:\n\n* Sawbones Tibia, Solid Foam, Large ($16.00 USD) because this model simulates the intramedullary canal but not cancellous bone, and the foam material does not simulate the hardness of cortical bone and thus, could foster anti-skills, and\n* Sawbones Cylinder with Encapsulated Oblique Fracture ($37.50 USD) because the hollow short fiber reinforced epoxy cylinder does not have anatomic features that make it suitable for modular external fixation training and does not appear to have adequate length to properly simulate an adult tibial midshaft fracture for modular external fixation training which requires the placement of widely spaced pins in each fracture fragment.<ref name=\":10\">Sawbones. Tibia with 12.5 mm Canal, Solid Foam, Left, Large [Internet]. Best Anatomical Medical Training Models Company. 2021 [cited 2021 Dec 11]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sawbones.com/tibia-large-left-solid-foam-w-canal1125.html</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":7\">Sawbones. Cylinder with encapsulated oblique fracture [Internet]. Best Anatomical Medical Training Models Company. Sawbones; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sawbones.com/cylinder-short-oblique-fracture-w-single-neoprene-cover-1521-617-4.html</nowiki>.</ref>\n\nThe [[Tibial Shaft Simulator]] is easy and quick to assemble and does not require any tools, specialized equipment, technical expertise, or time-consuming preparation to build, install, operate and maintain this simulator within the intended place of use. The benefits of 3D printing the [[Tibial Shaft Simulator]] (3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Model #3) locally in Nigeria are that the purchase cost is 9 times cheaper and the production time is over 79 times faster than purchasing a comparable artificial bone cylinder product that is imported from abroad.<ref name=\":1\" /><ref name=\":2\">Cylinder 40 mm OD x 6 mm Wall, Hollow, Fourth Generation [Internet]. Best Anatomical Medical Training Models Company. [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sawbones.com/cylinder-40mm-od-w-6mm-wall-length-500mm-4th-gen-composite3403-7.html</nowiki>.</ref> By purchasing locally made 3D printed bone models for [[Bicortical Drilling Skills|bicortical drilling skills training]], the learner also supports the local economy while saving on customs dues, processing fees, and international shipping costs that would be incurred when using artificial bone products that are not made locally.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ 2021 Comparison of Tibial Shaft Simulator Locally Made in Nigeria to Commercially Available Composite Cylinder\n!\n! Tibial Shaft Simulator\n(3D Printed Adult Tibial Bone Model #3)\n! Sawbones Composite Cylinder\n(SKU:3403-7)<ref name=\":2\" />\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Features\n| Anatomic model that simulates mid-diaphyseal tibial bone for bicortical drilling skills training in preparation for modular external fixation training of an open tibial shaft transverse fracture.\n| Cylinder that simulates mid-diaphyseal bone for fracture fixation testing.\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Materials\n| 3D printed, biorenewable plastic anatomic bone models are made with a rigid plastic shell and inner cancellous material.\n| Hollow short fiber reinforced epoxy cylinder. Customized cellular rigid polyurethane foam filling available upon request.\n|-\n! Vise Attachment\n| Contains a vise attachment to safely secure the model inside a standard vise clamp.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Dimensions\n| Variable outer diameter (including 40 mm) x 6.2 mm wall thickness x 203.05 mm length.\n| 40 mm outer diameter x 6 mm wall thickness x 500 mm length.\n|-\n! Unit Cost\n| $8.90 USD per model<ref name=\":1\" />\n| $78.78 USD (original $194.00 USD pricing adjusted for model length of 203.04 mm)<ref name=\":2\" />\n|-\n! Production Time\n| 6 hours and 23 minutes\n| Ready to ship in 21 days or more<ref name=\":3\">Sawbones. Best Anatomical Medical Training Models Company [Internet]. Sawbones. Sawbones; 2021 [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.sawbones.com/</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":2\" />\n|}\n\n== Find Local 3D Print On Demand Services ==\n\nOn-site access to a 3D printer is not required to reproduce these bone models. The [[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files|open-source 3D files]] can be downloaded by any 3D printing organization anywhere. Please go to this [[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Find 3D Print On Demand Services|link]] to follow step-by-step instructions on how to find 3D print on demand services in your region.\n\n== Acknowledgements ==\n\nThis work is funded by a grant from the Intuitive Foundation. Any research, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the author(s), and not of the Intuitive Foundation.\n\n== References ==\n\n<references />\n\n{{Page data\n| part-of = Tibial Fracture Fixation\n| keywords = orthopedic surgery, simulation training, open tibial fractures, bicortical drilling, modular external fixation, Schanz Screws, 3D printing, artificial bones\n| sdg = SDG03 Good health and well-being\n| organizations = Medical Makers\n| description = Accurate bone models improve surgical training. Appropedia shows how 3D printed tibial models support safer orthopedic practice.\n}}\n\n[[Category:3D printing]]"}