{"id":102028,"key":"3D_Printed_Adult_Male_Humeral_Bone_Models","title":"3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models","latest":{"id":1223724,"timestamp":"2026-01-08T23:15:43Z"},"content_model":"wikitext","license":{"url":"https://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia:Copyrights","title":"CC-BY-SA-4.0"},"source":"{{Humeral Fracture Fixation notice}}\n\n[[File:Tibial Fracture Fixation Team Logo.jpg|thumb]]\n\n{{Medical equipment data}}\n\n{{Device data\n| tool-settings = https://www.3dprinteros.com/supported-3d-printers/\n| software = https://octoprint.org/, https://www.astroprint.com/remote-printing, https://www.3dprinteros.com/open-source-cloud-client-for-3d-printers/\n}}\n\n[[File:Drilling Direction Arrows on Base of Adult Humeral Male Bone Model 2 v2.0.jpg|thumb|These 3D printed bone models feature a semi-engraved model number, gender symbol, and two drilling direction arrows on the base of each model to assist with model identification and proper orientation of the simulator.]]\n\n[[File:3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models v3.0.jpg|600px]]\n\nThese 3D printed models accurately simulate bone length and diameter, external contour and cross-sectional shape, bicortical anatomy, cortical hardness, cancellous bone porosity, and microstructure, and far cortex thickness for adult males at right humeral shaft fracture pin drilling sites for modular external fixation.<ref name=\":0\">Singh, Anudeep & Kumar, Anil. (2014). An Anthropometric Study of the Humerus in Adults. RESEARCH AND REVIEWS: JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES. 3. 76-81.</ref><ref name=\":3\">Mall G, Hubig M, Büttner A, Kuznik J, Penning R, Graw M. Sex determination and estimation of stature from the long bones of the arm. Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Mar 1;117(1-2):23-30. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00445-x. PMID: 11230943.</ref><ref>https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3dpx-016808</ref><ref>Society For Biomaterials 30th Annual Meeting Transactions, page 332. Femoral Cortical Wall Thickness And Hardness Evaluation. K. Calvert, L.A. Kirkpatrick, D.M. Blakemore, T.S. Johnson. Zimmer, Inc., Warsaw, IN.</ref><ref>Ultimaker. Ultimaker PLA Technical Data Sheet [Internet]. Ultimaker Support. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: <nowiki>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-UltimakerPLA-TDS</nowiki>.</ref><ref><nowiki>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-Ultimaker-PLA-TDS</nowiki></ref><ref>Vian, Wei Dai and Denton, Nancy L., \"Hardness Comparison of Polymer Specimens Produced with Different Processes\" (2018). ASEE IL-IN Section Conference. 3. <nowiki>https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/aseeil-insectionconference/2018/tech/3</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Forrest AM, Johnson AE, inventors; Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc., assignee. Artificial bones and methods of making same. United States patent 8,210,852 B2. Date issued 2012 Jul 3.</ref><ref>National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center. What is Bone? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The National Institutes of Health (NIH); 2018. [Cited 2021 Aug 17]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/what-is-bone</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Meyers, M. A.; Chen, P.-Y. (2014). Biological Materials Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-107-01045-1</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Meema HE, Meema S. Measurable roentgenologic changes in some peripheral bones in senile osteoporosis.J Am Geriat Soc 1963;11:1170-82.</ref><ref>Bloom RA. A comparative estimation of the combined cortical thickness of various bone sites. Skeletal Radiol. 1980;5(3):167-70. doi: 10.1007/BF00347258. PMID: 7209568.</ref><ref>Bloom RA, Laws JW. Humeral cortical thickness as an index of osteoporosis in women. Br J Radiol 1970; 43:522-7.</ref><ref>Tingart MJ, Apreleva M, von Stechow D, Zurakowski D, Warner JJ. The cortical thickness of the proximal humeral diaphysis predicts bone mineral density of the proximal humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 May;85(4):611-7. doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.85b4.12843. PMID: 12793573.</ref> Each model has a vise attachment to allow the user to secure the model inside a standard vise clamp to maximize safety during simulation training. When a model is placed inside a standard vise clamp, the bone model will be properly positioned to simulate a patient in the supine position. These open-source, locally reproducible, and high fidelity 3D printed bone models teach essential irrigation and debridement, powered and manual drilling, and modular external fixation skills that are transferable to the performance of other limb-saving and life-saving surgeries that require hardware stabilization and fixation.<ref>Debas, H. T., P. Donkor, A. Gawande, D. T. Jamison, M. E. Kruk, and C. N. Mock, editors. 2015. Essential Surgery. Disease Control Priorities, third edition, volume 1. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648 -0346-8. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO.</ref>\n\n== Find Local 3D Print On Demand Services ==\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = On-site access to a 3D printer is not required to reproduce these bone models. The open-source 3D files can be downloaded by any 3D printing organization anywhere.\n}}\n\nPlease [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models/Find 3D Print On Demand Services|click here to find and contact 3D print on demand services]] in your region.\n\n== 3D Printing Software, Hardware, and Filament Specifications ==\n\n{{Attention\n| title = All 6 requirements below must be met in order to 3D print bone models for orthopedic surgical simulation training.\n}}\n\n# Slicing Program: [https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura?utm_campaign=2022_Alwayson_srengineer_traffic_do_CA&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&gclid=CjwKCAjwzNOaBhAcEiwAD7Tb6G-E3XzWZPERfk7Ik1OXITCC31V11daCuBzpRBKyEu98ONoXvnh_HxoCYJQQAvD_BwE Ultimaker Cura] or [https://www.lulzbot.com/support/cura Cura Lulzbot Edition] only\n# 3D Printer Type: Fused Filament Fabrication\n# Nozzle Size: 0.4 mm\n# Minimum Build Volume Z Height: 150 mm\n# Print Speed on 3D Printer Control Screen: [[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Print Speed Default Value 100 Percent.jpg|100%]] or less\n# Filament: [[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Prusament Filament v2.0.jpg|Unexpired White PLA just fresh out of the sealed packaging]]\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = [https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura Ultimaker Cura], the world’s most popular 3D printing software with millions of users, already has profiles for many commercially available 3D printers, allows you to create a custom profile for other 3D printers, and is open-source and free to download.<ref>https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura</ref>\n}}\n\nWe have identified suitable white PLA filament brands for our open-source, high fidelity bone simulators which include but are not limited to:\n\n# [https://filaments.ca/collections/3d-filaments/products/econofil-standard-pla-filament-food-safe-approved-milk-white-1-75mm-1-kg Filaments.ca Standard Milk White PLA 1.75 mm] or [https://filaments.ca/collections/3d-filaments/products/econofil-standard-pla-filament-food-safe-approved-bone-white-1-75mm-1-kg Bone White PLA 1.75 mm Filament] (Shore Hardness 84D) which can be shipped to any country;\n# [https://filaments.ca/pages/custom-orders Filaments.ca 2.85 mm PLA Filament (requires minimum order of 48 spools]) (Shore Hardness 84D) which can be shipped to any country;\n# [https://www.prusa3d.com/product/prusament-pla-vanilla-white-1kg/ Prusament PLA 1.75 mm Filament] (Shore Hardness 81D) which is available in [[Original Prusa i3 MK3S+ 3D Printer#Global Availability of Prusa 3D Printers|167 countries and territories]];\n# [https://ultimaker.com/materials/pla Ultimaker PLA 2.85 mm Filament] (Shore Hardness 84D) which is available in at least [https://www.appropedia.org/Ultimaker_S5_3D_Printer#Global_Availability_of_Ultimaker_3D_Printers 114 countries and territories] through Ultimaker re-sellers (including [https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups all 69 countries] in the Sub-Saharan, Middle East and North African regions through [https://new.aige.info/ AIGE Limited]); or\n# [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/l/pro-series-pla/sk/MKVQAQ28 Matterhackers PRO Series PLA 1.75 mm] and [https://www.matterhackers.com/store/l/pro-series-pla/sk/MZ1QDAJP 2.85 mm Filament] (Shore Hardness 80D-88D) which is available in North America.\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = Any white PLA filament brand with a Technical Datasheet with Shore Hardness D values between 79D-93D is suitable for 3D printing the bone models for orthopedic surgical simulation training.\n}}\n\n== Download Ready-To-Print GCODE Files ==\n\nIf you have a [https://www.creality.com/products/ender-3-3d-printer Creality Ender 3] 3D printer, please download the ready-to-print g-code files below.\n\n=== Creality Ender 3 3D Printer ===\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ Adult Male Humeral Bone Model GCODE Files for Creality Ender 3 3D Printer\n! Model #\n! Print Time\n! White PLA Filament Weight\n! Download G-CODE File\n! Revision Date\n|-\n| 1\n| 17 hours, 26 minutes\n| 150 grams\n| [https://bit.ly/3zIV2j3 Click here to download g-code] or right-click this [[Media:Model 1 - Male - Creality Ender 3 - 18-Oct-2022 version.gcode|<u>link</u>]] and select \"Save link as:\" File name: Model 1 - Male - Creality Ender 3 - 18-Oct-2022 version and Save as type: .GCODE File\n| October 18, 2022\n\n|-\n| 2\n| 16 hours, 56 minutes\n| 144 grams\n| [https://bit.ly/3zIV2j3 Click here to download g-code] or right-click this [[Media:Model 2 - Male - Creality Ender 3 - 18-Oct-2022.gcode|<u>link</u>]] and select \"Save link as:\" File name: Model 2 - Male - Creality Ender 3 - 18-Oct-2022 version and Save as type: .GCODE File\n| October 18, 2022\n\n|}\n\n{{Attention\n| title = You cannot print .GCODE files that are not prepared for your 3D printer.\n}}\n\n== Download 3D Model STL Files For Slicing ==\n\nDownload the two 3D files (.STL) in the table below to input the required print settings to create the print files (.GCODE) for other 3D printers.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ Adult Male Humeral Bone Model 3D Files\n! Model #\n! Download STL File\n! Revision Date\n|-\n| 1\n| Click on this [[:File:Model 1 - Male -18-Oct-2022 version.STL|link]] and click on \"Model_1_-_Male_-18-Oct-2022_version.stl\" to download the file.\n| October 18, 2022\n|-\n| 2\n| Click on this [[:File:Model 2 - Male -18-Oct-2022 version.STL|link]] and click on \"Model_2_-_Male_-18-Oct-2022_version.STL\" to download the file.\n| October 18, 2022\n|}\n\n== Input Required Print Settings ==\n\n{{Attention\n| title = Please pay attention to and input all the required settings below to ensure the bone models are printed properly and display the required visual, tactile, and acoustic fidelity for orthopedic surgical simulation training.\n}}\n\n# Slicing Program: only use [https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura Ultimaker Cura] or [https://www.lulzbot.com/support/cura Cura Lulzbot Edition]\n# Filament Material: PLA at all original default settings ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Select Filament Material.png|click here for image]])\n# Support: None ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Set Recommended Print Settings - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Layer Height: 0.3 mm or less ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Set Custom Print Settings - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Wall Thickness: 5.5 mm (this changes the wall line count)\n# Top Layers: 0 ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Adjust Top Layer Setting - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Bottom Layers: default value (not 0) ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Adjust Top Layer Setting - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Infill Density: 15% ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Select Infill Pattern - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Infill Pattern: Tri-Hexagon ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Select Infill Pattern - Male Model 1.png|click here for image]])\n# Top/Bottom Speed: 15.0 mm/s ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Reduce Top-Bottom Speed.png|click here for image]])\n# Build Plate Adhesion Type: No Raft ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Select Build Plate Adhesion v2.0.png|click here for image]])\n# Print Speed on 3D Printer Control Screen: 100% or less ([[Uniplanar External Fixation/3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Check Print Settings#/media/File:Print Speed Default Value 100 Percent.jpg|click here for image]])\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = If you are not familiar with using [https://ultimaker.com/software/ultimaker-cura Ultimaker Cura] or [https://www.lulzbot.com/support/cura Cura Lulzbot Edition] slicing programs, please [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files|click here to follow step-by-step instructions]] to prepare the models for printing.\n}}\n\n== Inspect Printed Models ==\n\n# Please review the quality assurance checklist below to verify that each model was properly printed.\n# If you are a 3D print on demand service provider, please send photos of the base, top, sides and vise attachment of sample printed models to the consignee.\n\n{{Attention\n| title = Any model that does not meet the standard for all the quality assurance checklist items must be reprinted in accordance with the instructions outlined below.\n}}\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ Quality Assurance Checklist for [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models]] #1 and #2\n! #\n! Action\n! Meets Standard\n! Does Not Meet Standard\n! Does Not Meet Standard\n! Check most appropriate response\n! Check most appropriate response\n|-\n! 1\n! Inspect the base.\n| [[File:Inspect the Base.jpg|thumb|The base of each model should be smooth, clean, and display three semi-engraved model numbers, a gender symbol, and two drilling direction arrows to assist with model identification and proper orientation of the simulator.]]\n| [[File:Inspect the Base - Raft.jpg|thumb|If the semi-engraved features are not visible, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings with no raft ([[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Select Build Plate Adhesion v2.0.png|click here to view reference screenshot)]] and no support material ([[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Set Recommended Print Settings - Male Model 1.png|click here to view reference screenshot]]). If the base is not smooth or clean ([[:File:Inspect the Base - Not Smooth.jpg|click here to view closeup photo]]), clean the build plate before reprinting. For build plates that require glue for adhesion of the printed object, apply a thin, smooth, and even layer of glue to the cleaned build plate.]]\n| [[File:Inspect the Base - Open Base.jpg|thumb|If the base is open, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings of Bottom Layers: set to default value and not set to \"0\" ([[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Adjust Top Layer Setting - Male Model 1.png|click here to view reference screenshot)]].]]\n|\n\n{{Checkbox|}} '''Model #1 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|-\n! 2\n! Inspect the top.\n| [[File:Inspect the Top.jpg|thumb|The top of each model should display the outer cortex and inner cancellous bone porosity and microstructure because these features provide visual fidelity to the surgical simulator. Use a ruler or calipers (not shown) to verify that the cortex thickness is 5.5 mm. If the cortex thickness is not 5.5 mm, then the model should be reprinted with Wall Thickness set to \"5.5 mm.\"]]\n| [[File:Inspect the Top - Top Layers - Not 0.jpg|thumb|If the inner cancellous bone features are not visible, the model should be reprinted with the proper settings of Top Layers set to \"0\" ([[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Adjust Top Layer Setting - Male Model 1.png|click here to view reference screenshot]]).]]\n| [[File:Inspect the Top - 0 Infill.jpg|thumb|If there is no inner cancellous bone, the model should be reprinted with the proper Infill Density of \"15%\" ([[3D Printed Adult Male Tibial Bone Models/Prepare 3D Print Files#/media/File:Select Infill Pattern - Male Model 1.png|click here to view reference screenshott)]].]]\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|-\n! 3\n! Inspect both sides.\n| [[File:Inspect Sides.jpg|thumb|The surface of the bone model should be smooth to provide visual and tactile fidelity of the surgical simulator.]]\n| [[File:Inspect Sides - Not Smooth.jpg|thumb|If the bone model surface is uneven or missing material, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.]]\n| [[File:Inspect Sides - Not Smooth 2.jpg|thumb|If the bone model surface is uneven or missing material, the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.]]\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|-\n! 4\n! Inspect the vise attachment.\n| [[File:Inspect Vise Attachment.jpg|thumb|The entire surface of the vise attachment should be smooth with no missing material and the angled surface of the vise attachment should have no filament drooping.]]\n| [[File:Filament Drooping.jpg|thumb|If the angled surface of the vise attachment is uneven or has drooping filament ([[:File:Vise Attachment - Filament Drooping.jpg|click here to view closeup photo]]), the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, (ii) with the proper settings including changing print and fan speeds back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile, and (iii) while reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.]]\n| [[File:Inspect Sides - Not Smooth.jpg|thumb|If any surface of the vise attachment is uneven [[:File:Vise Attachment - Uneven Material.jpg|(click here to view closeup photo]]) or missing material [[:File:Vise Attachment - Missing Material.jpg|(click here to view closeup photo]]), the model should be reprinted (i) using brand new white PLA filament fresh out of the sealed package, and (ii) with the proper settings including changing print speed back to default values for the Generic PLA filament profile and reducing the layer height to 0.2 mm or less.]]\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #1 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Meets Standard'''\n\n{{Checkbox}} '''Model #2 Does Not Meet Standard'''\n|}\n\n== Calculate Pricing ==\n\nOnce you have verified the models meet quality assurance standards, please [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models/Calculate Price Quote|click here to calculate the price of the models]] and generate an invoice.\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = All the 3D printed models print support-free and are designed to be made on any single or multi-extruder, fused filament fabrication 3D printer that can use g-code files sliced on Ultimaker Cura or Cura Lulzbot Edition and has a build volume Z height of 150 mm or more.\n}}\n\n== Inspect Models Before Delivery ==\n\n# [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models/Inspect Models Before Delivery|Click on this link]] to print the quality assurance checklist for each shipment of 3D printed models by clicking on the \"Download PDF\" button in the upper righthand corner of this screen and selecting \"Layout: Landscape\" option for printing.\n# Review the quality assurance checklist to verify that each model was properly printed prior to delivery and click on the checkboxes to check the most appropriate response.\n# Write the model production period, total number of Adult Male Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2 accepted, date of inspection, print and sign your name, and fill in the name, address, and phone number of the consignee at the bottom of the checklist.\n# Attach the completed and signed checklist to the delivery invoice for the consignee.\n# File and save a back-up copy of the completed and signed checklist for your production and inspection and distribution records.\n\n{{Attention\n| title = Any model that does not meet the standard for all the quality assurance checklist items must be rejected and will not be delivered to the consignee.\n}}\n\n== Troubleshooting Guide ==\n\n{{Attention\n| title = If you're having problems in properly printing these models, please [[3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models/Confirm 3D Printing and Delivery Capabilities|click on this link]] and carefully follow the detailed step-by-step instructions.\n}}\n\n== Cost Savings and Production Efficiency ==\n\n{{Highlight\n| title = The benefits of 3D printing the [[Humeral Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator]] (3D Printed Adult Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2) locally in Nigeria are that the purchase cost is over 10 times cheaper and the production time is over 163 times faster than purchasing a comparable artificial bone product that is imported from abroad, and the purchase cost is over 3 times cheaper than acquiring a human cadaveric humerus prepared by a local university anatomy lab.<ref name=\"aige-3d-printers\">AIGE Limited. 3D printers. [Internet]. 3D Printers, AIGE Limited. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: https://www.aige.info/3d-printers</ref><ref name=\":6\" /><ref name=\":5\" />\n}}\n\nThese data-driven, gender-specific, easy to print, labor-saving, eco-friendly, hygienic, and cruelty-free bone simulation models are not made with natural rubber latex, are designed with safety features to protect users, and can be locally reproduced to offer the highest fidelity, standardized orthopedic surgical simulation training at the lowest cost to medical officers and surgeons who are not orthopedic specialists.\n\nThe costs of the 3D Printed Adult Humeral Bone Models will vary depending on the region's 3D printing organizations, and locally available brands of filament. In Nigeria, one 750 gram roll of Ultimaker White PLA filament (Shore Hardness 83D) costs €33 Euros which is equal to about 5¢ USD per gram.<ref name=\":8\">Ultimaker. Ultimaker PLA Technical Data Sheet [Internet]. Ultimaker Support. [cited 2021 July 29]. Available from: <nowiki>https://support.ultimaker.com/hc/en-us/articles/360011962720-UltimakerPLA-TDS</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Kuunda 3D Ltd. Personal communication. July 14, 2021.</ref>\n\nIn 2022, the 3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2 produced by a local 3D printing business in Nigeria at 100% scale is $10.25 and $9.90 USD (not including local taxes or shipping costs).<ref name=\":4\">AIGE Ltd. Personal communication. July 29, 2022.</ref> The estimated filament weight and printing times for the 3D Printed Adult Male Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2 at 100% scale are 153 grams and 147 grams and 6 hours and 43 minutes, and 6 hours and 32 minutes, respectively.\n\nThe [[Humeral Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator]] is easy and quick to assemble and does not require any tools, specialized equipment, technical expertise, or time-consuming preparation to build, install, operate and maintain this simulator within the intended place of use. By purchasing locally made 3D printed bone models for [[Modular External Fixation for an Open Humeral Shaft Transverse Fracture|modular external fixation skills training]], the learner also supports the local economy while saving on customs dues, processing fees, and international shipping costs that would be incurred when using artificial bone products that are not made locally.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|+ 2022 Comparison of [[Humeral Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator]] Locally Made in Nigeria to Human Cadaveric Bone and a Commercially Available Artificial Bone Product\n!\n! Humeral Shaft Transverse Fracture Simulator\n(3D Printed Adult Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2)\n! Human Cadaveric Humerus\n(Prepared by an University Anatomy Lab in Nigeria)<ref name=\":5\" />\n! Sawbones Humerus, 4th Gen., Composite, 10 PCF Solid Foam Core, Large, Left\n(SKU:3404-4)<ref name=\":1\">https://www.sawbones.com/humerus-large-left-4th-generation-composite-w-10-solid-foam-cancellous-core3404-4.html</ref>\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Dimensions\n| Humerus with an overall length of 33 cm.\n| Varies.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\":3\" />\n| Humerus with an overall length of 36.5 cm.<ref name=\":1\" />\n|-\n! Bone Simulator Features\n| 3D printed anatomic bone models reproduce bicortical anatomy, cortical thickness, and cancellous bone to provide acoustic fidelity when drilling through the bone simulator.\n|\n* Human cadaveric humeral bone specimen prepared by an anatomy lab.\n* Age of donor may not be known.\n* Requires wet storage (which incurs additional fees)\n\n| Humerus contains \"short fiber filled epoxy as the simulated cortical bone material,\" \"a 10 PCF density cancellous foam core, and a 9 mm diameter canal.\"<ref name=\":1\" />\n|-\n! Tactile Fidelity\n| Made of biorenewable plastic with a hardness level that is very similar to human cortical bone to allow learners to develop the skills to prevent plunging through the far cortex.\n| Human cadaveric humeral bone\n| Sawbones Composite Bones are the only Sawbones products that \"mimic the [biomechanical] properties of human bones,\" and \"are used as alternative testing media to human cadaver bone.\"<ref name=\":1\" /><ref>Elfar J, Menorca RM, Reed JD, Stanbury S. Composite bone models in orthopaedic surgery research and education. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2014 Feb;22(2):111-20. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-22-02-111. PMID: 24486757; PMCID: PMC4251767.</ref>\n|-\n! Visual Fidelity\n| Yes. White colour\n| Yes. White colour\n| No. Gray/green colour<ref name=\":1\" />\n|-\n! Fracture Simulation\n| Simulates a transverse mid-shaft fracture of the humerus for modular external fixation training.\n| Requires additional preparation to simulate a fracture.\n| Requires additional preparation by user to simulate a fracture.\n|-\n! Fracture Encapsulation\n| Encapsulates transverse fracture with cellophane.\n| No. This would incur additional preparation and storage fees.\n| Does not encapsulate or re-attach fracture.\n|-\n! Vise Attachment\n| Contains a vise attachment to safely secure the model inside a standard vise clamp.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment.\n| Does not contain a vise attachment which mandates the use of specialized vise clamps that cost up to [https://www.sawbones.com/clamp-universal-w-c-clamp-1605.html $214 USD] to properly secure the model to a table for safe simulation training for learners.\n|-\n! Production Time\n| 13 hours 15 minutes (when Adult Male Humeral Bone Models #1 and #2 are printed consecutively).\n| Depends on local availability of cadaver specimens which is difficult to predict.\n| Ready to ship in 84 days or more.<ref name=\":1\" />\n|-\n! Unit Cost\n| $20.15 USD<ref name=\":4\" />\n| $75.00 USD<ref name=\":5\">Dr. Habila Umaru. Personal communication. July 20, 2022.</ref>\n| $229.75<ref name=\":1\" />\n|}\n\nNote: A product comparison was not made with the:\n\n* Sawbones Humerus, Solid Foam, Right, ($15.00 USD) because this model simulates a 9.5 mm diameter intramedullary canal and does not simulate cancellous bone or an accurate cortical thickness for the target patient population, and the foam material does not simulate the hardness of cortical bone, and thus, could foster anti-skills because this model does not provide the tactile fidelity necessary to develop the skills to prevent plunging through the far cortex;\n* Sawbones Humerus with Oblique Fracture, Foam Cortical ($41.50 USD) because this model's rigid foam shell cuts and drills easier than the plastic cortical shell models and thus, could foster anti-skills because this model does not provide the tactile fidelity necessary to develop the skills to prevent plunging through the far cortex, and this model contains natural rubber latex which can trigger latex sensitivities and potentially life-threatening allergic reactions in healthcare workers; and\n* Sawbones Humerus, Plastic Cortical Shell, Left ($42.00 USD) because these models do not provide the tactile fidelity necessary to develop the skills to prevent plunging through the far cortex.<ref name=\":6\">https://www.sawbones.com/humerus-large-right-solid-foam-length-36cm-canal-diameter-9-5mm-1019-20.html</ref><ref>https://www.sawbones.com/humerus-large-foam-cortical-shell-w-cancellous-w-oblique-mid-diaphyseal-fx-1028-22.html</ref><ref>Recommendations For Labeling Medical Products To Inform Users That The Product Or Product Container Is Not Made with Natural Rubber Latex Guidance For Industry And Food and Drug Administration Staff [Internet]. United States Food and Drug Administration; 2014 [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.fda.gov/media/85473/download</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=\":2\">https://www.sawbones.com/humerus-large-left-white-plastic-cortical-shell-w-cancellous-length-36cm-9-5mm-canal1006.html</ref>\n\n== Acknowledgements ==\n\nThis work is funded by a grant from the Intuitive Foundation. Any research, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this work are those of the author(s), and not of the Intuitive Foundation.\n\n== References ==\n\n<references />\n\n{{Page data\n| keywords = orthopedic surgery, surgical training, humeral fracture, bicortical drilling, modular external fixation, open humeral shaft fracture, 3D printing, artificial bones\n| sdg = SDG03 Good health and well-being\n| organizations = Medical Makers\n| part-of = Humeral Fracture Fixation\n| description = 3D-printed humerus models improve surgical training. Appropedia shows their use for realistic, safe orthopedic skill practice.\n}}\n\n[[Category:3D printing]]"}