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Effluent can have a variety of uses, although most effluent is dumped into rivers and large bodies of water(''Figure 2'') it is also used for irrigation and industrial use as well. Effluent is also can be used to enhance wetlands (''Figure 1'') and marshes which can attract more wildlife to the region and possibly  create a recreational area. Spraying or injecting the discharge into the ground above a non potable aquifer and letting it seep down is a common way of routing the water for industrial use, but using the effluent directly from the plant for drinking water has been done in the United States on a very limited basis.
Effluent can have a variety of uses, although most effluent is dumped into rivers and large bodies of water(''Figure 2'') it is also used for irrigation and industrial use as well. Effluent is also can be used to enhance wetlands (''Figure 1'') and marshes which can attract more wildlife to the region and possibly  create a recreational area. Spraying or injecting the discharge into the ground above a non potable aquifer and letting it seep down is a common way of routing the water for industrial use, but using the effluent directly from the plant for drinking water has been done in the United States on a very limited basis.
==Toilet-to-tap==
==Toilet-to-tap==
Toilet-to-tap or direct potable water has been shunned by the public eye in the United States but as more studies are being done it is gaining popularity. One concern with injecting treated wastewater into potable aquifers is that there are unregulated chemicals from pharmaceutical drugs, and hormones that get past the wastewater treatment. Not only have these been an issue when they are disposed into a body of water but these chemicals would be getting into the drinking water in higher concentrations. There are technologies available that can remove these chemicals but they have so far proven too costly in both money and energy for widespread use. Currently Orange County in California is involved in a study that is treating and injecting wastewater into a nearby potable aquifer to replenish drinking water supplies. This could possibly be a practical solution for southern California because as much as 85 percent of potable water is imported from northern California and one fifth of the states' energy goes towards the transport of this water.  
Toilet-to-tap or direct potable water has been shunned by the public eye in the United States but as more studies are being done it is gaining popularity. One concern with injecting treated wastewater into potable aquifers is that there are unregulated chemicals from pharmaceutical drugs, and hormones that get past the wastewater treatment. Not only have these been an issue when they are disposed into a body of water but these chemicals would be getting into the drinking water in higher concentrations. Currently Orange County in California is involved in a study that is treating and injecting wastewater into a nearby potable aquifer to replenish drinking water supplies. This could possibly be a practical solution for southern California because as much as 85 percent of potable water is imported from northern California and one fifth of the states' energy goes towards the transport of this water.  




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The limitations placed on the effluent of wastewater treatment plants by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_laws/docs/fedwaterpollutioncontrolact.pdf Federal Clean Water Act] are based on a Best Available Technology system which is run by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Best available technology means that the wastewater treatment plant must use the best technology that is economically feasible to treat the wastewater. The best available technology is by an application that every wastewater treatment plant must fill out for a permit from the NPDES. These permits make the applicant consider both the impact on the quality of the water that's receiving the effluent, as well as the best practical technology available to them. If the effluent will be dumped into a watershed area the applicant may also have to include the results of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) test with their application.
The limitations placed on the effluent of wastewater treatment plants by the [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_laws/docs/fedwaterpollutioncontrolact.pdf Federal Clean Water Act] are based on a Best Available Technology system which is run by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Best available technology means that the wastewater treatment plant must use the best technology that is economically feasible to treat the wastewater. The best available technology is by an application that every wastewater treatment plant must fill out for a permit from the NPDES. These permits make the applicant consider both the impact on the quality of the water that's receiving the effluent, as well as the best practical technology available to them. If the effluent will be dumped into a watershed area the applicant may also have to include the results of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) test with their application.
[[image:Arcata-6704.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''Figure 2:''Effluent of the Arcata Wastewater Treatment plant in northern California ''Photo: Dustin Poppendieck'']]
==Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)==
==Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)==
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is the max mass of a pollutant from all point, non-point, and natural sources into a given body of water. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_laws/docs/fedwaterpollutioncontrolact.pdf Clean Water Act] force all of the states to set a TMDL of their water bodies when it is found that the water body is impaired; Meaning one or more pollutants is causing the water body to exceed the states' water quality standards. Setting a TMDL will determine a set standard for the water quality of that region. This makes it easier to regulate any discharge from wastewater treatment plants or other sources. If the effluent of the applicant is not clean enough to meet the water quality standards from the Total Maximum Daily Load of the region the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will reject the NPDES application and require them to put into place more stringent expectations and invest in better technology. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines the specific limitations through Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) testing.
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is the max mass of a pollutant from all point, non-point, and natural sources into a given body of water. The [http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_laws/docs/fedwaterpollutioncontrolact.pdf Clean Water Act] force all of the states to set a TMDL of their water bodies when it is found that the water body is impaired; Meaning one or more pollutants is causing the water body to exceed the states' water quality standards. Setting a TMDL will determine a set standard for the water quality of that region. This makes it easier to regulate any discharge from wastewater treatment plants or other sources. If the effluent of the applicant is not clean enough to meet the water quality standards from the Total Maximum Daily Load of the region the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will reject the NPDES application and require them to put into place more stringent expectations and invest in better technology. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines the specific limitations through Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) testing.
[[image:Arcata-6704.jpg|left|thumb|300px|''Figure 2:''Effluent of the Arcata Wastewater Treatment plant in northern California ''Photo: Dustin Poppendieck'']]
==Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing==
==Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing==
Whole effluent toxicity testing measures the response of an organism when exposed to the effluent in question looking specifically at effects on lethality, growth, and reproductive capabilities. The WET tests for acute toxicity include a control and at least five different effluent concentrations. The results are measured in the percent of dose that is lethal to half of the population of the organism. WET testing will become especially important in the future as wastewater treatment plants may be able to trade water quality 'credits' in order to meet the TMDL of the region.
Whole effluent toxicity testing measures the response of an organism when exposed to the effluent in question looking specifically at effects on lethality, growth, and reproductive capabilities. The WET tests for acute toxicity include a control and at least five different effluent concentrations. The results are measured in the percent of dose that is lethal to half of the population of the organism. WET testing will become especially important in the future as wastewater treatment plants may be able to trade water quality 'credits' in order to meet the TMDL of the region.
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The EPA is currently working on a effluent toxins trading program somewhat like the one in place for sulfur dioxide. This is because in some areas certain pollutants are more expensive to remove. Treatment plants who are in the more expensive areas will be able to buy credits of the pollutant from a plant that has surplus credits that's in a cheaper area. A plant gains credits by reducing their output of the pollutant to below what they are required to. This is cheaper for some plants to operate, as well as promoting the reduction the amount of pollutants in effluent. Although because some effluents are disposed of in more fragile areas, not every plant will be able to purchase credits; Namely plants in watersheds or preservation environments. The impact on the receiving body of water is important because excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, and unregulated chemicals such as those found in fire retardant and steroids can cause damage to the ecology of the area.
The EPA is currently working on a effluent toxins trading program somewhat like the one in place for sulfur dioxide. This is because in some areas certain pollutants are more expensive to remove. Treatment plants who are in the more expensive areas will be able to buy credits of the pollutant from a plant that has surplus credits that's in a cheaper area. A plant gains credits by reducing their output of the pollutant to below what they are required to. This is cheaper for some plants to operate, as well as promoting the reduction the amount of pollutants in effluent. Although because some effluents are disposed of in more fragile areas, not every plant will be able to purchase credits; Namely plants in watersheds or preservation environments. The impact on the receiving body of water is important because excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, and unregulated chemicals such as those found in fire retardant and steroids can cause damage to the ecology of the area.
==Unregulated chemicals==
==Unregulated chemicals==
Many chemicals pass through wastewater treatment plants and enter the waterways. Chemicals such as veterinary pharmaceuticals make it into the water by entering run-offs and streams near farms with livestock. Chemicals that have been found in streams, rivers, and lakes include human and veterinary drugs, natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants.
Many chemicals pass through wastewater treatment plants and enter the waterways. Chemicals such as veterinary pharmaceuticals make it into the water by entering run-offs and streams near farms with livestock. Chemicals that have been found in streams, rivers, and lakes include human and veterinary drugs, natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants. The most common of these pollutants being steroids, detergent metabolites, and plasticizers. While there are technologies available that can remove these chemicals but they have so far proven too costly in both money and energy for widespread use.


   
   
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*[http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading.htm Water Quality Trading]
*[http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/trading.htm Water Quality Trading]


*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/us/27conserve.html -''More information on the Orange County wastewater reuse study''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/us/27conserve.html] -''More information on the Orange County wastewater reuse study''
=References=
=References=



Revision as of 06:52, 10 May 2008

Template:115inprogress

Definition

Wastewater treatment effluent or discharge is the final product from a wastewater treatment plant. Because of the Federal Clean Water Act, the requirements for the treatment of the water is set on a plant-by-plant basis determined by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The majority of effluent is discharged into a body of water, but it also has its' uses.

Figure 1:Marsh enhanced by the effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant Photo: Dustin Poppendieck

Effluent uses

Effluent can have a variety of uses, although most effluent is dumped into rivers and large bodies of water(Figure 2) it is also used for irrigation and industrial use as well. Effluent is also can be used to enhance wetlands (Figure 1) and marshes which can attract more wildlife to the region and possibly create a recreational area. Spraying or injecting the discharge into the ground above a non potable aquifer and letting it seep down is a common way of routing the water for industrial use, but using the effluent directly from the plant for drinking water has been done in the United States on a very limited basis.

Toilet-to-tap

Toilet-to-tap or direct potable water has been shunned by the public eye in the United States but as more studies are being done it is gaining popularity. One concern with injecting treated wastewater into potable aquifers is that there are unregulated chemicals from pharmaceutical drugs, and hormones that get past the wastewater treatment. Not only have these been an issue when they are disposed into a body of water but these chemicals would be getting into the drinking water in higher concentrations. Currently Orange County in California is involved in a study that is treating and injecting wastewater into a nearby potable aquifer to replenish drinking water supplies. This could possibly be a practical solution for southern California because as much as 85 percent of potable water is imported from northern California and one fifth of the states' energy goes towards the transport of this water.


Regulations

The limitations placed on the effluent of wastewater treatment plants by the Federal Clean Water Act are based on a Best Available Technology system which is run by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Best available technology means that the wastewater treatment plant must use the best technology that is economically feasible to treat the wastewater. The best available technology is by an application that every wastewater treatment plant must fill out for a permit from the NPDES. These permits make the applicant consider both the impact on the quality of the water that's receiving the effluent, as well as the best practical technology available to them. If the effluent will be dumped into a watershed area the applicant may also have to include the results of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) test with their application.

Figure 2:Effluent of the Arcata Wastewater Treatment plant in northern California Photo: Dustin Poppendieck

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is the max mass of a pollutant from all point, non-point, and natural sources into a given body of water. The Clean Water Act force all of the states to set a TMDL of their water bodies when it is found that the water body is impaired; Meaning one or more pollutants is causing the water body to exceed the states' water quality standards. Setting a TMDL will determine a set standard for the water quality of that region. This makes it easier to regulate any discharge from wastewater treatment plants or other sources. If the effluent of the applicant is not clean enough to meet the water quality standards from the Total Maximum Daily Load of the region the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will reject the NPDES application and require them to put into place more stringent expectations and invest in better technology. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines the specific limitations through Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) testing.

Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing

Whole effluent toxicity testing measures the response of an organism when exposed to the effluent in question looking specifically at effects on lethality, growth, and reproductive capabilities. The WET tests for acute toxicity include a control and at least five different effluent concentrations. The results are measured in the percent of dose that is lethal to half of the population of the organism. WET testing will become especially important in the future as wastewater treatment plants may be able to trade water quality 'credits' in order to meet the TMDL of the region.

Water Quality Trading

The EPA is currently working on a effluent toxins trading program somewhat like the one in place for sulfur dioxide. This is because in some areas certain pollutants are more expensive to remove. Treatment plants who are in the more expensive areas will be able to buy credits of the pollutant from a plant that has surplus credits that's in a cheaper area. A plant gains credits by reducing their output of the pollutant to below what they are required to. This is cheaper for some plants to operate, as well as promoting the reduction the amount of pollutants in effluent. Although because some effluents are disposed of in more fragile areas, not every plant will be able to purchase credits; Namely plants in watersheds or preservation environments. The impact on the receiving body of water is important because excessive nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, and unregulated chemicals such as those found in fire retardant and steroids can cause damage to the ecology of the area.

Unregulated chemicals

Many chemicals pass through wastewater treatment plants and enter the waterways. Chemicals such as veterinary pharmaceuticals make it into the water by entering run-offs and streams near farms with livestock. Chemicals that have been found in streams, rivers, and lakes include human and veterinary drugs, natural and synthetic hormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, and fire retardants. The most common of these pollutants being steroids, detergent metabolites, and plasticizers. While there are technologies available that can remove these chemicals but they have so far proven too costly in both money and energy for widespread use.


Links

  • [1] -More information on the Orange County wastewater reuse study

References

Archibold, R. (2007). From Sewage, Added Water for Drinking. Retrieved April 2008, from The New York Times Web Site: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/27/us/27conserve.html

Federal Clean Water Act (1977). Retrieved April 2008, from The California State Resources Control Board Web Site: http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_laws/docs/fedwaterpollutioncontrolact.pdf

Environmental Protection Agency. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Retrieved April 2008, from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System website: http://www.epa.gov/npdes/

Orange County Watershed and Coastal Resources Division. TMDLs - Total Maximum Daily Loads. Retrieved April 2008, from the Orange County Watershed and Coastal Resources Division website: http://www.ocwatersheds.com/Watersheds/tmdls.asp

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