| Name | Last modified | Size | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parent Directory | - | |||
| 1600px-Stripping_the..> | 2025-09-04 14:41 | 346K | ||
| 1200px-Stripping_the..> | 2025-09-04 14:41 | 217K | ||
| 800px-Stripping_the_..> | 2025-09-04 14:41 | 105K | ||
| 640px-Stripping_the_..> | 2025-09-04 14:41 | 72K | ||
| 240px-Stripping_the_..> | 2025-05-20 14:41 | 14K | ||
| 180px-Stripping_the_..> | 2025-05-20 14:41 | 8.9K | ||
| 120px-Stripping_the_..> | 2025-05-20 14:41 | 4.9K | ||
