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Wood-Plastic Composite Fabrication - Revision history
2024-03-28T20:32:36Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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2024-03-08T00:04:19Z
<p>Removed from Wanted Pages</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:04, 8 March 2024</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36">Line 36:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Undispersed Wood Fiber.jpg|thumb|Figure 2: Undispersed wood fiber in solidified WPC<ref name="[12]">Yah, s.k. & Gupta, K. Improved wood-plastic composites through better processing. (2008) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science? ob=ArticleURL& udi=B6TWN-4T3DD1S-1& user=10& rdoc=1& fmt=& orig=search& sort=d& docanchor=&view=c& searchStrId=1117974589& rerunOrigin=scholar.google& acct=C000050221& version=1& urlVersion=0& userid=10&md5=f64537f69fd7be3e70e2ef0cd30fc498</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Undispersed Wood Fiber.jpg|thumb|Figure 2: Undispersed wood fiber in solidified WPC<ref name="[12]">Yah, s.k. & Gupta, K. Improved wood-plastic composites through better processing. (2008) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science? ob=ArticleURL& udi=B6TWN-4T3DD1S-1& user=10& rdoc=1& fmt=& orig=search& sort=d& docanchor=&view=c& searchStrId=1117974589& rerunOrigin=scholar.google& acct=C000050221& version=1& urlVersion=0& userid=10&md5=f64537f69fd7be3e70e2ef0cd30fc498</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The formation of these aggregates and voids, shown in Figure 2, can be directly related to both the hydrophilic nature of plant fiber and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>molecular diffusion<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>{{W|molecular diffusion}}. The following equations, which represent Fick's first law of diffusion and the diffusion coefficient, can be studied to determine if any process properties can be changed to improve energy efficiency.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The formation of these aggregates and voids, shown in Figure 2, can be directly related to both the hydrophilic nature of plant fiber and molecular diffusion{{W|molecular diffusion}}. The following equations, which represent Fick's first law of diffusion and the diffusion coefficient, can be studied to determine if any process properties can be changed to improve energy efficiency.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> J = -D(δc/δx) (D = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_diffusivity diffusion coefficient]; δc/δx = concentration gradient)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> J = -D(δc/δx) (D = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_diffusivity diffusion coefficient]; δc/δx = concentration gradient)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l56">Line 56:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Compression Molding.png|thumb|Figure 3: Compression Molding Process<ref name="[5]">Alex. Molding Processes (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/compression molding.png</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Compression Molding.png|thumb|Figure 3: Compression Molding Process<ref name="[5]">Alex. Molding Processes (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/compression molding.png</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditionally, wood-plastic composites were fabricated using <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>compression molding<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>{{W|compression molding}}. The disadvantage of using this process in the manufacture of WPCs is that any part created takes a general form. This means that additional manufacturing processes, which tend to be wasteful and expensive, are required to produce a finished product.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> Due to these material and energy inefficiencies during production, the compression molding process is not widely used and therefore will not be studied in this article.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Traditionally, wood-plastic composites were fabricated using compression molding{{W|compression molding}}. The disadvantage of using this process in the manufacture of WPCs is that any part created takes a general form. This means that additional manufacturing processes, which tend to be wasteful and expensive, are required to produce a finished product.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> Due to these material and energy inefficiencies during production, the compression molding process is not widely used and therefore will not be studied in this article.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Extrusion ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Extrusion ===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Single Screw Extrusion.gif|thumb|Figure 4: Single Screw Extrusion Process<ref name="[7]">PolymerProcessing.Com Single Screw Extrusion (2000-01) Retrieved November 17, 2009, from: http://www.polymerprocessing.com/operations/sscrew/big.html</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Single Screw Extrusion.gif|thumb|Figure 4: Single Screw Extrusion Process<ref name="[7]">PolymerProcessing.Com Single Screw Extrusion (2000-01) Retrieved November 17, 2009, from: http://www.polymerprocessing.com/operations/sscrew/big.html</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, utilized as the industry standard and an improvement upon the compression molding process in wood-plastic composite forming, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>extrusion<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>{{W|extrusion}} process can take place in either a single-screw or a twin-screw extruder.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, utilized as the industry standard and an improvement upon the compression molding process in wood-plastic composite forming, the extrusion{{W|extrusion}} process can take place in either a single-screw or a twin-screw extruder.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Single Screw Extrusion ====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==== Single Screw Extrusion ====</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Injection Molding.gif|thumb|Figure 5: Injection Molding Process<ref name="[9]">Alex. Molding Processes. (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/injectionmold.gif</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Injection Molding.gif|thumb|Figure 5: Injection Molding Process<ref name="[9]">Alex. Molding Processes. (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/injectionmold.gif</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relative to the compression molding and extrusion processes, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>injection molding<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>{{W|injection molding}} process, shown in Figure 5, is new to the field of wood-plastic composite fabrication. In the injection molding process, material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.<ref name="[10]">Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide pg 240. Injection Molding. Retrieved November 18, 2009, from: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding]</ref> The two main challenges faced in the production of WPCs using this process are inconsistent material properties and supply from the hopper.<ref name="[11]">Hunnicutt, B. Injection Molding Wood-Plastic Composites. Retrieved November 18, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223203838/http://www.ptonline.com:80/articles/200712fa2.html http://web.archive.org/web/20101223203838/http://www.ptonline.com:80/articles/200712fa2.html]</ref>Unfortunately, due its unpopularity, the injection molding process will not be discussed in this article. However, it should be stated that the few limitations found in this forming process are very similar to those seen in the compounding process, which will be discussed in this article.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relative to the compression molding and extrusion processes, the injection molding{{W|injection molding}} process, shown in Figure 5, is new to the field of wood-plastic composite fabrication. In the injection molding process, material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.<ref name="[10]">Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide pg 240. Injection Molding. Retrieved November 18, 2009, from: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_molding]</ref> The two main challenges faced in the production of WPCs using this process are inconsistent material properties and supply from the hopper.<ref name="[11]">Hunnicutt, B. Injection Molding Wood-Plastic Composites. Retrieved November 18, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101223203838/http://www.ptonline.com:80/articles/200712fa2.html http://web.archive.org/web/20101223203838/http://www.ptonline.com:80/articles/200712fa2.html]</ref>Unfortunately, due its unpopularity, the injection molding process will not be discussed in this article. However, it should be stated that the few limitations found in this forming process are very similar to those seen in the compounding process, which will be discussed in this article.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Improving Efficiency in WPC Fabrication ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Improving Efficiency in WPC Fabrication ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l104">Line 104:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A new type of extruder that can be used in WPC forming, to improve the energy efficiency of this forming process, is the intermeshing twin-screw extruder, shown in Figure 7. The main advantage of this twin-screw extruder, over the single-screw extruder, is the increased materials and energy efficiency gained during forming.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A new type of extruder that can be used in WPC forming, to improve the energy efficiency of this forming process, is the intermeshing twin-screw extruder, shown in Figure 7. The main advantage of this twin-screw extruder, over the single-screw extruder, is the increased materials and energy efficiency gained during forming.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an intermeshing twin-screw extruder with the co-rotating screws, the extruded material is more evenly mixed and spends less time in the extrusion barrel than its single-screw counterpart. This decrease in dwell time is caused by an increase the material's speed down the barrel, which is allowed due to the elimination of back pressure.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Back pressure<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>{{W|Back pressure}} is present in single-screw extruders because of the friction forces created by the screw. The utilization of two screws in this intermeshing extruder eliminates backpressure by displacing the material using the screws themselves and not friction.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> This increase in material speed allows for a smaller energy input during forming and lower material temperature rise during extrusion, which produces better material properties in the final product and increased energy efficiency.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> Furthermore, this design allows for increase materials efficiency as no compounding process is required when this forming process is used, which means no material can be lost between processes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an intermeshing twin-screw extruder with the co-rotating screws, the extruded material is more evenly mixed and spends less time in the extrusion barrel than its single-screw counterpart. This decrease in dwell time is caused by an increase the material's speed down the barrel, which is allowed due to the elimination of back pressure.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> Back pressure{{W|Back pressure}} is present in single-screw extruders because of the friction forces created by the screw. The utilization of two screws in this intermeshing extruder eliminates backpressure by displacing the material using the screws themselves and not friction.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> This increase in material speed allows for a smaller energy input during forming and lower material temperature rise during extrusion, which produces better material properties in the final product and increased energy efficiency.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /> Furthermore, this design allows for increase materials efficiency as no compounding process is required when this forming process is used, which means no material can be lost between processes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the improvement in energy and materials efficiency, the twin-screw extruder is a very expensive upgrade from the single-screw extruder, causing many manufacturers to be hesitant towards using it. The economics that play into upgrading to this more efficient machine is discussed below.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Despite the improvement in energy and materials efficiency, the twin-screw extruder is a very expensive upgrade from the single-screw extruder, causing many manufacturers to be hesitant towards using it. The economics that play into upgrading to this more efficient machine is discussed below.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd:http://www.giant-extruder.com/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><nowiki></ins>http://www.giant-extruder.com/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></nowiki></ins></div></td></tr>
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Kathy Nativi
https://www.appropedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood-Plastic_Composite_Fabrication&diff=1093987&oldid=prev
Sophivorus: Text replacement - "| affiliations = " to "| organizations = "
2024-02-28T16:46:09Z
<p>Text replacement - "| affiliations = " to "| organizations = "</p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affiliations </del>= Queen's University</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">organizations </ins>= Queen's University</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| sdg = SDG09 Industry innovation and infrastructure, SDG11 Sustainable cities and communities</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| sdg = SDG09 Industry innovation and infrastructure, SDG11 Sustainable cities and communities</div></td></tr>
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Sophivorus
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Sophivorus: Replace references template for plain references tag per better compatibility with visual editor and other software
2023-06-09T20:21:51Z
<p>Replace references template for plain references tag per better compatibility with visual editor and other software</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:21, 9 June 2023</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd:http://www.giant-extruder.com/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd:http://www.giant-extruder.com/]]</div></td></tr>
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Sophivorus
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Sophivorus: Text replacement - "{{Location data" to "{{subst:Location data/subst"
2023-04-21T12:47:07Z
<p>Text replacement - "{{Location data" to "{{subst:Location data/subst"</p>
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Sophivorus
https://www.appropedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood-Plastic_Composite_Fabrication&diff=657564&oldid=prev
Irene92: Normalize
2022-10-07T07:53:48Z
<p>Normalize</p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:53, 7 October 2022</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first step in wood-plastic composite fabrication, called compounding, blends organic plant fibers with an inorganic thermoplastic. The percent of wood fiber used in this processing step is very important as it directly affects the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the product produced. Graph 1 and Graph 2 show how the relative tensile strength and relative tensile modulus of the WPC produced changes when the amount of wood fiber is varied, respectively.<br>'''Note:''' Each trendline in both Graphs show the effect of different wood fiber percentages on thermoplastic matrices of different chemical composition.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The first step in wood-plastic composite fabrication, called compounding, blends organic plant fibers with an inorganic thermoplastic. The percent of wood fiber used in this processing step is very important as it directly affects the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the product produced. Graph 1 and Graph 2 show how the relative tensile strength and relative tensile modulus of the WPC produced changes when the amount of wood fiber is varied, respectively.<br>'''Note:''' Each trendline in both Graphs show the effect of different wood fiber percentages on thermoplastic matrices of different chemical composition.<br></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cellspacing</del>="<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1" cellpadding="1" border="1" width="200</del>"</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">class</ins>="<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wikitable</ins>"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Strength of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Tensile Strength of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Modulus of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| [[File:Tensile Modulus of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Graph 1: WPC Relative Tensile Strength vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Graph 1: WPC Relative Tensile Strength vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Graph 2: WPC Relative Tensile Modulus vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Graph 2: WPC Relative Tensile Modulus vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.<ref name="Wolcott & Englund" /></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd :http://www.giant-extruder.com/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Nanjing GIANT Machinery Co., Ltd:http://www.giant-extruder.com/]]</div></td></tr>
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Irene92
https://www.appropedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood-Plastic_Composite_Fabrication&diff=624295&oldid=prev
Sophivorus: Text replacement - "{{Reflist" to "{{References"
2022-05-07T14:16:33Z
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Sophivorus
https://www.appropedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood-Plastic_Composite_Fabrication&diff=602451&oldid=prev
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2022-03-02T21:20:09Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:20, 2 March 2022</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composite.jpg|thumb|Figure 1: Wood Plastic Composite<ref name="[1]">Jiangsu Jiajing Composite Material Co., Ltd. Wood Plastic Composite Decking. (2009) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00EektnCDIHHchM/Wood-Plastic-Composite-Decking-Brushed-Woodtexture-.jpg</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composite.jpg|thumb|Figure 1: Wood Plastic Composite<ref name="[1]">Jiangsu Jiajing Composite Material Co., Ltd. Wood Plastic Composite Decking. (2009) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00EektnCDIHHchM/Wood-Plastic-Composite-Decking-Brushed-Woodtexture-.jpg</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| part-of = MECH370</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">| keywords = materials processing, composite, green material</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Materials processing]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Materials processing]]</div></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:07, 13 September 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composite.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>|thumb|Figure 1: Wood Plastic Composite<ref name="[1]">Jiangsu Jiajing Composite Material Co., Ltd. Wood Plastic Composite Decking. (2009) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00EektnCDIHHchM/Wood-Plastic-Composite-Decking-Brushed-Woodtexture-.jpg</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composite.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>|thumb|Figure 1: Wood Plastic Composite<ref name="[1]">Jiangsu Jiajing Composite Material Co., Ltd. Wood Plastic Composite Decking. (2009) Retrieved November 12, 2009, from: http://www.made-in-china.com/image/2f0j00EektnCDIHHchM/Wood-Plastic-Composite-Decking-Brushed-Woodtexture-.jpg</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" width="200"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" width="200"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Strength of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Strength of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Modulus of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|[[File:Tensile Modulus of WPC with varying Wood Fiber Percents.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Graph 1: WPC Relative Tensile Strength vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.&nbsp;<ref name="[6]">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|Graph 1: WPC Relative Tensile Strength vs. Wood Fiber Percentage in a Thermoplastic Matrix.&nbsp;<ref name="[6]">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf]</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Compression Molding===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Compression Molding===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Compression Molding.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png</del>|thumb|Figure 3: Compression Molding Process<ref name="[5]">Alex. Molding Processes (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/compression molding.png</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Compression Molding.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png</ins>|thumb|Figure 3: Compression Molding Process<ref name="[5]">Alex. Molding Processes (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/compression molding.png</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Traditionally, wood-plastic composites were fabricated using [[compression molding]]{{W|compression molding}}. The disadvantage of using this process in the manufacture of WPCs is that any part created takes a general form. This means that additional manufacturing processes, which tend to be wasteful and expensive, are required to produce a finished product.<ref name="[6]">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf</ref> Due to these material and energy inefficiencies during production, the compression molding process is not widely used and therefore will not be studied in this article.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Traditionally, wood-plastic composites were fabricated using [[compression molding]]{{W|compression molding}}. The disadvantage of using this process in the manufacture of WPCs is that any part created takes a general form. This means that additional manufacturing processes, which tend to be wasteful and expensive, are required to produce a finished product.<ref name="[6]">Wolcott, M.P. and Englund, K. A Technology Review of Wood-Plastic Composites (1999) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://web.archive.org/web/20120907032717/http://www.wpcinfo.org:80/techinfo/documents/wpc_overview.pdf</ref> Due to these material and energy inefficiencies during production, the compression molding process is not widely used and therefore will not be studied in this article.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Injection Molding===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Injection Molding===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Injection Molding.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gif</del>|thumb|Figure 5: Injection Molding Process<ref name="[9]">Alex. Molding Processes. (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/injectionmold.gif</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Injection Molding.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gif</ins>|thumb|Figure 5: Injection Molding Process<ref name="[9]">Alex. Molding Processes. (2007) Retrieved November 15, 2009, from: http://alexpb.com/notes/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/injectionmold.gif</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relative to the compression molding and extrusion processes, the [[injection molding]]{{W|injection molding}} process, shown in Figure 5, is new to the field of wood-plastic composite fabrication. In the injection molding process, material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.<ref name="[10]"></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Relative to the compression molding and extrusion processes, the [[injection molding]]{{W|injection molding}} process, shown in Figure 5, is new to the field of wood-plastic composite fabrication. In the injection molding process, material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.<ref name="[10]"></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Improving the Extrusion Process===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Improving the Extrusion Process===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Twin Screw Extrusion.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gif</del>|thumb|Figure 7: Twin-Screw Extrusion Process<ref name="[8]"></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Twin Screw Extrusion.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gif</ins>|thumb|Figure 7: Twin-Screw Extrusion Process<ref name="[8]"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PolymerProcessing.Com Twin Screw Extrusion (2000-01) Retrieved November 17, 2009, from: http://www.polymerprocessing.com/operations/tscrew/big.html</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PolymerProcessing.Com Twin Screw Extrusion (2000-01) Retrieved November 17, 2009, from: http://www.polymerprocessing.com/operations/tscrew/big.html</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 126:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Applications to Current Industries==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Applications to Current Industries==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composites used in 2002.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>|thumb|Figure 8: Wood-Plastic Composite Application Diagram<ref name="[2]">Ashori, A. Wood–plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Retrieved November 11, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science/article/B6V24-4RCP70W-1/2/54924af1a55053ad28326aec5bf11a79</ref>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Wood Plastic Composites used in 2002.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</ins>|thumb|Figure 8: Wood-Plastic Composite Application Diagram<ref name="[2]">Ashori, A. Wood–plastic composites as promising green-composites for automotive industries! Retrieved November 11, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science/article/B6V24-4RCP70W-1/2/54924af1a55053ad28326aec5bf11a79</ref>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Typically, fiber reinforced polymeric composites have been used for a variety of structural applications because of their high specific strength and modulus compared to metals.<ref name="[3]">Netravali,A.N. and Chabba,S. Composites get greener. Retrieved November 11, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science/article/B6X1J-4893M85-Y/2/fd810cc22328ffb7a7be6c71a9267b19</ref> Current applications of WPCs, shown in Figure 8, lay in the automotive, construction, marine, electronic and aerospace industries.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Typically, fiber reinforced polymeric composites have been used for a variety of structural applications because of their high specific strength and modulus compared to metals.<ref name="[3]">Netravali,A.N. and Chabba,S. Composites get greener. Retrieved November 11, 2009, from: http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.queensu.ca/science/article/B6X1J-4893M85-Y/2/fd810cc22328ffb7a7be6c71a9267b19</ref> Current applications of WPCs, shown in Figure 8, lay in the automotive, construction, marine, electronic and aerospace industries.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Sophivorus
https://www.appropedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood-Plastic_Composite_Fabrication&diff=520840&oldid=prev
PedroK at 15:33, 9 July 2021
2021-07-09T15:33:16Z
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PedroK